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ThesisItem Open Access Weed Management in Lawn (Cynodon dactylon L.) Calcutta grass var. Sel-1(Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, 2018) Amrinder Singh; Dubey, R. K.Field experiment was conducted in the established lawn of PAU landscape nursery, Department of Floriculture and Landscaping, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana during March to December 2017 to manage the sedge and broad leaf weeds in lawn. The experimental plot comprised of (Cynodon dactylon L.) Calcutta grass var. Sel-1. The experiment was laid out in Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) having eight treatments with three replications. The treatments were 2,4-D amine at 580 g ha-1, metsulfuron methyl + chlorimuron ethyl at 4 g ha-1, halosulfuron at 67.5 g ha-1, metsulfuron at 5 g ha-1, carfentrazone ethyl at 20 g ha-1, metsulfuron methyl + carfentrazone ethyl at 25 g ha-1, four hand weedings at 15 days interval and unweeded control. The predominant weed species noticed at experiment site were Anagalis arvensis, Coronopus didymus, Convolvulus arvensis, Malva parviflora, Medicago denticulata, Euphorbia microphylla, Melilotus indica, Rumex dentatus, Amaranthus viridis, Chenopodium album, Gomphrena celosioides, Phyllanthus niruri, Celosia argentea, Parthenium hysterophorus, Ageratum conyzoides, Bidens pilosa, Alternanthera philoxeroides,Euphorbia hirta, Oxalis martiana as broadleaf weeds and Cyperus rotundus as sedge.The results indicated that the number of sedge and broad leaf weeds were found to be significantly more in unweeded control. Among herbicide treatments, density of broad leaf weeds decreased to a greater extent in 2, 4-D amine at 580 g ha-1. Halosulfuron at 67.5 g ha-1 decreased weed density of sedge drastically as compared to other herbicides. The weed control efficiency recorded highest in hand weeding at every 15 days interval. Among the herbicides, 2, 4-D amine at 580 g ha-1 was recorded higher weed control efficiency and lower dry matter of weeds compared to other herbicide treatments in case of broadleaf weeds. Halosulfuron at 67.5 g ha-1 recorded the highest weed control efficiency and the lowest dry matter of sedge compared to other herbicide treatments. The nutrient uptake by weeds was higher in unweeded control as compared to all other treatments. The nutrient uptake by weeds was lower in 2, 4-D amine at 580 g ha-1 followed by metsulfuron methyl + carfentrazone ethyl at 25 g ha-1. Among the herbicide treatments saving in weeding cost over hand weeding (Rs.16755 ha-1) was recorded in 2,4-D amine at 580 g ha-1 which is performed significantly better than other herbicide treatments for control of broadleaf weeds. Saving in weeding cost over hand weeding (Rs.12605 ha-1) was recorded in halosulfuron at 67.5 g ha-1 which is performed significantly better than other herbicide treatments for control of sedge (Cyperus rotundus). So, 2, 4-D amine at 580 g ha-1 and halosulfuron at 67.5 g ha-1 were effective herbicides for management of broad leaf weeds and sedge in lawn respectively.ThesisItem Open Access Effect of botanicals as growth promoter and fusarium wilt suppressor on gladiolus (Gladiolus grandiflorus L.)(Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, 2018) Patel, Monika; Dubey, R. K.The present investigation was conducted on open field grown pot plants of two commercial varieties of gladiolus, White Prosperity and Jacksonville Gold using soil: FYM (2:1) as growing media in Department of Floriculture and Landscaping, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana from September 2016 to April 2018. The statistical design for conducting the experiment was CRD. Some of the plant species have been reported to possess harmless eco-friendly chemicals that have growth promoting effect. In the present studies, botanicals were prepared from the leaves of five locally available plants viz. Callistemon lanceolatus, Eucalyptus teriticornis, Azadirachta indica, Tagetes erecta, Aegle marmelos at 20 % and 40 % concentrations and were used for treating corms before planting and then up to harvesting of spike. The present investigations were conducted to know the growth promoting and fusarium wilt disease suppressing effects of botanicals. Present studies revealed that all the ten treatments showed significant differences in growth, yield, physiological and biochemical parameters of plants as compared to control. On qualitative phytochemical analysis of botanicals, it was confirmed that, all the botanicals have steroids and flavonoids. Forty percent