Thesis

Browse

Search Results

Now showing 1 - 9 of 10

Restricted
ORGANOLEPTIC AND NUTRITIONAL EVALUATION OF GLUTEN FREE PRODUCTS FOR CELIAC DISEASE PATIENTS
(PAU Ludhiana, 2011) SHIWALI MITTAL; P., Chawla
A sample of 30 celiac patients including 20 adults and 10 children was enrolled to assess their nutritional status. Mean height of females, males and children was 157.78 cm, 160.48 cm and 95.56 cm respectively and weight was 44.17 kg, 46.58 kg and 14.13 kg respectively. Both height and weight were less than the standard height and weight of Indians. The mean intake of cereals was 114.65g, 102.13g, 75.83g and pulse intake was 54.66g, 58.36g, 65.95g by females, males and children respectively. Pulse intake in case of children was significantly higher whereas intake of all other food groups in all the three groups were significantly lower (P<0.01). Energy intake was 1268 kcal by females, 1/3rd of RDA by males (929 kcal) and ½ of RDA by children (888 kcal). Protein intake was adequate in case of females (43.26g) and children (32.68g) but less in case of males (31.50g) whereas fat intake was significantly higher (P<0.01) in all the three groups as compare to suggested intake. For celiac patients ten gluten free products substituting the wheat flour and semolina with oats, sorghum, soya flour, rice flour, urad dal and besan were developed and organoleptically evaluated using nine point hedonic rating scale. Products like dhokla was liked very much at 15% level of oats scoring 8.3 for taste and overall acceptability. Idli and pancake were highly acceptable at 20% level of oats. Idli scored 7.75 and pancake scored 7.5 for taste and overall acceptability. Biscuit and pinni were liked very much at 30% level of oats. Biscuits scored 7.78 and 7.72 for taste and overall acceptability and pinni scored 7.71 for both parameters. Cake and dalia were highly acceptable whereas matthi moderately acceptable at 35% level of oats. The taste and overall acceptability scores for cake were 7.6 and 7.9, for matthi 7.09 and 7.18 whereas dalia scored 8.0 for both parameters. Missi roti was moderately acceptable at 40% level of oats scoring 7.04 and 7.05 for taste and overall acceptability. In all the gluten free products Sorghum was acceptable at 20% level except dalia where 35% level and dhokla where 10% level was acceptable. The control and the most acceptable test sample were analysed for proximate composition. Incorporation of oats and soyabean significantly increased the protein content of gluten free products. The highest protein content was found in matthi (19.38) followed by namakpare (19.25) whereas the lowest was found in missi roti (7.88). Dalia had the highest content of ash (4.45) followed by matthi having two fold increase in ash content as compare to control. Highest fiber content was found in dalia with more than two fold increase as compare to control followed by cake (5.1) and pancake (5.0). Highest content of fat was found in pinni (33.9) followed by biscuit (33.8) whereas lowest in idli (4.2). Highest energy was found in biscuits (552 kcal) whereas lowest in dalia (351 kcal). Gluten free products can be prepared by substituting wheat with 25% oats, 20% sorghum and 25% soya flour.
Open Access
IMPACT OF SUPPLEMENTATION OF FUNCTIONAL BEVERAGE ON THE NUTRITIONAL STATUS OF SPORTSWOMEN
(PAU Ludhiana, 2011) Anupriya Singh; Anita Kochhar
Thirty sportswomen in the age group of 16 to 18 years were selected from Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana to determine the impact of supplementation of functional beverage on the nutritional status of sportswomen. Functional beverage was prepared by using whey water, pearl millet, cauliflower leaf powder, banana and jaggery at three different levels i.e. S1, S2 and S3. The developed functional beverage was organoleptically evaluated by a panel of judges and students by using nine-point hedonic scale. Both the panels gave the highest overall acceptability scores to the S1 level which was prepared by using 2.5 g cauliflower leaf powder, 5 g pearl millet, 10 g jaggery, 20 g banana and 63 ml whey water per 100 ml. The most acceptable