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Status and Performance of Farmer Producer Organisations (FPOs) in Selected States of India
(Punjab Agricultural University, 2024) Sandhu, Karanvir Singh; Pankaj Kumar
The present study was undertaken with the objectives to study the status, performance, linkages and problems of Famer Producer Organisations (FPOs) in Punjab, Haryana and Maharashtra. Fifteen FPOs were selected for the study, five from Punjab, Haryana and ten from Maharashtra. Five management committee members from each FPO were selected, making a total of 75. 300 members farmers from the FPOs were selected using probability proportional to number of member farmers in each FPO. Data were collected by personal interview method. It was observed that majority of the FPOs originated post-2015 with primary engagement in cereals and vegetables crops. Majority had warehouses, collection centres and input shops. Farmer‟s reliance on experts from FPOs was highest amongst all the extension contacts in Maharashtra whereas, pesticide dealers were most contacted in Punjab and Haryana. Exposure to digital platforms than traditional media with YouTube emerged as the most dominant media with first rank in both the regions. Most of farmers across both regions had medium economic motivation and risk-bearing capacities. Consumption of quality food, balanced diet, access to educational information and adult education witnessed an increase in Maharashtra. Enhanced social empowerment was evident across both regions with Maharashtra depicted a higher increase. About half of farmers in Punjab and Haryana were satisfied, whereas about 40 per cent of farmers in Maharashtra were very satisfied with FPOs. Majority of farmers in Punjab and Haryana relied on Co-operative Banks/Societies and informal channels and about two-third farmers in Maharashtra were also dependent on Co-operative Banks/Societies for credit requirements. A stronger financial support was exhibited by FPOs in Maharashtra for the members. While private dealers remained central for all agri-input requirements, co-operative agencies held significant position particularly for seeds, fertilizers and pesticides. FPOs in Maharashtra took a lead in training initiatives with government agencies playing a noticeable role in both regions for capacity building. Extent of linkage of member farmers with FPOs was high for immediate necessities like credit for inputs, fertilizers and pesticides in Punjab and Haryana. The private sector was found to be dominant in fulfilling the input requirements of FPOs in Punjab and Haryana, while Maharashtra had a diverse supply system for agri-inputs. Linkages for technical support in Punjab and Haryana primarily depended on government departments. FPOs in Punjab and Haryana were mainly dependent on member farmers for procurement, whereas Maharashtra demonstrated a comprehensive strategy. Lack of transport facilities (47.00%), crop insurance facilities (42.00%), processing facilities (42.00%), adequate knowledge about cultivation practices (40.00%) and credit facilities (39.33%) were the major problems of member farmers. Some of the major challenges of FPOs were huge capital requirement for starting FPO (80.00%), non-cooperative attitude of members (66.67%), ineffective linkages (66.67%), political affiliation of members (50.67%), price fluctuation of agricultural produce (41.33%) and lack of technical experts (45.33%).
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Behaviour Analysis of Different Stakeholders Regarding Online Agricultural Education
(Punjab Agricultural University, 2023) Ahmad Mubasher Wahab Zada; Pankaj Kumar
The present study was undertaken with the objectives to develop attitude scales for both formal and non-formal agricultural education, measure attitude, knowledge and satisfaction of stakeholders regarding online formal and non-formal agricultural education. Study was conducted in Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana. A list of stakeholders i.e. students, teachers, organizers of non-formal education and others participants who ever engaged in online educational activity were prepared. A total of 400 respondents consisting of 150 students, 50 teachers, 150 participants and 50 organizers were selected. Data was collected from the respondents by using distributed questionnaire approach. The findings of the study revealed that majority of the respondents (65.33%) from students were in the age group of 22-27 years. However, majority of respondents (50.00%) from teachers were in the age group of 30-40 years. Whereas, majority of the respondents (68.00%) from participants were in the age group of 21-28 years and majority of respondents 52.00 per cent from organizers were in the age group of 31-39 years. Majority of the students (78%) had used lecture notes, (78%) text books and (75.33%) as well as teachers (84%) had used text books, (62%) lecture notes and internet browsing (48%) as a source/method of information. Most of the participants were using WhatsApp (50%) and online forums or news groups (45.33%). Majority of the student (53.33%) as well as teacher (54%) respondents had a favorable attitude. In the similar manner majority of the participants (52%) and organizers (60%) had a favorable attitude. For measuring a knowledge test was prepared consisted of twenty questions. Most of the students (50.00%), teachers (52%), participants (56%) and organizers (58%) belonged to medium knowledge level, As far the overall satisfaction is concerned majority of students (53.33%), teachers (62%), participants (66.66%) fallen in the high satisfaction level category and organizers (58%) were in medium satisfaction level category. Stress on eyes, mental stress, lack of practical education, lack of discipline and students’ laziness were the prominent problems faced by all stakeholders.
