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ThesisItem Restricted Analytical comparison between commercial and laboratory prepared cleansers for utensils and floors(Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, 2019) Dubey, Ragini; Surjinderjit KaurThe present study was undertaken to evaluate the commonly used commercial utensils and floor cleansers, to prepare utensil and floor cleansers in a laboratory using mainly home available ingredients, to compare the commercial and laboratory prepared cleansers in terms of their cleaning efficiency, cost-effectiveness and selected physio-chemical parameters and to frame recommendations on the basis of findings of the study. The resreach was conducted in two phases i.e household survey and laboratory experiments. In the first phase, a sample of 120 respondents from two colleges of Punjab Agricultural University Ludhiana, viz college of community science and Basic science and Humanities were selected by using simple random sampling technique. The data were collected personally with the help of an interview schedule. The findings of the study revealed that 51.67 percent of the respondents preferred vim liquid, followed by vim bar (34.33%) for cleaning of utensils. The third and fourth preferred utensils cleansers were pril (15%) and super dish wash gel (11.64%). In case of floor cleansers majority of the respondents (82.50%) preferred Harpic followed by Lizol (33.33%) and domex (28.33%) respectively. While using commercial utensils cleansers most of the respondents (32.50%) reported the problems of redness and roughness of skin. In case of floor cleansers 25.00 percent respondents reported the problems of skin itching followed by 20.80 percent of respondents who reported breathing problem using commercial floor cleansers. So, four types of cleansers i.e. 2 for utensils cleaning and 2 for floor cleaning were prepared in the laboratory. The laboratory prepared cleansers were better than selected commercial cleanser in terms of selected quality parameter viz. pH range, surface tension, foam stability, BOD, emulsion stability and hard water test. The laboratory prepared cleansers were found to be more efficient in removing stains from utensils and floor as compared to selected commercial cleansers. The result of microbial examination of washed plates, cups, pressure cooker, saucepan and floor tiles revealed that laboratory prepared cleansers were powerful disinfectant also. The result of field trials indicated high level of satisfaction among respondents regarding the performance of laboratory prepared acidic utensils cleanser and in case of floor cleansers laboratory prepared basic cleanser was considered most efficient by majority of respondents (90%). Therefore these cleanser need to be prepared and promoted for wide spread use.ThesisItem Open Access A study on adoption of green home norms in modern houses(Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, 2019) Harleen Kaur; Gill, Harsharan KaurAdoption of green home norms in modern houses was studied in three smart cities of Punjab viz Ludhiana, Jalandhar and Amritsar to find awareness level of respondents regarding environment and their concern for preserving it, adoption level of green home norms in modern houses and constraints in their adoption. Self-structured interview schedule was designed to conduct a survey. Fifty homes, constructed after 2015 were taken randomly from posh localities of each of these cities comprising a total sample of 150. Majority (86%) of respondents perceived that their housing and life style related practices did not contribute in environment degradation, rather 53 per cent blamed agricultural practices. Seventy per cent respondents did not have sufficient knowledge about environment conservation. Only 14 per cent respondents reported little to acute impact on psychological and physical health. Twenty eight per cent respondents made efforts to avoid use of harmful household chemicals. Norms related to proximity of home to civic amenities and conserving natural topography was partially/not adopted in case of 70.50 and 93.33 per cent respondents. All respondents did not adopt rain harvesting and efficient landscape design for enhancing water use efficiency. Eighty six per cent respondents did not adopt renewable energy systems. Ninety, 86.00 and 93.33 per cent respondents did not dispose off building material waste properly, used recycled material and had on-site waste treatment for organic waste respectively. All respondents had no provision of separate smoking area, carbon dioxide sensors and adequate operable window area. Lack of interest was major constraint for not adopting green home norms followed by lack of awareness and high cost.ThesisItem Open Access Role of farm women in value addition to farm produce(Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, 2018) Martolia, Divya; Narinderjit KaurThe study entitled “Role of farm women in value addition to farm produce” was undertaken to study the existing status of value addition to farm produce in selected households. The study was conducted to determine the role of farm women in value addition to farm produce and to identify the constraints faced by farm women. A self- structured interview schedule was designed to conduct a survey on farm women in rural area of Ludhiana district. For sample selection two blocks from Ludhiana district were randomly selected. Further from each selected block two villages were randomly selected, from each selected village 30 respondents were randomly selected thus making the sample size 120. Results of the study revealed that the existing status of value