level was chemically analyzed for proximate composition, available carbohydrates, vitamins and minerals and anti-nutritional factors by using standard methods. The study time was divided into two periods. The first period was the control period when the subjects were observed without the supplementation of developed functional beverage for the period of 1 month. The second period was an experimental period when subjects were supplemented with 200 ml of developed functional beverage. The beverage was given half an hour before their sports training 5 days a week for a period of 3 months. The results revealed that the average body weight, height, mid upper arm circumference, triceps skinfold thickness and body mass index were below the normal range. The mean daily intake of cereals, green leafy vegetables, fruits and sugar/jaggery increased significantly (p<0.01) after the supplementation of functional beverage. The diet of sportswomen were deficient for energy, protein, fat, thiamine, riboflavin, niacin, folic acid, ascorbic acid, iron, calcium, phosphorus and zinc as compared to the RDA for the sportswomen. There was a significant (p<0.01) improvement in heamoglobin, packed cell volume and mean corpuscular volume after the experimental period i.e. 9.42, 3.19 and 2.08 %, respectively. Seventy seven percent subjects were anaemic during control period which reduced to 50 % after experimental period. Significant (p<0.01) improvement was seen in blood glucose and serum retinol level i.e. 12.7 and 5.46 % in the subjects after the experimental period. Run time for ‘Cooper’s 1.5 mile run test’ and rise in heart rate after the test reduced significantly (p<0.01) i.e. by 15.95 % improvement in their average run time after the experimental period. Hence, it can be inferred from the results that supplementation of functional beverage before the sports training improved physical performance of the sportswomen. Therefore, the consumption of underutilized foods such as pearl millet and cauliflower leaf powder should be encouraged to improve their nutritional status.
Open Access
DEVELOPMENT AND NUTRITIONAL EVALUATION OF VALUE ADDED CEREAL PULSE BASED PRODUCTS USING DRUMSTICK LEAVES (Moringa oleifera)
(PAU Ludhiana, 2011) Richa Pant; Paramjit, Chawla
The present study was conducted to see the effect of supplementation of drumstick leaves to commonly consumed preparations. Ten value added products were prepared by adding drumstick leaves (DL) at levels of 25% and 40% and were evaluated organoleptically in comparison to control samples and spinach leaves supplemented products at the same levels. All the products were found to be acceptable at 25% level of drumstick leaves supplementation obtaining scores in the range of 6.85 for mathi to 7.73 for laddoo. The products made from spinach leaves were found to be highly acceptable at 25% level and obtained scores comparable or even higher than control and were even moderately acceptable at 40% levels. Sweet products like laddoo and burfi when supplemented with 25% DL were moderately acceptable with an overall acceptability score of 7.73 and 7.15 respectively. Products like vegetable poha and dalia were highly acceptable at 25% spinach leaves supplementation level with an overall acceptability score of 7.93 and 8.3 respectively. With supplementation of 25% DL, the scores of these products were 7.55 for both. DL supplemented missi roti, pancake and kabuli channa were also moderately acceptable with score of 7.6, 7.25 and 7.4 respectively. A significant difference was observed between spinach and DL supplemented (25%) fried products like cutlets, pakora and mathi, the overall acceptability scores being 8.2, 8.4, 7.85 and 7.33, 7.63, 6.85 respectively for both the treatments. The products were analyzed for nutritional composition and antinutritional factors.The highest protein content was present in 25% drumstick leaves supplemented pakora as 19.65 g/100 dry matter (DM). The highest fiber and ash content was found in kabuli channa and laddoo as 4.23 and 3.70 g/100g DM respectively. Mathi with 25% drumstick leaves supplementation had the highest