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ThesisItem Restricted Analytical comparison between commercial and laboratory prepared cleansers for utensils and floors(Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, 2019) Dubey, Ragini; Surjinderjit KaurThe present study was undertaken to evaluate the commonly used commercial utensils and floor cleansers, to prepare utensil and floor cleansers in a laboratory using mainly home available ingredients, to compare the commercial and laboratory prepared cleansers in terms of their cleaning efficiency, cost-effectiveness and selected physio-chemical parameters and to frame recommendations on the basis of findings of the study. The resreach was conducted in two phases i.e household survey and laboratory experiments. In the first phase, a sample of 120 respondents from two colleges of Punjab Agricultural University Ludhiana, viz college of community science and Basic science and Humanities were selected by using simple random sampling technique. The data were collected personally with the help of an interview schedule. The findings of the study revealed that 51.67 percent of the respondents preferred vim liquid, followed by vim bar (34.33%) for cleaning of utensils. The third and fourth preferred utensils cleansers were pril (15%) and super dish wash gel (11.64%). In case of floor cleansers majority of the respondents (82.50%) preferred Harpic followed by Lizol (33.33%) and domex (28.33%) respectively. While using commercial utensils cleansers most of the respondents (32.50%) reported the problems of redness and roughness of skin. In case of floor cleansers 25.00 percent respondents reported the problems of skin itching followed by 20.80 percent of respondents who reported breathing problem using commercial floor cleansers. So, four types of cleansers i.e. 2 for utensils cleaning and 2 for floor cleaning were prepared in the laboratory. The laboratory prepared cleansers were better than selected commercial cleanser in terms of selected quality parameter viz. pH range, surface tension, foam stability, BOD, emulsion stability and hard water test. The laboratory prepared cleansers were found to be more efficient in removing stains from utensils and floor as compared to selected commercial cleansers. The result of microbial examination of washed plates, cups, pressure cooker, saucepan and floor tiles revealed that laboratory prepared cleansers were powerful disinfectant also. The result of field trials indicated high level of satisfaction among respondents regarding the performance of laboratory prepared acidic utensils cleanser and in case of floor cleansers laboratory prepared basic cleanser was considered most efficient by majority of respondents (90%). Therefore these cleanser need to be prepared and promoted for wide spread use.ThesisItem Restricted An analytical study of residential solar photovoltaic system in Punjab(Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, 2019) Manpreet Kaur; Gill, Jatinderjit KaurThe present study entitled ‘An analytical study of residential solar photovoltaic system in Punjab’ was undertaken with the objectives: to study the socio-economic profile of the users of photovoltaic system for domestic purpose; to study the awareness, factors and the problems associated with use of solar photovoltaic system; to examine the economic viability of the photovoltaic system for domestic purpose. Proportionate random sampling technique was used to select 300 families from five major cities of Punjab (27 families from Jalandhar, 47 families from Patiala, 13 families from Mohali, 200 families from Ludhiana and 13 families from Amritsar) who were using photovoltaic systems at their residence at least from last one year. The data pertaining to awareness, factors, problems and the economic viability of the photovoltaic system used for domestic purpose was collected with the help of specially structured interview schedule. The Socioeconomic status scale developed by Meenakshi (2010) was used to study socio-economic profile of respondents. The results revealed that the users of domestic solar photovoltaic system in Punjab were of above average to high socio-economic status in terms of their family education, income, occupation, property, wealth and social status. They were aware of life span, cost, capacity, area required, working principle, net metering etc. of solar photovoltaic system. The use of photovoltaic system at domestic level was found to be increasing steadily over the period. A very high majority (91.00 %) of users preferred ongrid as compared to off-grid (9.00%). Respondents were satisfied with the amount of electricity produced and considered it as money saver, eco friendly, safe to use, require no technical knowledge, healthy and reduce power consumption. It was found to conserve energy, pollution free, safe and convenient to use, needed no protection from water and had low maintenance cost. The respondents differed significantly in their opinion on major constraints of solar photovoltaic system related to availability, economic, construction, technical and operational problems. They found economic problems such as the system being expensive coupled with lack of appropriate incentives leading to the problem of lack of capital to meet the high initial cost and construction problems like lack of technical knowledge, high cost of construction and need of space and surface area were major constrains to purchase solar photovoltaic system. Majority