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ThesisItem Restricted Changing Treands in Expenditure Pattern of Marriages in Ludhiana City and Its Impact on Family Life(College of Home Science, Punjab Agricultural University, 2006) Kaur Saini, Harpreet; Kaur, ManjitThesisItem Restricted A Comparative study on management practices and problems of single parent rural and urban familes(Department of Family Resouce Management College of Home Science, PAU, Ludhiana, 2002) Kaur, Sukhwinder; Mehrotra, NeelamThesisItem Restricted Assessment of managerial competence of farm families for managing selected family resources(Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, 2017) Arora, Ria; Gill, Harsharan KaurThe study entitled “Assessment of managerial competence of farm families for managing selected family resources” was conducted in district Ludhiana. The specific objectives were to assess the managerial competence for managing financial resource and abilities of the family members for achieving their family goals and to see effect of various socio-economic factors of homemakers on their managerial competence. A sample of 120 respondents was selected randomly from five different villages of five different blocks. Data were collected through interview schedule. Managerial competence was studied on basis of ability to undertake management process. The findings of the study revealed that overall managerial competence of farm families for managing their financial (1.37) and human resource (1.27) was poor .They were found good to manage generation of real income for their families through rearing dairy animals (2.21) and kitchen gardening (2.09). The farm families were found to be average in planning (1.56) and organizing (1.41) but poor in controlling (1.23) and evaluating (1.09) the use of their financial and human resources for attaining their family goals. Age, education and family type of respondents did not effect their managerial competence however their annual income and land holding had a positive but non-significant relationship with their managerial competence. Outcome of study suggests a dire need to teach the farm families about importance of home management and ways to exercise it to improve their current plight.ThesisItem Restricted Adherence to Residential Building Bye-laws in Ludhiana City(Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, 2017) Batra, Sakshi; Gill, Jatinderjit KaurThe present study entitled “Adherence to Residential Building Bye-laws in Ludhiana City” was undertaken to check the knowledge of heads of family regarding existing residential building bye-laws, their adherence to residential building bye-laws and reason for their non-adherence to existing residential building bye-laws in Ludhiana city. A sample of 120 respondents was selected randomly from areas under Improvement Trust Ludhiana and Municipal Corporation Ludhiana. An interview schedule was prepared to collect data from the respondents. The list of existing residential building bye-laws was obtained from Improvement Trust Ludhiana and Municipal Corporation Ludhiana. The findings of the study revealed that there was positive correlation of education of head of the family and year of construction of house with the adherence to residential building bye-laws in sample-I i.e. localities under Improvement Trust Ludhiana. Whereas, in sample-II i.e. localities under Municipal Corporation Ludhiana the education of head family, family income and year of construction was positively correlated with the adherence to residential building bye-laws. The level of adherence to residential building bye-laws was high in sample-I because majority (90.00%) houses were planned by architect and in sample-II the level of adherence was upto medium level because around half (48.33%) of the houses were constructed before purchase.ThesisItem Open Access Online shopping trend among women of Ludhiana city(Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, 2017) Sharma, Diksha; Surinderjit KaurThe present study was undertaken with the objectives to assess the online shopping behaviour of selected respondents and to gain insight into the factors contributing to online shopping preferred products for online purchase and to study the problems related with online shopping. The study was conducted in Ludhiana city of Punjab. Five localities viz; Punjab Agricultural University Campus, Sarabha Nagar, Kitchlu Nagar, Bhai Randhir Singh Nagar and Model town were selected purposively. From each of the selected locality, 35 households having internet connection and experience of online shopping were selected through snow ball sampling technique. Thus 175 women constituted the sample for the study. The findings of the study revealed that around 90.00 per cent of the respondents used internet daily for communication/chatting and for online shopping as per their requirement. Majority of the respondents i.e 60.00 per cent did online shopping for self and 81.71 per cent respondents made payments for online shopping through cash on delivery mode. The findings further revealed that the most influencing factor for online shopping was convenience, followed by discount/offers, wider