energy content as 557 Kcal/100g DM. DL supplemented products were rich sources of β-carotene, ascorbic acid and calcium. Pancake and cutlets with DL supplementation at a level of 25% had the highest β-carotene and ascorbic acid content respectively as 2023.8 μg and 31 mg/100g DM. Maximum increase in calcium was observed in vegetable poha as 6.5 fold followed by cutlets as 3.8 fold. Supplemented products had lower levels of phytates and polyphenols but increased oxalates as compared to control. Incorporation of Spinach leaves and DL in traditional cereal and pulse preparations are recommended to enhance the β-carotene, ascorbic acid and calcium content of diets for combating vitamin and mineral deficiencies.
Open Access
FACTORS AFFECTING PREVALENCE OF OBESITY AND ITS ASSOCIATION WITH DYSLIPIDEMIA AMONG SCHOOL CHILDREN IN LUDHIANA
(Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, 2011) Panwar, Bhawi; Jain, Rita
Survey of 1057 children (both sexes) aged 10-15 yrs from HIG, MIG and LIG was done to study the factors affecting prevalence of obesity and its association with dyslipidemia. Data was collected by using personal interview schedule on anthropometry (height, weight and BMI), dietary (24 hr recall method), education performance, physical activity pattern etc. Blood lipid profile and total body fat percent was done of sub-sample. BMI was calculated from weight and height and prevalence of obesity was determined. Mean ± SE of weight for HIG, MIG and LIG girls 10+ yrs was 35.34±4.93, 33.12±5.36 and 30.53±3.63; 11+ yrs 37.51±7.37, 33.54±5.22 and 31.0±4.30; 12+ yrs 39.74±5.87, 39.0±7.07 and 36.29±2.27; 13+ yrs 43.85±5.77, 41.46±7.73 and 40.33±3.63; 14+ yrs 50.29±4.90, 48.70±7.15 and 46.3±4.69 and 15+ yrs 52.05±9.09, 49.56±7.67 and 46.97±3.90 respectively. Similarly weight of boys was 10+ yrs 35.34±4.93, 33.12±5.36 and 30.53±3.63; 11+ yrs 37.51±7.37, 33.54±5.22 and 31.0±4.30; 12+ yrs 39.74±5.87, 39.0±7.07 and 36.29±2.27; 13+ yrs 43.85±5.77, 41.46±7.73 and 40.33±3.63; 14+ yrs 50.29±4.90, 48.70±7.15 and 46.3±4.69 and 15+ yrs 52.05±9.09, 49.56±7.67 and 46.97±3.90 respectively. Prevalence of obesity in HIG was 4.81, MIG 2.75 and LIG 1.05 per thousand children. Nutrient intake as compared to RDA by 10-12 yrs and 13-15 yrs obese girls and boys was energy 126% , 114% & 146% ,131%, protein 111.54% , 126.12% & 160%, 120%, total fat 245.1 %, 285.2% & 291%, 284% , thiamine 149% , 133.1% & 117%, 118%, riboflavin 141% ,134% & 119%,112%, Vitamin B12 143% ,102% & 145%, 135% ascorbic acid 114.95 , 108% & 159%, 155% iron 94.36%, 96% & 111% , 92% and calcium 110% , 96% & 113%, 103% respectively. Blood lipid profile of obese and nonobese children was blood glucose 111.50±1.00 & 88.20±1.83, TG 92.90±3.77 &77.50±3.40, total cholesterol 184.80±5.84 & 146.40±6.19 , HDL cholesterol 34.00±1.75 & 48.60±1.10 and LDL cholesterol 160.80±5.41 & 77.56±7.02. Fast food consumption, total fat intake, less physical activity (more time spent on T.V viewing), less participation in games, hereditary was found to be associated with the prevalence of obesity. Those children spent < 4hrs watching TV are more obese than, those watching > 4 hrs. Fat intake & weight was significantly positively correlated with total cholesterol & LDL cholesterol. Dyslipidemia and obesity was more associated in HIG children then MIG and LIG.
Open Access
DIETARY DIVERSITY IN RELATION TO NUTRIENT ADEQUACY AND ANTHROPOMETRIC STATUS OF RURAL PRE SCHOOL CHILDREN
(Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, 2011) Bathla, Shikha; Harpreet Kaur