addition to various farm produce of farm families were reported low, only farm women who were part of women oriented SHG(self help group)were involved in value addition process to farm produce products such as flour, pickle, squash or juice making. Further no value addition in allied farm produce was found in dairy, poultry and bee-keeping as well at secondary and tertiary stage, whereas, few respondents were involved in value addition process in fruits, dairy and honey. The role of farm women in value addition categorized as independently, jointly with other members or no participation. Majority of the farm women were reported no participation at primary stage except in dairy and bee-keeping farm families who had dairy animals and bee boxes participated independently and jointly with other members, whereas, value addition at secondary and tertiary stage mostly performed by farm women who were member of SHG (self help group) only and no value addition was observed in allied farm produce at secondary and tertiary stage. The constraints faced by farm women in value addition to various farm produce was lack of time management due to women involvement in domestic chores, lack of self-confidence, lack of training assistance to farm women, unwillingness to practice value addition because of poor health issue and lack of high cost equipment.ThesisItem Open Access Socio-Economic Implications of Migration from Bihar(Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, 2018) Sinha, Kumari Amrita; Gill, Jatinderjit KaurThe present study was conducted on “Socio-Economic Implications of Migration from Bihar”, with the objectives; to examine the socio-economic status of selected migrants from Bihar residing in Ludhiana; to study the pattern of remittances sent back home by migrants, its usage and socio-economic implications; to study the problems faced by sender, and receiver, of remittances. Purposive sampling technique was used to select 120 migrants from Bihar, who migrated to Punjab prior to 2011. The household belonging to the selected migrants in only three districts of Bihar state namely Nalanda, Samastipur and Muzaffarpur, 40 from each district were selected. Thus making the total sample of 240 (120 migrants from Ludhiana city and their corresponding 120 households in Bihar where they were sending the remittances). The data collection was done with the help of specially structured interview schedules; one for migrants in Ludhiana and another for their households back in Bihar. Gururaj et al (2015) modified Kuppuswamy as well as Pareek and Trivedi scales which were used to study the socio-economic status of respondents in Punjab and Bihar respectively. Results reveal that the major push factor of migration was poor industrial growth in Bihar and major pull factor was continuous employment or gets employment easily whenever required in Punjab. The socio-economic status of migrant’s family in Bihar was better than the migrants in Ludhiana. Migrants used to sent materials as well as money in the form of remittances. On an average, respondents were sending `6891.66 per month to their families. The main use of remittances was in saving for future (100.00%) followed by children’s education (75.83%) and purchase of land (63.33%). The highest socio-economic implication was seen on the increase in family income followed by clothing, relationship with relatives/neighbours, food quality, communication, social participation, health status, mode of transportation, housing, children’s education, leisure and knowledge/skills. Correlation among remittances sent and income of migrants as well as total family income showed that positive and highly significant correlation was observed of money and utility items with income of migrants and total family income. Migrants faced language problem due to which they were unable to mix with the local people. During sending of remittances migrants faced several problems among which high transportation cost, high postal charges of sending utility materials and lack of time during banking hours were the issues faced by all of the respondents. Migrants’ family in Punjab faced several problems related to social acceptance. Children and women of migrant’s family felt socially discriminated and exploited in school and neighbourhood respectively. In receiving of remittances maximum number of respondents did not had knowledge regarding use of ATM. Other financial issues were insufficient money, untimely wage and lack of banking knowledge.ThesisItem Restricted A study on goal setting pattern of farm families of different socio-cultural regions of Punjab(Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, 2018) Pavneet Kaur; Gill, Harsharan KaurABSTRACT The present study entitled “A study on goal setting pattern of farm families of different socio-cultural regions of Punjab” was undertaken to study the existing goal setting pattern, assess the effect of socio-personal factors of the homemakers on the goal setting pattern and explore the constraints in goal setting and attainment of farm families. The study was conducted on 150 respondents comprising 50 respondents from each cultural zones of Punjab i.e., Majha, Malwa and Doaba represented by Dist. Amritsar (village- Khankot), Shri Muktsar Sahib (village- Hari-Ke-Kalan) and Jalandhar (village-Jamsher Khera) respectively. The goal setting pattern was studied on the basis of a goal being SMART i.e. specific, measurable, agreeable, realistic and timely. Results revealed that overall goal setting pattern of farm families was quite erroneous (overall SMART per cent score of 16.83) with attitude goal setting per cent score of 5.86, leisure 