choice, easy delivery of products and easy return policy. The respondents mainly purchased small items of their personal use but they were still hesitant to shop online for major household items. The results regarding problems of online shoppers revealed that out of 175 respondents 50 respondents faced problem while online shopping. their main problems was difficulty in inspecting the quality of products. But still they were satisfied with online shopping experience and showed their willingness to shop online in future.ThesisItem Open Access Ergonomic study of lighting conditions in rural and urban homes of Ludhiana district(Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, 2017) Bhalla, Shinam; Narinderjit KaurThe present study entitled “Ergonomic study of lighting conditions in rural and urban homes of Ludhiana district” was undertaken to study the existing general and task lighting conditions in rural and urban homes of Ludhiana district. The study was conducted to assess the impact of inadequate lighting conditions on human health and to prepare instructional booklet suggesting guidelines for adequate lighting conditions based on ergonomic recommendations. The first part of the study comprised of household survey in rural and urban homes. For rural sample, one block was randomly selected and further from the selected block two villages was randomly selected. A sample of thirty home makers was also randomly selected from each selected village thus making rural sample of 60 homemakers. Whereas for the selection of the urban respondents, one zone out of four of Ludhiana city was randomly selected, out of further two localities were randomly selected, and from each selected locality 30 respondents were randomly selected thus making urban sample 60. So, the total sample size comprised 120 i.e. 60 from both rural and urban area. A total of 22 female home makers from the sample of field survey having the permissible limits of physiological parameters were selected for field experiment. Results of the study revealed that from both urban and rural area maximum of the respondents preferred to work in natural light. In urban and rural area people were aware of all light sources except halogen bulbs. Most of the respondents used CFLs for their daily activities and economically ranked these first. Various visual discomforts like declined vision, eye strain, glare in eyes, were observed due to inadequate light. Likewise, some psycho-emotional problems (frustration, irritation, anger) were also faced due to poor lighting. The subjective scales used also highlighted that respondents felt visual discomforts due to insufficient lighting and improper placement of light fixtures resulting in awkward positioning of neck, back and arms. Thus causing pain in neck, lower back, upper back and shoulders. Therefore, lighting of the house should be ergonomically designed which can help to maintain the good working posture and ultimately reduce the musculoskeletal and visual problems. Further, objective scales applied on selected objects also showed that the posture of bending, cervical flexion, bent wrist and unsupported feet were under high risk and for these; corrective measures were required. These corrective measures could be achieved by adequate lighting, right positioning of light fixtures and type of light source.ThesisItem Open Access Effect of indoor plants on household environment in Ludhiana city(Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, 2017) Akriti; Bal, Sharanbir KaurThe present study entitled “Effect of indoor plants on household environment in Ludhiana city” was undertaken to know the existing practices regarding the indoor plants adopted by homemakers in the houses of Ludhiana city, to measure the effect of indoor plants on household environment and to develop and test the efficacy of instructional booklet for the knowledge empowerment regarding control of pollution with indoor plants. Study was carried out in two randomly selected zones (Zone-B and Zone-D) of Ludhiana city. From each selected zone, three localities (Zone-B = Harcharan nagar, Bhagat singh colony, Ziwan nagar and from Zone-D = Hakikat nagar, Dugri phase 1, Krishna nagar) were further selected randomly. From each selected locality 20 respondents living in 300 to 500 square yards houses and indoor plants were purposively selected thus making total sample of 120 respondents. Results of the study revealed that majority of the homemakers were aware about indoor plants but had low knowledge regarding different cultural practices of indoor plants. Air-quality monitor, hygrometer and thermometer were used for objective assessment and modified scale Odour Awareness Scale (OAS) was used. In all the rooms where indoor plants were placed showed improvement in air quality both in the case of Carbon-dioxide where majority of the houses lie in limit 501-999 ppm and in case of Carbon-monoxide where majority of the houses lie in limit 0-3.5ppm. All the areas showed that both the gases were well within the permissible limit (permissible limit 1000 ppm for carbon-dioxide whereas permissible limit 9ppm for carbon-monoxide). Also showed improvement in humidity level