A sample of 120 preschool children in the age group of 3 to 6years were selected from farming families of two villages namely Lalton Kalan and Mullanpur of Ludhiana district. The subjects were categorized into three groups based on the size of landholdings i.e. GI- small farmers (1-2 hectares), GII- semi-medium (2-4 hectares) and GIII- medium farmers (4-10 hectares). The daily mean intake of cereals, green leafy vegetables, other vegetables, fruits, milk and milk products, sugars was inadequate in the age group of 3-4 years. In 4-6 years age group, the daily mean intake of cereals, pulses, roots and tubers, fruits, milk and milk products and sugars was inadequate while other vegetables and fats and oils were marginally adequate. Green leafy vegetables were inadequate in 5-6 years. No significant difference among food intake between three groups except in the consumption of milk and milk products which was significantly (p<0.05) high in GII and GIII and low in GI. On the whole, energy, niacin and calcium intake was inadequate among the subjects. Vitamin C, vitamin B1, vitamin B2 and folate intake was adequate, while energy and calcium intake was marginally adequate in 3-4 years age group. The vitamin B12, vitamin A and vitamin B3 intake was marginally inadequate. In 4-5 and 5-6 years old preschool children, the iron was found to be marginally adequate. The consumption of iron was significantly (p<0.05) lower in GI than GII and GIII while the daily intake of vitamin B2 was significantly (p<0.05) higher in GIII than GI and GII. Mean adequacy ratio (MAR) was significantly (p<0.05) lower in children belonging to families of small farmers in comparison to those of semi-medium farmers. The mean Dietary Diversity Score (DDS) of children in GI, GII and GIII was 8.60, 8.84 and 8.80 indicating that the diets become more diverse as the size of land holdings increased. A significantly (p<0.05) lower Food Variety Score (FVS) was observed in GI group when compared to GIII group. Height for Age (HAZ) Z-scores showed moderate stunting in 19.2% of children and severe stunting was in 12.5%. According to Weight for Age (WAZ) Z-scores, 35.8% children were normal, 26.7% were moderately undernourished and 24.2% were severely undernourished. The Z score of Weight for Height (WHZ) data showed that 35% of children were normal, 23.3% were moderately energy deficient and 24.17% were severely energy deficient. The statistical analysis revealed that carbohydrates, calcium and vitamin A were significantly (p<0.01) correlated with DDS and FVS, therefore, can be used as indicators for assessing malnutrition among preschool children Among the Z scores, it was only HAZ which was significantly (p<0.01) correlated with MAR% indicating that nutrient intake has an impact on height of the children.
Restricted
IMPACT OF SUPPLEMENTATION OF DRUMSTICK (Moringa oleifera) AND AMARANTH (Amaranthus tricolor) LEAVES ON ANTIOXIDANT STATUS OF POSTMENOPAUSAL WOMEN
(Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, 2011) Kushwaha, Shalini; Chawla, Paramjit
To improve the antioxidant status of postmenopausal women value added products were developed like missi roti and chapati using antioxidant powder I (DLP) and II (ALP) at 15% and 20%, vegetable at 10% and 15% level respectively. However dal, pulao and khichri were prepared at 25% and 30% level. All products were found acceptable at lower level of supplementation with scores ranging from 7.52 to 8.05. Nutritional analysis revealed that products supplemented with DLP had more protein, fat and fibre content while ALP supplemented products had more ash content. Ninety postmenopausal women of 45-55 yrs were selected and equally divided into three groups viz. group I (control), group II and group III. Subjects of group II and III were supplemented with antioxiant powder I (7g/day) and antioxidant powder II (9g/day) in the recipes in daily diet for three months. Dietary survey revealed that intake of cereals, pulses, milk and milk products, fats and oils and sugar and jaggery was more whereas intake of green leafy vegetables and fruits was inadequate. A significant reduction was observed for weight, BMI, MUAC, TSFT in subjects of group II and III. After supplementation in group II and II significant increase in serum retinol by 8.8 and 5.0%, ascorbic acid by 44.4 and 5.9%, GPx by 18.0 and 11.9%, SOD by 10.4 and 10.8% while significant decrease in MDA by 16.3 and 9.6% was observed. Significant decrease in fasting blood glucose level by 13.5 and 10.4%, increase in Hb level by 17.5 and 5.3% was observed in group II and group III. Total cholesterol, triglycerides, LDL-C, VLDL-C significantly decreased by 14.2 and 8.2%, 5.9 and 4.6%, 10.9 and 5.3%, 5.8 and 4.6% whereas increase in HDL-C by 15.3 and 7.2% was observed in group II and III. SBP and DBP decrease by 3.6 and 2.1%, 4.3 and 6.7% in group II and III. Study concludes that supplementation of DLP and ALP significantly reduced oxidative stress, severity of symptoms and improved the lipid profile and antioxidant status of postmenopausal women.
