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ThesisItem Open Access Status of high density planting of Kinnow mandarin in Sub- mountainous zone of Punjab(Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, 2021) Parminder Singh; Pankaj KumarThe study entitled “Status of high density planting of kinnow mandarin in sub- mountainous zone of Punjab” was undertaken with the objectives to study different cultivation practices, problems faced by kinnow growers and to ascertain the economic benefits in HDP over conventional planting of Kinnow. The study was conducted in sub-mountainous zone of Punjab and a total of 120 Kinnow growers were selected for the study. It was observed that the majority (64.2%) of respondents belonged to the age group 25-59 years. One third (32.5%) of respondents educated up to graduation and 37.5 percent of the respondents had semi-medium operational landholding. Majority of respondents had low level of extension contacts and mass media exposure. Only 18.3 percent of the respondents procured nursery plants from recommended sources. About 45 percent in HDP and 14.3 percent of the respondents in conventional planting planted recommended number of plants per acre. In general respondents used prescribed pesticides for management of insects (aphids, citrus psylla, leaf minor and mites etc.) and diseases (citrus canker and gummosis) on recommended time in high density and in conventional planting. Majority (90.8%) of respondents leased out their Kinnow orchards to contractors in HDP but in conventional planting majority (57.2%) sold their produce on their own. Higher returns as compared to traditional planting was major reason (94.2%) behind adoption of high density planting whereas small land holding was the major limiting factor for kinnow cultivation. Conventional planting kinnow growers fetched more price than high density due to better fruit quality. The net income from leased out orchard was found to be Rs. 52763 and Rs 44505 per acre for high density planting and conventional planting respectively.ThesisItem Restricted Effectiveness of opinion leaders in the agricultural information dissemination(Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, 2021) Sidharth. S; Manmeet KaurThe kinetics of mechanisms involved in the diffusion of innovations has lead to the conceptual framework of diffusion studies as we see of now. The concept of opinion leaders and innovativeness and how their influence can drastically bring about changes within a social contagion has been widely studied throughout many fields, but it has been still underutilised in agricultural sector. For this reason, a quasi-experimental design was formulated in which three villages (two experimental and one control) were selected using multi-stage sampling. All the farmers within the three villages were selected as the respondents for the study. A baseline survey was conducted in all three villages to identify the opinion leaders as well as to identify the adoption status of PAU recommended vegetable nutrition garden. An intervention in the form of a training package (skill enhancement regarding vegetable nutrition garden management techniques, effective communication skills and motivational approaches to encourage farmers for innovation adoption) and incentives in the form of PAU vegetable seed kits were given to the opinion leaders of the first experimental group. The opinion leaders within the second experimental group were just given PAU vegetable seed kits while the control group was not given any treatment. A post-survey was then conducted to ascertain the effects of intervention on these experimental units. It was found that the training had positively influenced the adoption status as well the behaviour of the opinion leaders within the first experimental group leading to a significant increase in adoption level of PAU recommended vegetable nutrition garden among the fellow farmers as well. The second experimental group experienced a small but insignificant change in adoption status while the control group did not record any change in the adoption status.ThesisItem Restricted Experimental study on effectiveness of videos on crop residue management technologies(Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, 2021) Sukhjinder Singh; Sharma, AnilThe study was planned with the objectives to study the gain in knowledge of the respondents after watching informative videos, to ascertain the effectiveness of the videos related to paddy straw management, to study the satisfaction level of the farmers towards quality of videos on crop residue management. A multi-stage sampling procedure, a quasi- experiment design, a pre and post tests along with control group was applied. Four informative videos on crop residue management techniques, in-situ residue management, ex-situ residue management and fertilizer application were treatment in the study. Primary data was generated through structured interview schedule. The data analysis frequency, percentages, t-test, paired t-test and chi square were used. The results show that before treatments, there was non-significant difference in knowledge score between control and experimental group. However, after exposure to the videos a significant difference was observed in knowledge score from the residue management technologies videos. Majority of the respondents were found to be effective regarding different technical and scientific aspects of informative videos. Majority of the respondents were found to be satisfied with the videos in terms of language used and accuracy & credibility etc. The socio- personnel characteristics such as age, education, size of land holding were found to be significantly associated with satisfaction of respondents towards videos. Thus videos can be used as an effective medium of transferring agricultural information and enhancing knowledge of recommended technologies among the farming community.ThesisItem Open Access Status of high density planting of Kinnow mandarin in Sub- mountainous zone of Punjab(Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, 2021) Parminder Singh; Pankaj KumarThe study entitled “Status of high density planting of kinnow mandarin in sub- mountainous zone of Punjab” was undertaken with the objectives to study different cultivation