concentration of botanicals had more growth promoting effect on plants than 20% concentration. All these botanicals suppressed the fusarium wilt disease of gladiolus to a variable extent. Eucalyptus teriticornis was found as best botanical for fusarium wilt disease suppression. On GC-MS analysis of E. tereticornis botanical, two major antifungal compounds (α-phellandrene and viridiflorol) were found. Among all treatments; E. tereticornis, A. indica and C. lanceolatus were found more effective in growth promotion as well as disease suppression than T. erecta and A. marmelos.ThesisItem Open Access Combining ability analysis for growth and flowering characteristics in pansy (Viola × wittrockiana Gams.)(Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, 2018) Ravneet Kaur; Dhatt, K. K.The present studies entitled "Combining ability analysis for growth and flowering characteristics in pansy (Viola × wittrockiana Gams.)" were undertaken at the Floriculture Research Farm of Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana during the year 2015-2018. Eight inbred lines of pansy were selected for crossing in half diallel fashion (8x8) to study the general combining ability effects of the parents and specific combining ability of the crosses. Twenty eight hybrids were grown along with their parents in Randomized block design. The results pertaining to the analysis of variance for experimental design and combining ability were highly significant for all the characters. Based on gca effects of parents, the parents Pa-64-1-5-14, Pa-62-4-12-18, Pa-63-1-7-25 and Pa-32-8-7-6 were best general combiners for most of the traits except stalk length and flower size which can be recommended for use in breeding programme to generate genetic variability in desirable direction. Studies on specific combining ability of the crosses indicated that the cross combinations viz.,Pa-64-1-5-14 × Pa-62-4-12-18, Pa-13-1-2-3 × Pa-47-1-3, Pa-11-1-3-7 × Pa-62-4-12-18, Pa-64-1-5-14 × Pa-63-1-7-25, Pa-11-1-3-7 × Pa-64-1-5-14, Pa-32-8-7-6 × Pa-63-1-7-25, Pa-64-1-5-14 × Pa-32-8-7-6 and Pa-11-1-3-7 × Pa-63-1-7-25 were the best specific combiner for most of the vegetative and floral characters viz., plant height, plant spread, branches number, days to flowering, duration of flowering, flowers per plant and pod setting (%). Combining ability analysis revealed that magnitude of gcavariance was greater than sca variance suggesting the predominance of additive gene action for the characters viz., branch count, flower size, days from bud initiation to flowering and flowers per plant. Specific combining ability (sca)variance was greater than gca variance for most of the characters viz., plant height at first flowering (cm), final plant height, plant spread, final plant spread, stalk length, days to flowering, flowering duration and pod setting (%) which indicated predominance of non-additive gene action in their inheritance and heterosis breeding would be the best option for improvement of these traits. Heterosis revealed that majority of the hybrids exhibited heterobeltiosis and mid-heterosis in desirable direction. The hybrids exhibiting high per se performance also showed high mid-heterosis. The hybrids exhibited heterosis over better parent for plant height, plant spread, branches count, stalk length, days from bud initiation to flowering, days to flowering, duration of flowering, flowers per plant were Pa-64-1-5-14 × Pa-63-1-7-25 , Pa-11-1-3-7 × Pa-47-1-3, Pa-32-8-7-6 × Pa-47-1-3, Pa-13-1-2-3 × Pa-47-1-3, Pa-11-1-3-7 × Pa-32-8-7-6, Pa-64-1-5-14 × Pa-32-8-7-6 and Pa-64-1-5-14 × Pa-62-4-12-18. High estimates of PCV and GCV were recorded indicating sufficient variability in the germplasm for most of the characters. PCV and GCV showed a range of variation from 14.25% to 67.50% and 14.10% to 67.29% respectively.High estimates of heritability ranges between 83.55% to 99.37% were obtained for different analysed characters and indicate that though the character was least influenced by the environmental effects. The estimates of genetic advance were varied from 2.25% to 336.80% and from 28.73% to 138.17% for genetic advance as % of mean. High heritability coupled with high genetic advance for the characters viz., number of flowers per plant, branch count and days from bud initiation to flowering were recorded and suggested the role of additive gene action in the inheritance of these characters. Hence, simple selection based on phenotypic performance of these traits would be more effective. The estimates of phenotypic and genotypic correlation revealed that flowers per plant was strongly