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Status of Agri Start-Ups in Punjab and Telangana States of India
(Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, 2022) Banoth, Naresh Kumar; Rupinder Kaur
The study entitled “Status of agri start-ups in Punjab and Telangana states of India” was undertaken with the objectives to study the present status, prospects and problems of the agri startups. A sample size of 20 start-ups, 10 start-ups from each state were selected. Twenty case studies were documented, ten case studies from each state. Findings of the study revealed that most of the agripreneurs had 3-14 years of entrepreneurial experience, half of the agriprenerurs in Punjab had undergone only knowledge-based training, Most of the agripreneurs of Telangana had undergone only knowledge based training, half of the agri start-ups of Punjab were in processing followed by manufacturing and service, whereas in Telangana majority of the Agri start-ups were in manufacturing. Majority of the agri start-ups in Punjab and half of the start-ups of Telangana were micro-enterprises followed by small enterprises. Most of the start-ups in Punjab and Telangana had partnership status. Most of agripreneurs of Punjab and Telangana had medium information-seeking, information evaluation, information storage and information dissemination behaviour. Majority of the enterprises were micro and small enterprise and were providing medium employment generation. Majority of the agripreneurs of Punjab and Telangana had medium management orientation. All the agripreneurs of Punjab and Telanagna were always wanted to invest their profit margins for further expansion of their business. Most of the agripreneurs of Punjab and Telanagna were not wanted to invest in big investments i.e. buying a house, car etc. Most of the agripreneurs always saving their profit margins for children education. Majority of agripreneurs of Punjab and Telanagna were not investing in mutual funds and shares. Major problems faced by the agripreneurs of Punjab and Telanagna were lack of data bank on new product and process, lack of techno economic information, increase in labour wages, poor linkage with policies and research institutions, lack of R&D institute to impart need based local technologies, inadequate financial support, out dated technology, lack of marketing intelligence and unfamiliarity with export activities. Suggestions of agripreneurs for development of agri start-ups were organizing awareness programmes on different schemes and policies of government and banks, capacity building initiatives of agripreneurs in their specific ventures by the nodal agencies, wider publicity with regard to agri start-ups as a means of self-employment, organizing more skill oriented training programmes to develop entrepreneurial capabilities, providing subsidies for purchasing the raw materials, establishment of information centers and help desk at local level to help the agripreneurs and improve technical knowledge. The study entitled “Status of agri start-ups in Punjab and Telangana states of India” was undertaken with the objectives to study the present status, prospects and problems of the agri startups. A sample size of 20 start-ups, 10 start-ups from each state were selected. Twenty case studies were documented, ten case studies from each state. Findings of the study revealed that most of the agripreneurs had 3-14 years of entrepreneurial experience, half of the agriprenerurs in Punjab had undergone only knowledge-based training, Most of the agripreneurs of Telangana had undergone only knowledge based training, half of the agri start-ups of Punjab were in processing followed by manufacturing and service, whereas in Telangana majority of the Agri start-ups were in manufacturing. Majority of the agri start-ups in Punjab and half of the start-ups of Telangana were micro-enterprises followed by small enterprises. Most of the start-ups in Punjab and Telangana had partnership status. Most of agripreneurs of Punjab and Telangana had medium information-seeking, information evaluation, information storage and information dissemination behaviour. Majority of the enterprises were micro and small enterprise and were providing medium employment generation. Majority of the agripreneurs of Punjab and Telangana had medium management orientation. All the agripreneurs of Punjab and Telanagna were always wanted to invest their profit margins for further expansion of their business. Most of the agripreneurs of Punjab and Telanagna were not wanted to invest in big investments i.e. buying a house, car etc. Most of the agripreneurs always saving their profit margins for children education. Majority of agripreneurs of Punjab and Telanagna were not investing in mutual funds and shares. Major problems faced by the agripreneurs of Punjab and Telanagna were lack of data bank on new product and process, lack of techno economic information, increase in labour wages, poor linkage with policies and research institutions, lack of R&D institute to impart need based local technologies, inadequate financial support, out dated technology, lack of marketing intelligence and unfamiliarity with export activities. Suggestions of agripreneurs for development of agri start-ups were organizing awareness programmes on different schemes and policies of government and banks, capacity building initiatives of agripreneurs in their specific ventures by the nodal agencies, wider publicity with regard to agri start-ups as a means of self-employment, organizing more skill oriented training programmes to develop entrepreneurial capabilities, providing subsidies for purchasing the raw materials, establishment of information centers and help desk at local level to help the agripreneurs and improve technical knowledge.
