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ThesisItem Open Access Response of chrysanthemum (Chrysanthemum morifolium Ramat.) varieties to different covering material for off season flower production(Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, 2020) MohitThe present investigation entitled “Response of chrysanthemum (Chrysanthemum morifolium Ramat.) varieties to different covering material for off season flower production” was carried out at Research Farm, Department of Floriculture and Landscaping, Punjab Agriculture University Ludhiana during the year 2019-20 with the purpose to find out the suitable covering material for off-season flower production in chrysanthemum. Five different varieties namely Banglori Local, Yellow Delight, Reagan Emperor, Regan White and Nanako and four covering material (viz. Tarpaulin, High Density Polyethylene, Black Satin Cloth, and 50% Green Shade Net) along with natural photoperiod (control) were selected and the trial was replicated thrice using Factorial Completely Randomized Design (FCRD). The results revealed that among the different covering materials, the optimum plant height (47.05 cm), plant spread (15.36 cm), number of flowers per plant (32.35), number of flower per shoot (9.75), with least number of days required for peak flowering (140.13days), was recorded under the treatment where plants were covered with HDPE (High density polyethylene) which was found to be at par with covering material i.e. tarpaulin under which the number of days to bud appearance (109.40 days), days to colour break stage (132.60 days), branches per plant (3.40) and stem girth (5.42 mm) were recorded. Flowering was earliest in plants under controlled photoperiod as compared to natural photoperiod which took (172.80 days) days for peak flowering. Based on the study it can be concluded that HDPE was found to be the most suitable covering material for off season flower production and among the varieties ‘Yellow Delight’ performed better under controlled photoperiod conditions as compared to other varieties and resulted in off season flower production in chrysanthemum.ThesisItem Restricted Effect of extended day length on growth and flower production in Kalanchoe (Kalanchoe blossfeldiana poelln.)(Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, 2020) Kamath, Shantesh Ramesh; Ranjit SinghThe present investigation entitled ―Effect of extended day length on growth and flower production in Kalanchoe (Kalanchoe blossfeldiana Poelln.)‖ was carried out at the research farm of the Department of Floriculture and Landscaping, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana during 2019-20 to study the effect of different durations of time and number of days of night interruption on various vegetative and floral attributes. Plants were propagated from terminal cuttings. Rooted cuttings are transplanted into pots of 15 cm diameter comprising of Soil and Farm Yard Manure during August. The long days were provided by extending the day length by artificial light source (CFL bulbs) starting from October 7 for 20(Oct 7- Oct 26), 30(Oct 7- Nov 5) and 40(Oct 7- Nov 15) days as night interruption for 30 minutes and 60 minutes from 23:30 to 00:00 and 23:00 to 00:30 respectively. Plants put under natural day length served as control. The experiments were laid out as per treatments in Factorial Completely Randomized Design (CRD) with five replications comprising six pots per replication. The photoperiodic treatments in the form of night interruption significantly (p<0.05) affected the plant growth and flowering in Kalanchoe. Impotant qualitative criteria in potted plant industry, compact plant growth with minimum plant height (26.20 cm), plant spread (19.17 cm) and number of branches per plant (2.93) is reported by exposing the plants to 60 min. night interruption for 20 days. Stem girth, petiole thickness, leaf length and leaf width showed non-significant differences to all the treatments. However, leaf thickness is reported inversely related to night interruption. While the plants exposed to 60 min. of night interruption for 40 days are reported to delay the flowering significantly upto 1½ month as compared to control where no artificial lighting in the form of night interruption was employed. Maximum number of days to flower bud appearance (138.07 days), days to color break stage (203.79 days) and days to 50% opening of flowers (232.23 days) was reported under 60 min. of night interruption for 40 days. Therefore, delayed flower production in Kalanchoe upto 45 days can be achieved by 60 min. of night interruption for 40 days along with acceptable quality pot plant. Significant variable amount of anthocyanin and total phenols reported with photoperiodic treatment which confirms that photoperiod influenced biosynthesis of anthocyanin and phenolic compound in Kalanchoe.ThesisItem Open Access Effect of nitrogen and farmyard manure on growth and production of flowers in African marigold (Tagetes erecta L.)(Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, 2020) Beher, Vishu Kumar; Parminder Singh“Effect of nitrogen and farmyard manure on growth and production of flowers in African marigold (Tagetes erecta L.)” was conducted at Research Farm of Department of Floriculture and Landscaping, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana during 2016-17. The present investigation aims to determine the optimum dose of nitrogen in combination with FYM as an integrated approach which might improve quality and productivity of marigold. The experiment was laid out split plot design during the kharif season. Three levels (0, 10 & 20 t/ha) of FYM were applied as main plot treatments and three levels (90, 120 & 150 kg/ha) of nitrogen each applied in two (4 & 8 WAP) and three splits (3, 6 & 9 WAP) as sub plot treatments thereby making total 18 treatments. Application of N and FYM showed significant improvement in growth as well as floral attributes like plant height, plant spread, number of branches, number of flowers per plant, number of flowers per unit area and flower weight. The use of FYM along with specified dose of Nitrogen resulted in higher number of flowers as the growth attributes specifically Plant Spread & No. of branches/plant showed best results with treatment combination F2N3 (FYM@ 20 t/ha + N @ 150 kg/ha) and F1N2 (FYM@ 10 t/ha + N @ 120 kg/ha) respectively. Application of FYM along with N was found superior over only inorganic source of N as the maximum No. of flowers per plant and per unit area were produced when applied with F2N3 (FYM @ 20 t/ha + N @ 90 kg/ha). The maximum number of flowers per plant (92.93) & per unit area (516.27) were obtained in F2N1S1 (FYM @ 20 t/ha + N @ 90 kg/ha; N being applied in two splits) which was at par with the treatments F2N3S2 (FYM @ 20 t/ha + N @ 150 kg/ha; N being applied in three splits) and F2N2S2 (FYM @ 20 t/ha + N @ 120 kg/ha; N being applied in three splits). The parameters such as plant height, plant spread, number of branches and flower weight revealed significantly better growth with application of FYM. The use of FYM increased the flower weight, number of flowers, thereby enhancing the total yield of crop. It is thus concluded that the combination F2N1S1 (FYM @ 20 t/ha + N @ 90 kg/ha; N being applied in two splits) can be preferred for getting higher yield of quality flowers with greater economic efficiency.ThesisItem Restricted Responses of ornamental shrubs under saline soil conditions(Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, 2020) Bhati, Mansi Indravijaysingh; Dubey, R.K.The present investigation entitled “Responses of Ornamental shrubs under saline soil conditions” was carried out in Landscape Nursery of Department of Floriculture and Landscaping, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana during March 2019-20. The research constituted of 4 different concentration of NaCl salt i.e. 30 mM (1.75g NaCl/l water) 60mM (3.51g NaCl/l water), 90mM (5.26g NaCl/l water) and control (best water available). For this, growing media was prepared by mixing soil and FYM in the ratio of 2:1. All plants were initially irrigated with tap water for one month to facilitate hardening, after to that treatment doses of salt were given. The sole objective of the study was to investigate the effect of different levels of salinity on various morphological, physiological and biochemical parameters of shrubs. Five ornamental shrub species which were selected for evaluating their salinity response are M. paniculata, T. peruviana, H. patens, T. coronaria and H. rosa-sinensis. Having studied various observations for a year, it was concluded that T. peruviana showed maximum tolerance to extreme salt treatment and proved to be tolerant compared to other species. While poor response in terms of growth and various physiological parameters were evaluated in T. coronaria and M. paniculata. Plant height, number of leaves, stem girth, Total chlorophyll and carotenoids content, Total sugar, and Biomass was significantly higher in T. peruviana irrespective of treatment. Taking into consideration overall results, T. peruviana was found to have survival mechanism even at 90mM. While, H. rosa-sinensis showed optimum performance even at T4 but with some growth reductions. H. patens, M. paniculata thrived T2 (30mM) and T. coronaria showed maximum mortality and no plants were able to survive at T2 (30 mM). So, tolerance order can be, T. peruviana>H. rosa-sinensis>H. patens>M. paniculata>T. coronariaThesisItem Restricted Integrated weed management in marigold (Tagetes erecta L.)(Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, 2020) Gurpinder Singh; Parminder SinghThe present study entitled “Integrated weed management in marigold (Tagetes erecta L.)” was conducted during summer and rainy season of 2019 at Research Farm, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, Punjab. The study aimed at finding out the best and economically feasible method for weed control in marigold. In summer season, spreading of paddy straw mulch 6.25 t ha-1 at planting and directed application of paraquat dichloride 0.30 kg ha-1 after 50 days of transplanting and, in rainy season, combination of paddy straw mulch 9.40 t ha-1 and paraquat dichloride 0.30 kg ha-1 after 50 days of transplanting had the lowest total weed density. Total weed dry biomass was lowest under hand weeding (at 30 and 60 days). Hand weeding treatment recorded the highest marigold plant spread, stem diameter and branches per plant which were followed by paddy straw mulch 9.40 t ha-1 plus paraquat dichloride 0.30 kg ha-1. Under paddy straw mulch 9.40 t ha-1 plus paraquat dichloride 0.30 kg ha-1, marigold took minimum number of days to bud visibility, from bud to flower opening and first flower production. Number of flowers per plant, average flower diameter and average weight of flower were highest under treatment paddy straw mulch 9.40 t ha-1 plus paraquat dichloride 0.30 kg ha-1. To conclude, spreading paddy straw mulch 9.40 t ha-1 at planting followed by directed application of paraquat dichloride 0.30 kg ha-1 after 50 days of transplanting was found to be the best treatment in terms of weed control, marigold flowers yield and net returns.ThesisItem Open Access Effect of mulching and nitrogen application on growth and flowering of Gypsophila elegans M. Bieb(Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana-, 2020) Suriti; Ranjit SinghIn many crops mulching leads to improvement in quantity as well as quality when combined with nitrogen application. So the present study was planned to investigate the effect of mulching and nitrogen on growth and flowering of annual Gypsophila (Gypsophila elegans M. Bieb) which is highly valued as cut filler and is extensively used in flower arrangements and bouquets worldwide. The seedlings were planted during Rabi season in the year 2019-20 at Research Farm, Department of Floriculture and Landscaping, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana. The experiment was laid out in Factorial Randomized Block Design (FRBD) with three replications comprising of three mulch treatments, paddy straw mulch (6 tonnes/ha), polythene mulch (30 micron) and without mulch combined with three nitrogen applications N1 (5g+5g/m2), N2 (5 g/m2 +10 g/m2) and N0 (without nitrogen). The first application of nitrogen (5g/m2) was given as top dressing one month after transplanting while the second dose of 5g/m2 and 10g/m2, was applied one month after the first application for N1 and N2 respectively. It has been recorded that polythene mulch (30 micron) combined with N2 (5 g/m2 +10 g/m2) resulted in maximum plant height (58.20 cm), plant spread (58.07 cm), leaf breadth (9.10 mm), number of primary and tertiary branches per plant (9.14 and 14.85 respectively), flower size (15.37 mm) and yield (16.63) of cut stems per plant with acceptable (7.33 days) vase life. Flower opening has also been reported to be advanced over other treatments, owing to the favorable changes induced in the root zone due to polythene mulch by increasing the soil temperature underneath it. It can be concluded that nitrogen 5g/m2 one month after transplanting and again 10g/m2, one month after the first application combined with 30 microns polythene mulch (M2) is beneficial for growth and flower production in Gypsophila.ThesisItem Restricted Effect of plant spacing and nitrogen on growth and flowering of Polianthes tuberosa L.(Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, 2020) Lovedeep Kaur; Ranjit SinghThe present investigation entitled “Effect of plant spacing and nitrogen on growth and flowering of Polianthes tuberosa L.” was carried out at the Research Farm and Postgraduate Laboratory of the Department of Floriculture and Landscaping, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana during the year 2019-20. Bulbs of tuberose of 2.5 cm were planted at different spacings (30×20 cm, 30×30 cm and 30×40 cm) and were subjected to different basal applications of nitrogen levels (control, 10, 15 and 20 g/m2). The experiment was laid out in Factorial Randomized Block Design (FRBD) with three replications. The observations recorded revealed that all the vegetative and floral parameters were influenced by different plant spacing‟s and levels of nitrogen. The plants at the spacing of 30×30 cm exhibited maximum plant height (73.29 cm), maximum (27.22) number of leaves/plant, earliest to flowering (112.01), spike durability (9.82 days), duration (24.71 days) of flowering, spike length (62.11 cm), number of spikes/plant (1.07), number of florets/spike (29.07), flower diameter (3.94 cm), number of bulb/ bulblets per clump (16.92), average size of bulbs (3.30 cm), vase life (5.56 days). However, weight of spike (80.63 g) and average weight of bulb (92.67 g) was recorded maximum under 30×20 cm and 30×40 cm spacing respectively. With respect to nitrogen doses, nitrogen applied @ 15g/m2 recorded maximum plant height (76.04 cm), number of leaves (26.04), duration of flowering (24.78 days), spike length (62.71 cm), number of spikes/plants (1.08), number of florets/spike (28.38) and flower diameter (3.99 cm). However, minimum (109.92) days to flowering and maximum (10.62 days) spike durability, weight of spike (83.09 g), number of bulb/bulblets per clump (16.13), weight of bulb (99.77 g), average