and positively associated with the characters namely number of branches per plant, plant spread, final plant spread, final plant height and duration of flowering at phenotypic and genotypic level. The result of analysis of variance for F₂ indicated that mean sum of squares due to genotypes were highly significant for all the traits studied. PCV was higher than those of GCV for all the traits which indicated greater genotype x environment interactions for the expression of these characters. The estimates of heritability were more than 72.43 percent for all the characters studied for F₂ genotypes. High heritability along with high genetic advance as % of mean for F₂ population were observed for number of flowers per plant, number of branches per plant and days from bud initiation to flowering hence, amenable for simple selection. The different expected ratios were obtained among twenty eight cross combination of F₂ population of pansy for the inheritance of the flower colour.ThesisItem Open Access Effect of growth regulators and chemicals on plant growth and cormels production of gladiolus(Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, 2018) Harmanpreet Kaur; Dhatt, K.K.The present investigations entitled “Effect of growth regulators and chemicals on plant growth and cormels production of gladiolus” were undertaken in the experimental field area of Floriculture and Landscaping, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, during 2017- 2018. The cormels of two varieties of gladiolus namely Punjab Glad-1 and Punjab Pink Elegance were treated with GA3 (150 and 200 ppm), BA (100 and 125 ppm), SA (100 and 150 ppm), Thiourea (1000 and 1500 ppm), KNO3 (1.5 and 2.5 %), Ethrel (250 ppm) and combinations of Thiourea and KNO3 as pre planting dip treatment for 12 hours. The analysis of variance was conducted as per Randomized Block Design. The minimum time to sprouting was recorded with GA3 200 ppm in Punjab Glad-1 (9.57 days) and Punjab Pink Elegance (10.44 days). The maximum sprouting percentage was recorded with GA3 200 ppm in Punjab Glad-1 (97.94 %) and Punjab Pink Elegance (98.81 %). In Punjab Glad-1, maximum plant height (30.72 cm), leaf length (29.18 cm), leaf width (1.05 cm), leaf area (22.98 cm2) and number of leaves per plant (4.48) was recorded under GA3 200 ppm. Similarly, in Punjab Pink Elegance maximum plant height (31.74 cm), leaf length (30.33 cm), leaf width (0.97 cm), leaf area (22.27 cm2) and number of leaves per plant (5.00). The maximum size of cormel was recorded in variety Punjab Glad-1 (2.10 cm) and increase in size was 4.20 times of the initial cormel size when treated with GA3 200 ppm. In variety Punjab Pink Elegance, maximum cormel size was recorded with GA3 200 ppm (2.12 cm) with 4.23 times increase in size of cormel. The maximum cormel weight was recorded with GA3 200 ppm (9.38 g) in Punjab Glad-1 and (9.38 g) in Punjab Pink Elegance.ThesisItem Restricted Studies on genetic variability in open cultivated Hybrid Tea roses (Rosa hybrida L.)(Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, 2018) Jobanpeet Singh; Grewal, H.S.The present studies entitled, “Studies on genetic variability in open cultivated Hybrid Tea roses (Rosa hybrida L.)” were carried out at the Research Farm, Department of Floriculture and Landscaping, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana during the year 2016-2018. The 20 cultivars of Hybrid Tea had been evaluated to find out the genetic variability among the different vegetative and floral traits in open field condition. The cultivar ‘Taj Mahal’ ‘Snehdare’ and ‘Acapella’ produced large size of flower with good stem length and vase life whereas, the cultivars ‘Netajee’, ‘Ace of Heart’, ‘Modern Art’ and ‘Acapella’ formed less number of thorns making their suitability for cut flower purpose. The highest value of Genotypic Coefficient of Variation (GCV) was obtained for number of flowering stems (52.32 %) followed by thorn density (39.80 %), pollen viability (31.46 %) and number of shoots (28.25 %) whereas, moderate value observed for flower size (10.54 %), days to opening of flower (15.94 %), days to colour development (17.41 %) and days to bud formation (18.14 %). The highest value of Phenotypic Coefficient of Variation (PCV) was obtained for number of flowering stems (57.88 %) followed by thorn density (45.16 %), pollen viability (36.61 %) and number of shoots (34.70%), whereas moderate value of PCV observed for flower size (15.31 %) and days to opening of flower (19.74 %). The estimates of PCV were higher than the corresponding GCV values for all the traits indicated the