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Behavioural intentions of vegetable growers for adoption of Good Agricultural Practices (GAP) in Punjab, India and Nakuru, Kenya.
(Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, 2021) Cherotich, Carolyne; Manmeet Kaur
The present study was undertaken to examine vegetable growers‘ risk perception, their awareness of Good Agricultural Practices (GAP), determinants of their intentions, and the applicability of Theory of Planned Behaviour (TPB) among vegetable growers to adopt GAP in Punjab, India, and Nakuru, Kenya. Primary data was collected by surveying 200 randomly selected vegetable growers comprising 100 in Punjab and 100 in Nakuru. Vegetable growers were randomly selected from a list obtained from the Department of Vegetable Science, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana and Department of Agriculture, Livestock and Fisheries, Nakuru County. An interview schedule was developed and used for data collection. Findings revealed that the majority of the vegetable growers in the two regions were of medium age, male, and had marginal landholdings. Vegetable production was a more profitable enterprise in Punjab than in Nakuru. Production occurred under different risk conditions with market risks, institutional risks, weather and climate change risks, and production risks perceived as the leading sources of challenges among the farmers in the two regions. A majority of the vegetable growers were unaware of GAP standards for vegetable production, with many deviating from the expected standards in their vegetable production activities. Most of the vegetable growers identified production costs, market exclusivity, training, government support, and access to labor as the key determinants to the use of GAP in their activities. The findings further revealed that behavioral intention to adopt GAP by vegetable growers is predicted by attitude, subjective norms, and perceived behavioral control. Socio-personal and economic traits had no significant influence on the intention to adopt GAP among vegetable growers. Perceived risks highly influenced the farmers' intention to adopt GAP, with the relationship being of more significance in Punjab than in Nakuru. Beliefs about the consequences of behavior, such as higher income if GAP is adopted; beliefs regarding the influence of people of importance to the vegetable growers; and the perception that vegetable growers are in control had a significant impact on their attitude, subjective norms, and perceived behavioral control. The Theory of Planned Behaviour (TPB) is highly applicable to the study of behavioral intention among vegetable growers. The study revealed the need for training and capacity building of vegetable growers regarding GAP, the need for partnerships and linkages with extension service providers, agrochemical companies, agricultural universities, and other institutions in GAP training and awareness creation. There is also a need for a price premium for vegetables produced following GAP standards and sufficient infrastructural support from the government to encourage the adoption of GAP.
Open Access
Aspirations of rural youth in plain and sub-mountainous area of Punjab: A comparative analysis
(Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, 2022) Joshi, Divyata; Dhaliwal, R. K.