of the respondents were highly satisfied with the working, maintenance, installation and type of material of solar photovoltaic system. The cost also didn’t matter for most of the respondents in the view of the end benefits. The socio-economic status of respondents was found to be positively and significantly correlated with their overall awareness of solar photovoltaic system. The per kilowatt cost of solar photovoltaic system reduce with the increase in the total capacity of the system. The cost of solar photovoltaic system also reduced over the period and still reducing. The initial rate of return and payback period of solar photovoltaic system varied from 16% to 20% and between 5-8 years which indicated that the users of domestic solar photovoltaic system recovered their initial investment within the time period of five to eight years of its installation in terms of its saving on electricity bill and after that the saving on electricity bill till twenty five years of its life, contributed as saving. The benefit cost ratio of solar photovoltaic system greater than one indicated the usefulness of the investment on domestic solar photovoltaic system. The study proved the installation of solar photovoltaic system as economically viable and profitable in spite of its high initial cost.ThesisItem Open Access Socio-Economic Implications of Migration from Bihar(Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, 2018) Sinha, Kumari Amrita; Gill, Jatinderjit KaurThe present study was conducted on “Socio-Economic Implications of Migration from Bihar”, with the objectives; to examine the socio-economic status of selected migrants from Bihar residing in Ludhiana; to study the pattern of remittances sent back home by migrants, its usage and socio-economic implications; to study the problems faced by sender, and receiver, of remittances. Purposive sampling technique was used to select 120 migrants from Bihar, who migrated to Punjab prior to 2011. The household belonging to the selected migrants in only three districts of Bihar state namely Nalanda, Samastipur and Muzaffarpur, 40 from each district were selected. Thus making the total sample of 240 (120 migrants from Ludhiana city and their corresponding 120 households in Bihar where they were sending the remittances). The data collection was done with the help of specially structured interview schedules; one for migrants in Ludhiana and another for their households back in Bihar. Gururaj et al (2015) modified Kuppuswamy as well as Pareek and Trivedi scales which were used to study the socio-economic status of respondents in Punjab and Bihar respectively. Results reveal that the major push factor of migration was poor industrial growth in Bihar and major pull factor was continuous employment or gets employment easily whenever required in Punjab. The socio-economic status of migrant’s family in Bihar was better than the migrants in Ludhiana. Migrants used to sent materials as well as money in the form of remittances. On an average, respondents were sending `6891.66 per month to their families. The main use of remittances was in saving for future (100.00%) followed by children’s education (75.83%) and purchase of land (63.33%). The highest socio-economic implication was seen on the increase in family income followed by clothing, relationship with relatives/neighbours, food quality, communication, social participation, health status, mode of transportation, housing, children’s education, leisure and knowledge/skills. Correlation among remittances sent and income of migrants as well as total family income showed that positive and highly significant correlation was observed of money and utility items with income of migrants and total family income. Migrants faced language problem due to which they were unable to mix with the local people. During sending of remittances migrants faced several problems among which high transportation cost, high postal charges of sending utility materials and lack of time during banking hours were the issues faced by all of the respondents. Migrants’ family in Punjab faced several problems related to social acceptance. Children and women of migrant’s family felt socially discriminated and exploited in school and neighbourhood respectively. In receiving of remittances maximum number of respondents did not had knowledge regarding use of ATM. Other financial issues were insufficient money, untimely wage and lack of banking knowledge.ThesisItem Open Access Occupational Risk Factors of Workers Engaged in Food Processing Enterprises of Punjab(Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, 2018) Aprajita Kumari; Harpinder KaurThe present study was conducted on “Occupational Risk Factors of Workers Engaged in Food Processing Enterprises of Punjab”, with the objectives; to ergonomically assess the workplace of workers engaged in selected micro, small and medium scale food processing enterprises of Punjab; to study occupational risk factors faced by the workers engaged in selected micro, small and medium scale food processing enterprises of Punjab; to analyse the postural and musculoskeletal problems of the workers and to suggest measures for reducing occupational risk factors of the workers engaged in food processing enterprises. Study was conducted in two parts i.e. field survey and field experiment. For conducting the field survey, six micro, three small and two medium scale enterprises were selected. From all the three type of enterprises, 50 respondents were