9.45, health 11.55, financial 14.20, career 16.89, educational 17.61, spiritual 22.69 and family goal setting per cent score of 36.44. It was further revealed that long term goal setting pattern of farm families was comparatively better (28.96 per cent) than mid-term (12.62 per cent) and short term (8.93 per cent) goal setting pattern as respondents were found to be wishful in the guise of long term goals and quite poor in organising efforts in the form of mid and short term goals directed towards long term goals. A positive but non significant relationship between the age (0.07), education (0.06), family type (0.10), family size (0.05) and family income (0.07) of the respondents and their goal setting pattern was found. Major constraint faced by the respondents while setting the goals was lack of training to set goals (92.40 per cent) and while achieving the goals was frustration due to successive failure in goal achievement and hopelessness due to persistent struggle with uncertainties (86.41 per cent).ThesisItem Open Access Occupational Risk Factors of Workers Engaged in Food Processing Enterprises of Punjab(Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, 2018) Aprajita Kumari; Harpinder KaurThe present study was conducted on “Occupational Risk Factors of Workers Engaged in Food Processing Enterprises of Punjab”, with the objectives; to ergonomically assess the workplace of workers engaged in selected micro, small and medium scale food processing enterprises of Punjab; to study occupational risk factors faced by the workers engaged in selected micro, small and medium scale food processing enterprises of Punjab; to analyse the postural and musculoskeletal problems of the workers and to suggest measures for reducing occupational risk factors of the workers engaged in food processing enterprises. Study was conducted in two parts i.e. field survey and field experiment. For conducting the field survey, six micro, three small and two medium scale enterprises were selected. From all the three type of enterprises, 50 respondents were selected making a total of 150 respondents. A well structured interview schedule was used to ergonomically assess the workplace and to study the occupational risk factors faced by workers engaged in the enterprises. Subjective ergonomic scales like Postural Discomfort Scale, Standardized Nordic Musculoskeletal Questionnaire and rating of perceived exertion were used to assess the discomfort level of respondents at workplace. A total sample of 15 subjects from the sample of field survey having the permissible limit of physiological parameters and who were actively involved in the activity were selected for field experiment to analyse postural and musculoskeletal problems faced by respondents. Objective assessment scales like Rapid Entire Body Assessment, Quick Exposure Checklist, Ovako Working posture Analysis System, and angle of deviation were used to analyse the postures adopted during food processing activities. Results revealed that the workstation dimensions of food processing enterprises were not in accordance with the recommendations. The respondents working in food processing enterprises rated that highest musculoskeletal discomfort was felt at wrists and its Mean Score (MS) was 2.84, followed by neck (MS=2.79), and lower back (MS=2.58) regions. In micro scale enterprises, peeling, cutting and pulp extraction (MS=3.62); in small scale, storage of finished products (MS=3.55) and in medium scale, unloading (MS=3.14) and packing (MS=3.10) were the highest exertion prone activities. Postures like forward bending and twisting of spine as well as flexion and consecutive extension of spine were the most risky postures adopted by respondents during processing of food. Certain measures were suggested to reduce the occupational risk factors of the respondents. Four tools were developed and tested on the basis of feasibility scores to know their acceptability.ThesisItem Open Access Consumers’ grievances in service sector and role of district consumer forums in their redressal- Punjab scenario(Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, 2018) Dixit, Ritika; Surjinderjit KaurThe present study entitled “Consumers’ grievances in service sector and role of district consumer forums in their redressal – Punjab scenario” was conducted to know the consumer grievances regarding selected services rendered by public and private sectors in Punjab, to analyse the nature of exploitation of consumers while seeking redressal of their grievances, to understand the nature of complaints filed in the consumer forum, prepare guidelines for effective utilization of consumer services and proper functioning of consumer forums. The study was conducted in 3 District Consumer Dispute Redressal Forums of Punjab by selecting 5 top ranking services in terms of number of complaints registered during the year 2013-15. These were insurance, banking, housing, electricity and health. The ultimate respondents were the complainants of the deficient services and officials of selected District Consumer Dispute Redressal Forums. The data were collected through interview schedules and case studies of complainants. The results of the study revealed that majority of grievances of respondents were in insurance service sector and most of their complaints were against private insurance service sector. Maximum number of complaints were registered in Ludhiana District Consumer Dispute Redressal Forum, followed by Amritsar and Jalandhar District Consumer Dispute Redressal Forums. The results regarding trend of complaints for different service sectors for the year (2013-15), reveal that the number