The research was undertaken with the objectives to study awareness about agricultural development schemes, aspirations, attitude of rural youth towards agriculture and allied sectors as an occupation and to determine the perceived constraints in achieving aspirations and choosing agriculture as an occupation. The study was conducted in plain and sub-mountainous area of Punjab. From each zone four blocks were selected randomly. Further, two villages from each block and fifteen youth from each village were selected. A total of 240 respondents were selected. The data was collected through interview schedule. The results of the study revealed that among the socio-economic profile, youth from sub-mountainous area had higher educational level. However, the variables viz. occupation, occupation of head of the family, farming experience, size of land holding and annual income were found to be significantly higher among the rural youth of plain area. Communication characteristics were found to be higher among the youth of plain area. A significantly higher number of respondents from plain zone had willingness for migration. The finding revealed that more than half of the rural youth had medium level of awareness about the developmental schemes. For centrally sponsored scheme half of the respondents were found to have low level of awareness. Whereas for state sponsored schemes medium level of awareness was found among the 45 per cent of the respondents. The awareness among the rural youth of plain area was found significantly higher regarding these schemes. For youth development schemes, medium level of awareness was found among the respondents. The analysis of aspirations of rural youth revealed that more than half of the respondents had medium level of aspirations. Further, the occupational, entrepreneurial, economic and overall aspirations were significantly higher in rural youth of plain. It was found that rural youth had moderately unfavourable attitude towards agriculture as an occupation and a significantly higher number of respondents of plain area had positive attitude towards farming. The findings revealed that infrastructural and other constraints were the most perceived constraints among the rural youth and were significantly higher in sub-mountainous area. Psychological factors were found to be most perceived in the choosing agriculture as an occupation and significantly higher among the rural youth of sub-mountainous zone. Correlation analysis showed that family size, farming experience, land holding, annual income, extension agency contact and participation in extension activities had significant positive relationship with aspirations, attitude and awareness about agricultural development schemes.
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Study of perception and practices of water footprint in crop production in Punjab
(Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, 2021) Navdeep Kaur; Rampal, Vipan Kumar
The study entitled ―A study of perception and practices of water footprint in crop production in Punjab‖ was undertaken with the objectives to estimate the water footprint of different crops based on total water input and crop evapotranspiration, to identify the spatial variation in different crops and to estimate the virtual water export due to different crops from the Punjab state. Study also focused on the adoption of water conservation practices and the constraints faced by the farmers in existing water use. Five major crops of Punjab, i.e., rice, wheat, cotton, maize, and sugarcane were selected. Five districts were selected from the three agro climatic zones of Punjab based on the highest acreage under selected crops. By using the multi-stage sampling method, a total of 20 villages were selected. From each village, 25 respondents were selected at random. Thus, a total of 500 farmers were selected. The crop wise calculation of water footprints in different districts based on irrigation water inputs were estimated as 2033 l/kg for paddy, 2567 l/kg for basmati, 1761 l/kg for cotton, 829 l/kg for maize, 669 l/kg for wheat and 121 l/kg for sugarcane. Water footprints were also calculated based on crop evapotranspiration using CROPWAT 8.0 model, which estimated water footprints of 926 l/kg, 1313 l/kg, 2280 l/kg, 744 l/kg, 547 l/kg, and 150 l/kg for paddy, basmati, cotton, maize, wheat, and sugarcane, respectively. The results of the study also showed that all of the respondents from Sangrur district and majority of the respondents from Hoshiarpur, Ropar, Fazilka and Bathinda had perceived that groundwater level is declining. Further, most of the respondents also reported that their regions are experiencing less rainfall than before. The results revealed that most of the respondents had adopted laser leveller as a water saving technology. Further, respondents had also adopted the short duration varieties, direct seeded rice, zero tillage in wheat and cover crops to conserve the water. This study concluded that the non-availability of canal water and decline of water table were serious constraint perceived by the respondents in water use for different crops. The respondents also faced the constraint of deepening the bore well every or alternate year to meet the irrigation requirements. The quality of groundwater was also deteriorating in the south-western zone of Punjab.