size of bulb (3.19 cm) and vase life (6.27 days) were recorded under the nitrogen dose of 20g/m2.The parameters recorded maximum under 20g/m2 were also better in 15g/m2 over control. So, from the present study, it can be concluded that tuberose bulbs planted at 30×30 cm spacing and fertilized with nitrogen @ 15 g/m2 (150 kg/ha-1) as basal dose is an ideal combination of plant spacing and fertilization for growth and flowering of Polianthes tuberosa L.ThesisItem Open Access Effect of Organic Ammendments on Growth and Flowering of Dahlia(Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, 2020) Navkaranjot Singh; Dhatt, K. K.The present study entitled “Effect of organic ammendments on growth and flowering of dahlia” was conducted at Research Farm, Department of Floriculture and Landscaping, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana during the year 2019-20. The experiment was conducted to find out optimum organic ammendments for better plant growth and quality flower production of pompon dahlia. In this experiment eight different organic ammendments comprising of farmyard manure, vermicompost, mustard oil cake, bone meal, poultry manure, neem cake, liquid cow dung manure and FYM+NPK (15 tonnes/ha+30:40:40) were applied in RBD using three replications. The observations were recorded on growth, floral and yield parameters. Plant growth parameter in terms of plant height (46.08 cm), number of primary branches (9.33/plant) and secondary branches (12.33/plant) were recorded maximum in treatment T8 (FYM+NPK) followed by treatment T2 i.e. vermicompost @ 10 t/ha. The stalk length (16.16 cm), flower diameter (5.16 cm) and vase life (4.66 days) were recorded maximum under treatment T8 (FYM+NPK) followed by treatment T2 (vermicompost @ 10 t/ha). The longest flowering duration of 59 days was recorded under treatment T8 (FYM+NPK). Treatment T8 (FYM+NPK) recorded minimum time from planting to full bloom (133 days). This treatment also proved superior in SPAD value (52.17 mg/100g). Yield parameters like weight of flowers/m2 (3.40 kg) and number of flowers/m2 (192) were also recorded with maximum value in T8. The benefit to cost ratio for dahlia was found to be maximum (1.12:1) under treatment T6 i.e. Neem cake @ 200 Kg /ha.ThesisItem Restricted Induced mutagenesis using physical and chemical mutagens in African marigold (Tagetes erecta L.)(Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, 2020) Anuradha; Parminder SinghThe present investigations entitled “Induced mutagenesis using physical and chemical mutagens in African marigold (Tagetes erecta L.)” were undertaken at Research farm, Department of Floriculture and Landscaping, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana during 2018-2020. In this study, experiments were conducted to standardize dose of physical mutagen (gamma radiations) and chemical mutagen (EMS) for induction of mutations in M1 and M2 generations. Different doses of gamma rays used were 0, 50, 100, 150, 200, 250 and 300 Gy and different concentration of EMS were 0, 0.2%, 0.3%, 0.4%, 0.5% and 0.6% to treat marigold seeds of variety „Punjab Gainda No.1‟. The optimum dose of LD50 for marigold was been worked out as 166.50 Gy for gamma rays and 0.49 % for EMS concentration by probit analysis of survival percentage. The seeds treated with gamma rays resulted in decrease in germination percentage, survival percentage, field survival percentage, plant height, plant spread, number of branches per plant, leaf area, chlorophyll and carotenoid content, number of flowers per plant, flower size, ray floret length and width, fresh weight and dry weight of flower and number of seeds per flower with increase in dose of gamma rays while the lower dose of gamma rays at 50 Gy has stimulating effect on plant height, plant spread, number of branches per plant, number of flowers per plant, flower size, ray floret length, ray floret width, fresh weight of flower, dry weight of flower and number of seeds per flower. The treatment with EMS resulted in decrease in germination percentage, survival percentage, field survival percentage, plant height, plant spread, number of branches, leaf area, chlorophyll and carotenoid content, number of flowers per plant, flower size, ray floret length and width, fresh weight and dry weight of flower and number of seeds with increase in concentration of EMS. Parameters such as leaf abnormalities percentage, floral abnormalities percentage, morphological abnormal plant percentage, days to bud appearance, days to first flower, days to 50% flowering and days to full bloom and flowering duration increased with increase in gamma ray doses and EMS at highest doses in experiment. Visible variations were induced by treatment with both mutagens with respect to change in height, plant stature, variations in leaves from colour to shape of leaves, leaf variegations with EMS, variations in floral colours from yellow-orange to yellow color, flower shape and size of disc and ray florets. One sectorial chimera with different shades from orange to yellow-orange colour in one flower was also observed at 0.5% EMS dose.