Restricted
FOOD SAFETY AWARENESS, PRACTICES AND THEIR IMPLICATIONS: A STUDY OF HOME FOOD PREPARERS IN LUDHIANA DISTRICT
(2011) Sonika Sharma
A random selection of 240 home food preparers was done from rural and urban areas of Ludhiana District and an enquiry was made about the awareness, practices and attitude towards food safety .The results revealed that all the respondents were considerably aware about the food safety issues (9.25/15). High mean awareness scores were found in case of respondents aged >45 years (10.05), post graduates (12.60), and urban high income category (10.88). These categories also reported a better attitude towards food safety. Outsourcing practices of branded and packed food items was more in case of urban areas as compared to rural areas. A high practices score were found in urban high income category (105.20), respondents aged >45 years (95.74) and post graduates (107.98). Food poisoning was the maximum (41.47%) reported disease and majority of the cases were (59.38%) reported in rural areas. A significant negative correlation was found between food safety awareness and practices with the incidence of food borne diseases (p<0.01). In contrast, a significant positive correlation between food safety practices and awareness (p<0.01) showed that the respondents with better food safety awareness were following good food safety practices. The pesticide residue analysis of the food samples revealed the residues of nonrecommended pesticides were found in the all vegetable samples. The mean practice and awareness score of the respondents without microbial contamination in food samples was significantly higher than with microbial contamination (p<0.01).Thus, a higher food safety awareness and practices can be instrumental in reducing the microbial contamination in food but the presence/ absence of microbial contamination did not affect the disease incidence.
Restricted
Food Consumption Pattern and Nutritional Status of Urban and Rural Adolescent Boys
(Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, 2011) Neha Mahajan
A sample of 200 adolescent boys (100 urban and 100 rural) in the age group of 16-18 years was selected from two schools of Ludhiana namely Government Model Senior Secondry School PAU Ludhiana in urban area and Shaheed colonel Harcharan Singh Sekho Yadgiri Government Senior Secondry School Dakha, Ludhiana in rural area. The data on general profile, socio-economic status, physical activity pattern and food consumption pattern (general and fast food) were collected. Dietary intake and anthropometric measurements were also assessed using standard methods. An educational package was developed both in English and Punjabi consisting of thirteen chapters on nutritional and health guidelines for adolescents. Nutrition education was imparted for three months. Impact of nutrition intervention was assessed by comparing the knowledge scores and the mean frequency of general and fast food consumption by the subjects before and after the intervention. The results revealed that rural adolescent boys were physically more active with longer duration of play, walk and exercise than urban subjects. The frequency of general food consumption was higher among rural subjects while frequency of fast food consumption was higher among urban boys. The per cent adequacy of food intake presented a low intake of cereals, pulses, roots and tubers, green leafy vegetables, other vegetables, milk and milk products, meat and chicken and fruits whereas a high intake of fats among both the groups. The data on per cent adequacy of nutrient intake revealed that intake of protein, vitamins and minerals was low. The energy intake was adequate while intake of fat was higher among both the groups. The classification of Body Mass Index showed that a higher percentage of rural adolescent boys were underweight (27 vs 14%) while more of urban adolescents as obese (38 vs 32%). A significant impact of nutrition intervention both on knowledge scores and mean frequency of general as well as fast food consumption was observed among urban and rural adolescent boys, but the impact was higher among urban subjects.