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Comparative study of integrated farming system in Punjab (India) and northern part of Bangladesh
(Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, 2021) Sheikh, Mohiuddin; Riar, Tejinder Singh
The present study entitled “A comparative study of integrated farming system in Punjab (India) and northern part of Bangladesh” was undertaken to compare the productivity and economic profitability of integrated farming systems between the locations. Two districts were purposively selected from Punjab (Amritsar and Patiala) and the northern part of Bangladesh (Rangpur and Kurigram) as the locale of the study, and 120 IFS farmers were personally interviewed through a semi-structured questionnaire for data collection in each side. Two Focus Group Discussions (FGDs) were also conducted in each location involving farmers and expert members to analyze IFS problems and enumerate suggestions. The results revealed that major crops grown in Punjab were wheat, paddy, vegetables and basmati, whereas the major crops grown in Bangladesh were paddy, vegetables, wheat and fruits. The gross cropped area among the sampled respondents was 10.52 hectares and 4.40 hectares per farm in Punjab and Bangladesh parts, respectively. The cropping intensity were observed 206 and 230 per cent in Punjab and Bangladesh part. Most of the respondents (55.00%) had a Crops + Dairy farming system in Punjab location, where 40 per cent respondents followed in Bangladesh part. Bangladesh's farmers practiced Crops+ Fisheries models maximum of 42.50 per cent, which is 20.83 per cent in Punjab. The Agriculture (crops) + Dairy farming system having the highest net returns ($ 6136.34) per hectare was the most profitable farming system in Punjab's study area, which produced the second-highest net returns of $ 4585.31 per hectare in Bangladesh part. The Agriculture (crops) + Fisheries + Poultry system was the most promising in Bangladesh location yielding maximum net returns ($ 4714.73) per hectare, which had a second-highest net return of $ 5038.47 in Punjab part. Agriculture (crops) + Mushroom + Bee-keeping model was another productive IFS model in Punjab survey areas, which was not profitable in Bangladesh in terms of net returns gained per hectare. The Agriculture + Fisheries system produced more returns in the study area of Bangladesh than the Punjab part. The combination of Agriculture (crops) + Horticulture (flower, fruits) had the lowest net returns per hectare both in the study areas of Punjab and Bangladesh. Correlation test indicated that education, farm size, annual income, social participation, extension contacts, mass media exposure, training experiences and family labour force were significant positive variables among the farmers of both Punjab and Bangladesh study areas in keeping multiple enterprises. Lack of marketing for products from various components, lack of IFS models demonstration, high initial costs, lack of storing and processing facilities were major IFS problems in Punjab as well as Bangladesh location. The majority of the farmers and expert members suggested developing location-specific IFS models, promoting agro-processing industries, ensuring proper marketing facilities, coordinating extension services, and appropriate governmental policies for the improvement of IFS activities in both locations.
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An Evaluation Study of Farmer-Led-Extension Under Agricultural Technology Management Agencies in Punjab
(College of Agriculture, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, 2006) Singh Riar, Tejinder; Gill, SS
Open Access
Impact of citrus estates on the beneficiaries in Punjab
(Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, 2019) Gurvinder Singh; Bhalla, J.S.
Horticulture is best growing sector within the agriculture and it contributing towards poverty alleviation, nutritional security. Citrus fruits originated from tropical and sub-tropical regions of the world. Punjab government established five Citrus Estates in Fazilika, Shri Muktsar Sahib and Hoshiarpur districts to promote citrus crop and facilitate the beneficiaries. This study entitled, “Impact of citrus estates on the beneficiaries in Punjab” was planned to find out the knowledge and adoption of the beneficiaries about citrus production practices, impact and effectiveness of evaluation and to find out the constraints perceived by the beneficiaries. A stratified multistage random sampling design was used was used to select the respondents. From each Citrus Estates, 40 beneficiaries were selected and in this way total 200 beneficiaries were selected. It was found from the study that the age of respondent beneficiaries varied from 27-56 years , maximum 24.5 per cent beneficiaries were educated up to graduation and higher proportion of the total beneficiaries were falling under semi-medium operational land holding. From the entire five Citrus Estates, maximum 35.5 per cent respondent beneficiaries had experience of 5 to 8 years of citrus cultivation and 42.0 per cent of the respondent beneficiaries had 1 to 5 acres area under citrus crop. Study also indicated that the maximum respondent had medium knowledge and medium extent of adoption about recommended citrus production practices. Regarding different aspects of production technology beneficiaries had maximum knowledge about citrus harvesting and maximum extend of adoption regarding citrus plantation whereas minimum knowledge and adoption was found in fruit drop & growth regulators aspects. Technical constraints ranked first with highest average mean score of 2.271among the five constraint areas. It is a need of hour, to make export policy for citrus produce and need to build pack-house and storage facility to promote the crop.

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