of complaints for banking and electricity sectors decreased with time, whereas the number of complaints was almost the same for the insurance sector. However, slight increase in number of complaints was observed in health and housing sector. All the respondents adopted the method of approaching higher officials of the company and consumer dispute redressal forum. While seeking redressal, above ninety per cent respondents (93.9%) faced the problem of high and unaffordable fee of advocates. Majority of the respondents (92.6%) hired advocates for speedy settlement of their case. It is further observed that in Insurance, Health and Housing sectors, claimed amounts were substantial and more formalities / documents, hearings were required so the cases related to these sectors took longer time to settle. Nearly sixty per cent of respondents (58.4%) were not satisfied with the forum judgment. A large part of the respondents i.e. 47.0 per cent were of the opinion that the District Consumer Dispute Redressal Forums were somewhat efficient, followed by 31.5 per cent who were neutral regarding the working of District Consumer Dispute Redressal Forums whereas 22.0 per cent rated functioning of District Consumer Dispute Redressal Forums as very efficient. The results clearly indicate that majority of the respondents were dissatisfied with the redressal agency. It may be due to delay and difficulty during the hearing of cases. Less than 10 per cent of respondents were aware about the guidelines for effective utilization of service. Majority of respondents i.e. 80.5 per cent suggested the initiation of mediation process for improving the functioning of District Consumer Dispute Redressal Forums.ThesisItem Restricted Occupational stress and its management among young working women from nuclear families of Ludhiana city(Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, 2018) Ch. Olivia Devi; Bal, Sharanbir KaurOccupational stress is stress related to one’s job. It often stems from unexpected responsibilities and pressures that do not align with a person’s knowledge, skills, or expectations, inhibiting one’s ability to cope. Women are especially likely to experience these sources of stress, since they still carry more of the burden of childcare and domestic responsibilities than men. The double pressure of work is having an impact on the growing creed of working women while the number of nuclear families is accentuating the problem due to withdrawal of the support system. Looking at the rising number of working women and increasing amount of stress and its impact on home environment, the present study entitled “ Occupational stress and its management among young working women from nuclear families of Ludhiana city” was undertaken to assess occupational stress and contributing factors in selected categories of young working women, to study the impact of occupational stress on working women and family environment and to identify the coping styles adopted for managing the occupational stress. The study was conducted with a sample of total 150 respondents, 50 each from different professional group namely, private school teachers, nurses from private hospitals and private bank employees were selected from the age group of 25-40 years of age. Results showed that almost all of the respondents were found to be having medium level of stress. It can be further seen that half of the respondents fall in the age group of 31-35 years, were having income of Rs. 20001to 40000per month, working for 8 to 9 hours per day and average distance from work place to home was between 1 to 5 km for 69.33% respondents. Among the factors contributing to stress, time pressure gave more stress followed by related to work factors.The impacts of stress on the respondents show that impact on physiological health is the most as compared to others followed by impact on maintaining the house. As for coping styles it can be seen that the respondents only sometimes takes care of their personal needs but always try to have good relationship with their family members.ThesisItem Restricted Adherence to Residential Building Bye-laws in Ludhiana City(Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, 2017) Batra, Sakshi; Gill, Jatinderjit KaurThe present study entitled “Adherence to Residential Building Bye-laws in Ludhiana City” was undertaken to check the knowledge of heads of family regarding existing residential building bye-laws, their adherence to residential building bye-laws and reason for their non-adherence to existing residential building bye-laws in Ludhiana city. A sample of 120 respondents was selected randomly from areas under Improvement Trust Ludhiana and Municipal Corporation Ludhiana. An interview schedule was prepared to collect data from the respondents. The list of existing residential building bye-laws was obtained from Improvement Trust Ludhiana and Municipal Corporation Ludhiana. The findings of the study revealed that there was positive correlation of education of head of the family and year of construction of house with the adherence to residential building bye-laws in sample-I i.e. localities under Improvement Trust Ludhiana. Whereas, in sample-II i.e. localities under Municipal Corporation Ludhiana the education of head family, family income and year of construction was positively correlated with the adherence to residential building bye-laws. The level of adherence to residential building bye-laws was high in sample-I because majority (90.00%) houses were planned by architect and in sample-II the level of adherence was upto medium level because around half (48.33%) of the houses were constructed before purchase.