selected making a total of 150 respondents. A well structured interview schedule was used to ergonomically assess the workplace and to study the occupational risk factors faced by workers engaged in the enterprises. Subjective ergonomic scales like Postural Discomfort Scale, Standardized Nordic Musculoskeletal Questionnaire and rating of perceived exertion were used to assess the discomfort level of respondents at workplace. A total sample of 15 subjects from the sample of field survey having the permissible limit of physiological parameters and who were actively involved in the activity were selected for field experiment to analyse postural and musculoskeletal problems faced by respondents. Objective assessment scales like Rapid Entire Body Assessment, Quick Exposure Checklist, Ovako Working posture Analysis System, and angle of deviation were used to analyse the postures adopted during food processing activities. Results revealed that the workstation dimensions of food processing enterprises were not in accordance with the recommendations. The respondents working in food processing enterprises rated that highest musculoskeletal discomfort was felt at wrists and its Mean Score (MS) was 2.84, followed by neck (MS=2.79), and lower back (MS=2.58) regions. In micro scale enterprises, peeling, cutting and pulp extraction (MS=3.62); in small scale, storage of finished products (MS=3.55) and in medium scale, unloading (MS=3.14) and packing (MS=3.10) were the highest exertion prone activities. Postures like forward bending and twisting of spine as well as flexion and consecutive extension of spine were the most risky postures adopted by respondents during processing of food. Certain measures were suggested to reduce the occupational risk factors of the respondents. Four tools were developed and tested on the basis of feasibility scores to know their acceptability.ThesisItem Open Access Consumers’ grievances in service sector and role of district consumer forums in their redressal- Punjab scenario(Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, 2018) Dixit, Ritika; Surjinderjit KaurThe present study entitled “Consumers’ grievances in service sector and role of district consumer forums in their redressal – Punjab scenario” was conducted to know the consumer grievances regarding selected services rendered by public and private sectors in Punjab, to analyse the nature of exploitation of consumers while seeking redressal of their grievances, to understand the nature of complaints filed in the consumer forum, prepare guidelines for effective utilization of consumer services and proper functioning of consumer forums. The study was conducted in 3 District Consumer Dispute Redressal Forums of Punjab by selecting 5 top ranking services in terms of number of complaints registered during the year 2013-15. These were insurance, banking, housing, electricity and health. The ultimate respondents were the complainants of the deficient services and officials of selected District Consumer Dispute Redressal Forums. The data were collected through interview schedules and case studies of complainants. The results of the study revealed that majority of grievances of respondents were in insurance service sector and most of their complaints were against private insurance service sector. Maximum number of complaints were registered in Ludhiana District Consumer Dispute Redressal Forum, followed by Amritsar and Jalandhar District Consumer Dispute Redressal Forums. The results regarding trend of complaints for different service sectors for the year (2013-15), reveal that the number of complaints for banking and electricity sectors decreased with time, whereas the number of complaints was almost the same for the insurance sector. However, slight increase in number of complaints was observed in health and housing sector. All the respondents adopted the method of approaching higher officials of the company and consumer dispute redressal forum. While seeking redressal, above ninety per cent respondents (93.9%) faced the problem of high and unaffordable fee of advocates. Majority of the respondents (92.6%) hired advocates for speedy settlement of their case. It is further observed that in Insurance, Health and Housing sectors, claimed amounts were substantial and more formalities / documents, hearings were required so the cases related to these sectors took longer time to settle. Nearly sixty per cent of respondents (58.4%) were not satisfied with the forum judgment. A large part of the respondents i.e. 47.0 per cent were of the opinion that the District Consumer Dispute Redressal Forums were somewhat efficient, followed by 31.5 per cent who were neutral regarding the working of District Consumer Dispute Redressal Forums whereas 22.0 per cent rated functioning of District Consumer Dispute Redressal Forums as very efficient. The results clearly indicate that majority of the respondents were dissatisfied with the redressal agency. It may be due to delay and difficulty during the hearing of cases. Less than 10 per cent of respondents were aware about the guidelines for effective utilization of service. Majority of respondents i.e. 80.5 per cent suggested the initiation of mediation process for improving the functioning of District Consumer Dispute Redressal Forums.ThesisItem Restricted Assessment Of Musculoskeletal Problems Of Female Workers Handling Thread Cones In Spinning Industry(Punjab Agricultural University; Ludhiana, 2006) Nauriyal, Preeti; Oberoi, Krishna