where majority of the houses had humidity limit above 60% and temperature limit above 24oC where permissible limit is 60%. OAS revealed that people had maximum awareness for the pleasant odours (MS=3.59). Therefore, it is concluded that significant knowledge empowerment was observed in respondents after providing instructional booklet to them.ThesisItem Restricted Assessment of occupational risk factors among women working in beauty parlors(Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, 2017) Cheshta; Gupta, RituThe present study entitled “Assessment of occupational risk factors among women working in beauty parlors” was conducted with an aim to study the job profile and working conditions of women engaged in beauty parlors, to examine the extent of occupational risk factors faced by these women and to recommend guidelines based on ergonomic intervention to manage associated risk factors. The field survey was conducted on purposively selected sample of 80 female workers in the age group of 20-35 years. A pre structured interview schedule was used to investigate their socio-economic profile, job profile and environmental conditions. To assess the occupational health hazards modified Likert five point scale and weighted subjective scales were used. The musculoskeletal problems of respondents were identified by using Standard Nordic Musculoskeletal Questionnaire (SNMQ). Ovako Work Assessment System (OWAS) was used to analyze the postural discomfort of women. Rated Perceived Exertion (RPE) scale was used to assess their exertion in different body parts after work. Results revealed that the respondents spent nearly 8 hours in the parlor everyday performing different activities mostly in standing or standing-cum-bending posture. The health hazards faced by them at the parlors were pain in different body parts due to awkward postures, repetitive nature of work and long working hours, faulty design of tools and equipment, electric shock, eye/nose/throat irritation and skin allergies due exposure to chemicals etc., Standard Nordic Musculoskeletal Questionnaire (SNMQ) showed that respondents had trouble like ache, pain and discomfort in neck, shoulder, feet, upper and lower back and the results were found significant. Ovako Work Assessment System (OWAS) scores indicated that postures like standing and bending forward with neck and cervical flexion were putting the respondents under high risk and corrective measures should be taken as soon as possible. Moderate exertion was felt by the respondents in neck, calf muscles, ankles/feet and upper and lower back after performing work. Based on the results of the survey, an ergonomic intervention in the form of rest breaks twice in a day and on the Job fitness exercises/workouts were provided to them for a period of one month. The result of the intervention indicated that regular exercise/workout helps to reduce the exertion significantly in different body parts.ThesisItem Open Access PURCHASE BEHAVIOUR FOR SELECTED HOUSEHOLD ITEMS: A STUDY OF RURAL AND URBAN HOMEMAKERS(PAU Ludhiana, 2011) Inderpreet Kaur; Savita, BatishThe present study was conducted in rural and urban area of Ludhiana district with objectives; to know the purchase behaviour of rural and urban home makers for selected household items, to examine the factors influencing purchase behavior, to study the problems experienced by respondents while making purchases and to suggest guidelines for the empowerment of respondents. Sixty respondents each from rural and urban area were taken as sample of the study. Household items viz. processed food items and kitchen equipment were selected. Data were collected through personal interview. Results revealed that respondents from both the area were not following wise purchase practices viz. making of budget, deciding about what, when and from where to buy, remaining alert during weighing, checking of government seal on weights, checking for quality assurance marks, getting and checking cash memo etc. Checking of government seal on weights was least considered purchase practice as nearly 95.00 per cent of the respondents from both the area did not check it. More than 80.00 per cent of the rural respondents never get and check the cash memo whereas 76.67 per cent of the urban respondents sometimes followed this practice. Respondents were facing various problems like short weight, adulteration, misbranding, overpricing, duplicity, poor quality, false packaging, out-dated products and substandard material, duplicate parts, false guarantee, poor after sales service, no exchange facility regarding kitchen equipment. Nearly 80.00 per cent of the rural respondents and 60.00 per cent of the urban respondents were not able to recognize the original quality assurance marks from the deceptive ones and were also unaware about the consumer protection rights. More than 95.00 per cent of the respondents never sought justice for their grievances by approaching consumer court. In spite of facing so many problems a small percentage i.e. 03.33 per cent of the respondents in rural area and nearly 10.00 per cent of the respondents in urban area were those who took actions against the business malpractices.