influence of environment in the expression of these traits. The highest estimate of heritability (h2) was observed for plant height (82.69 %) followed by thorn density (82.67 %), number of flowering stems (81.71 %) and vase life (81.17 %) whereas, the highest genetic advance as per cent of mean was recorded for number of flowering stems (97.37 %) followed by and thorn density (72.05 %). The high estimation of heritability (h2) was coupled with high genetic advance for number of flowering stems and thorn density per 10 cm of stem indicating them as important traits for selection process.ThesisItem Open Access Morphological variability and DUS characterization of chrysanthemum (Chrysanthemum morifolium Ramat.) genotypes for pot culture(Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, 2018) Kaushal, Shweta; Madhu BalaThe present investigations entitled “Morphological variability and DUS characterization of chrysanthemum (Chrysanthemum morifolium Ramat.) genotypes for pot culture‟‟ were carried out at Research Farm, Department of Floriculture and Landscaping, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, Punjab during 2017-2018 to study the morphological variability and DUS characterization of fifteen genotypes namely Anmol, Arka Kirti, Autumn Eyes, Bidhan Mum, Bindiya, Dark Eyes, Dolly Pink, Gul-e-Sahir, Himanshu, Little Pink, Puncho, Punjab Anuradha , Pusa Aditya , Pusa Chitraksha, White Staphour of chrysanthemum in Completely Randomized Block Design (CRD). Significantly maximum plant height (57.25 cm) and flower diameter (8.19 cm) was recorded in cv. White Staphour while the minimum plant height (20.19 cm) was recorded in cv. Bindiya and the minimum flower diameter was recorded in cv. Dolly Pink (3.50 cm). The maximum number of branches (9.78) and number of flowers (106.89) were recorded in cv. Anmol whereas, the minimum branches (3.88) and flower number (24.98) were observed in cv. Bindiya. Cultivar Puncho exhibited the maximum plant spread (54.78 cm) while the minimum was recorded in cv. Bidhan Mum (28.99 cm). The minimum days to first flower bud appearance (71.00 days), days to colour shown stage (87.00 days) and days to flower opening (95.00 days) were recorded in cv. Punjab Anuradha whereas the maximum days to first flower bud appearance (112.00 days), colour shown stage (128.00 days) and flower opening (136.00 days) were recorded in cv. Anmol. Flowering duration was found to be maximum (29.21 days) in cv. Anmol while minimum (23.55 days) was found in cv. Himanshu. Cultivar Anmol exhibited vegetative phase for 15.47 weeks while cv. Punjab Anuradha found to have vegetative phase for 9.14 weeks. On the basis of maturity cv. Punjab Anuradha was early maturing variety (9.14 weeks) whereas cv. Anmol was the late maturing (15.47 weeks) among all the genotypes under study. All the fifteen genotypes were morphologically characterized according to DUS guidelines given by PPV & FRA.ThesisItem Restricted Studies on the effect of drip irrigation and fertigation on African marigold (Tagetes erecta L.)(Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, 2018) Vashista, Nishtha; Parminder SinghThe study entitled “Studies on the effect of drip irrigation and fertigation on African marigold (Tagetes erecta L.)” was carried out in Rabi season of 2017 and 2018 at Research Farm, Department of Floriculture and Landscaping, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, Punjab. The overall objective of the study is to standardize the water and nitrogen requirement through drip irrigation for better flower yield in African marigold. The experiment was laid out in split plot design with three replications to study the effect of irrigation (1.2 ETc, 1.0 ETc, 0.8 ETc, 0.6 ETc and flood irrigation) and fertigation with (WSF @ 60% RDF, 80% RDF, 100% RDF) on African marigold. The data on growth, floral and yield attributes were recorded and statistically analysed. Growth parameters in terms of plant height, plant spread, stem diameter, number of branches, size of flower were recorded higher with treatment combination of I0N3 (Flood irrigation with fertilizer application with urea @ 100% RDF) for both the years 2017 and 2018. Yield attributes such as number of flowers per plant, number of flowers per unit area (m2), flower weight per plant were recorded best with treatment combination of I3N3 (1.0 ETc + fertigation with WSF @ 100% RDF) for years 2017 and 2018.ThesisItem Open Access Flowering response of chrysanthemum (Chrysanthemum morifolium Ramat.) genotypes to different photoperiods and quality of light(Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, 