Restricted
HYPOCHOLESTEROLEMIC EFFECT OF PROBIOTICS ON AT RISK CORONARY HEART DISEASED MALES
(Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, 2011) Mann, Harjot Kaur
Activation and Growth kinetics of the probiotic microorganisms were done using standardized microbiological techniques in their respective broths i.e. deMann Rogosa Sharpe Agar (MRS) for L.acidophilus and Nutrient Agar for S.thermophilus. It was found that L.acidophilus had long lag phase of 12 hrs whereas S.thermpohilus started growing within 6 hrs of inoculation. Two types of Probiotic Yogurts were prepared with low fat milk one containing L.acidophilus and other containing L.acidophilus along with S.thermophilus. Different inoculum rates (0.5% v/v, 1.0% v/v and 1.5% v/v) were used. Physiochemical properties of yogurt [Brix, pH; acidity (%lactic acid); Brix acid rates; total plate count]was done over the period of three days under the constant temperature of 25±2°C. Palatable acidity was maintained even after 72 hr of storage period. The fermented product were standardized and evaluated organoleptically. Among the products yogurt containing single stain of L.cidophilus at 1.5% v/v inoculum rate was most accepted with the overall acceptability of 8.37±0.12. In case of yogurt containing both the strains of L.acidophilus and S.thermophilus yogurt with 1.0% v/v had highest score of 8.30±0.11. For supplementation of the standardized probiotic yogurts ninety at risk Coronary heart diseased males aged 40 -50 years, free from serious complications were selected from Punjab Agricultural University hospital, Ludhiana and divided equally into three groups viz. E1, E2 and C. Subjects of group E1 were provided 150 ml of probiotic yoghurt containing only Lactobacillus acidophilus (MTCC-447) in the inoculum rate of 1.5% v/v and E2 with 150 ml probiotic yoghurt Containing Lactobacillus acidophilus (MTCC-447) and Streptococcus thermophilus (MTCC-1938) in the inoculum rate of 1.0% v/v for a period of 2 months respectively, while group C was not given any supplementation. Dietary habits, dietary intake, anthropometric measurements, blood pressure and blood lipid profile of all the subjects were recorded before and after supplementation period. The effects of probiotic yogurts were studied on the above the mentioned parameters. After the supplementation period, significant (p≤0.01) decrease in energy intake and significant increase in protein intake was reported in E1 (p≤0.05) and E2 (p≤0.01) groups. Total fat intake reduced significantly (p≤0.05) in E1 and E2 groups. A significant (p≤0.01) decrease in weight and BMI in the experimental groups were reported. A significant (p≤0.01) reduction in systolic and diastolic BP, TC and TG was reported in the E1 and E2 groups. A significant (p≤0.05) increase in HDL-C was reported in both the experimental groups. Further, a significant (p≤0.01) decrease in LDL-C and VLDL-C levels were reported in E1 and E2 groups. It is concluded that better results in anthropometry, blood pressure and blood lipid profile were obtained in group E2 group, followed by E1 group. The ability of the probiotics to assimilation (removal) of cholesterol and deconjugation of bile acids in the small intestine may be important in lowering the blood cholesterol concentration, consequently in reducing the risks of Coronary Heart Disease (CHD). It is thus suggested that probiotic yogurt supplementation containing more than one probiotic strain can be a panacea in counteracting the problems of heart patients. Anthropometry, blood lipid profile, blood pressure, coronary heart disease, innoculum, Lactobacillus acidophilus, probiotic yogurt supplementation, Streptococcus thermophilus.

Thesis

Browse

Thesis Type

Type

Author

Date

Subject

Search Results