2018) Ranjit Singh; Madhu BalaThe present investigations entitled “Flowering response of chrysanthemum (Chrysanthemum morifolium Ramat.) genotypes to different photoperiods and quality of light” were carried out at the Research Farm, Department of Floriculture and Landscaping, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, during 2015-18. The experiments were conducted to study the response of standard and spray genotypes to artificial short day conditions. The plants were raised through the rooting of terminal cuttings during February-March and the plants were given short day treatment as night extension using black polythene (100 micron) sheet from civil twilight in the morning to 9 O’clock. The maximum plant height (85.33 cm and 86.00 cm) and plant spread (19.33 cm and 18.67 cm) was exhibited by Boris Becker while number of branches were recorded maximum (5.00 and 5.00) in Punjab Shyamli for both the years. The leaf area index, leaf weight ratio and number of stomata per unit area were not affected significantly. Days to flower bud appearance were recorded minimum (108 and 107.65) in two genotypes viz. Yellow Delight followed by Banglori Local (117 and 110), accordingly early flowering was observed in these genotypes, showing good tolerance towards heat delay. Similar trend was recorded in standard types but none of the genotypes was able to flower early in response to artificial short days. In second experiment different sources of light viz. incandescent bulbs, CFL and LED as night break were used, from 15th August to 31st October, from 10.00 pm to 12.00 midnight to provide long days. Plant spread (25.73 cm and 26.65 cm), days to flower bud appearance (148.34 and 149.25), days to flowering (178.10 and 180.10), flower size (6.85 cm and 7.13 cm) and vase life (12.27 days and 12.55 days) were recorded maximum with LED sources of light as compared to incandescent and CFL. Similarly another experiment was conducted by providing long days with the help of LED lights of red, blue and green colour to investigate the effect of colours of light for night break treatment. The genotypes under red lights exhibited maximum (66.83 cm) plant height, plant spread (18.02 cm), days to bud appearance (142.93 days), days to flowering (170.08 days), flower size (6.69 cm), duration of flowering (31.95 days) whereas stem diameter and vase life was recorded maximum (5.80 mm and 11.27 days, respectively) under blue light. Green lights have resulted in increased content of carotenoids over red and blue LED lights. Similar trend was observed in genotype of standard group. It is thus concluded that the genotypes viz. Yellow Delight and Banglori Local among spray type were suitable for year round flower production as they have exhibited tolerance against heat delay. Among the different sources and colours of light, light emitting diodes (LED) with red colour light were found suitable for effective photoperiodic control for growth and flowering in Chrysanthemum.ThesisItem Restricted Genetic analysis for plant growth and floral parametres in pansy (Viola tricolor L.)(Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, 2018) Sarpreet Kaur; Dhatt, K.K.The present studies entitled "Genetic analysis for plant growth and floral parametres in pansy (Viola tricolor L.)" were undertaken at the Floriculture Research Farm of Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana during the year 2013-2015. Five inbred lines of pansy were used for the experiment and crosses were attempted in diallel. The results pertaining to the analysis of variance for experimental design and combining ability were highly significant for all the characters. P3 (Pa-32) was found as the best general combiner for plant height at first flowering, plant height at peak flowering, plant spread, days to first flower opening, duration of flowering and flowers per plant. The cross P1 × P3 had highest significant sca values for plant height at first flowering, plant height at peak flowering flowers per plant and flower size. The cross P1 × P3 exhibited maximum heterosis for plant height and plant spread. The highest magnitude of heterosis was observed in P4 × P3 for flower count. The maximum phenotypic coefficient (19.60%) was found with flowers per plant followed by plant height at peak flowering (18.84%). Higher genotypic coefficient (18.97%) was found with number of flowers per plant followed by plant height at peak flowering (18.71%).The heritability ranges between 49.01% and 98.71% for different parametres. The estimates of genetic advance (%) varied from 4.61 to 38.30.