practices, problems faced by kinnow growers and to ascertain the economic benefits in HDP over conventional planting of Kinnow. The study was conducted in sub-mountainous zone of Punjab and a total of 120 Kinnow growers were selected for the study. It was observed that the majority (64.2%) of respondents belonged to the age group 25-59 years. One third (32.5%) of respondents educated up to graduation and 37.5 percent of the respondents had semi-medium operational landholding. Majority of respondents had low level of extension contacts and mass media exposure. Only 18.3 percent of the respondents procured nursery plants from recommended sources. About 45 percent in HDP and 14.3 percent of the respondents in conventional planting planted recommended number of plants per acre. In general respondents used prescribed pesticides for management of insects (aphids, citrus psylla, leaf minor and mites etc.) and diseases (citrus canker and gummosis) on recommended time in high density and in conventional planting. Majority (90.8%) of respondents leased out their Kinnow orchards to contractors in HDP but in conventional planting majority (57.2%) sold their produce on their own. Higher returns as compared to traditional planting was major reason (94.2%) behind adoption of high density planting whereas small land holding was the major limiting factor for kinnow cultivation. Conventional planting kinnow growers fetched more price than high density due to better fruit quality. The net income from leased out orchard was found to be Rs. 52763 and Rs 44505 per acre for high density planting and conventional planting respectively.ThesisItem Open Access Effectiveness of extension methods for disseminating knowledge on household waste management(Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, 2021) Ginwal, Priyanka; Sharma, PreetiThe study entitled ‘Effectiveness of extension methods for disseminating knowledge on household waste management’ was conducted to study the existing knowledge of respondents regarding household waste management, to develop an intervention based upon the existing knowledge of the respondents, to deliver the developed intervention through selected extension methods and to compare the effectiveness of selected extension methods in terms of gain in knowledge. Data was collected from 30 respondents each from five randomly selected urban localities of Ludhiana district. In total 150 respondents were selected for the study. Data was collected using a pre-tested structured interview schedule. A knowledge test on household waste management was developed and pre tested for its reliability and validity with the score of 0.80 and 0.89 respectively. The findings revealed that two-fifth of the respondents knew about different types of household waste. Most of the respondents had knowledge about 3R strategy and decluttering, nearly half of the respondents had knowledge about composting, one-third of the respondents had knowledge about household waste disposal, and less than one-fifth of the respondents had knowledge about facts and rules related to household waste management. All the selected extension methods were effective in disseminating knowledge to the respondents on household waste management although personal contact + print material showed highest gain in knowledge followed by video conferencing + ICT based messages, video conferencing alone, and personal contact method alone. Thus, it is concluded that face to face extension contact individually or in group was more effective in changing the knowledge of the respondents than online extension method. Although without any supplementary material, video conferencing method was more effective than personal contact method alone. It was further reported that the gain in knowledge through personal contact + print material was statistically similar to video conferencing + ICT based messages. Whereas, gain in knowledge through personal contact and video conferencing alone was statistically similar. Thus, it is suggested that personal contact or video conferencing method should always be supplemented with educational materials for more effectiveness.ThesisItem Open Access Effectiveness of Diploma in Agricultural Extension Services for Input Dealers (DAESI) Programme in Punjab State(Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, 2021) Banerjee, Amrit; Rampal, Vipan KumarNational Institute of Agriculture Extension Management (MANAGE) has begun a one-year diploma course titled ‘Diploma in Agricultural Extension Services for Input Dealers (DAESI)’ in the year 2003, which illuminates pertinent and area explicit agricultural information to furnish these input dealers with adequate information to change them into a para-extension professional to empower them to address the present issues being looked by the farmers at field level. The present study was focused on the effectiveness of the DAESI programme in Punjab state. It was conducted at Ludhiana and Faridkot district of Punjab in the year 2020-21. From two districts, 60 DAESI holders and 60 non-DAESI holders were selected for the research study. After the survey, most input dealers were middle age group, having graduation level of education, had 1-16 years of business experience, had an annual income of 6-12 lakhs, and had a medium level of economic motivation. In sociopsychological characteristics, most DAESI holders had a high level of self-confidence, selfesteem, and decision-making compared to non-DAESI holders. The majority of DAESI holders had a higher mass media utilization and extension contact than non-DAESI holders. The mean value of knowledge score and z-test showed a significant difference in the knowledge level of DAESI and non-DAESI holders, and DAESI holders had higher knowledge about cultivation practices of location-specific crops than non-DAESI holders. The majority of DAESI holders had a moderately favourable attitude towards the DAESI programme. Fewer field visits, more chapters covered in less time, and more theory-oriented classes than practical were significant constraints faced by DAESI holders. The effective suggestions received from DAESI holders increased the number of field visits, more practical oriented courses, and using local language by resource person in the classroom. It is an excellent and helpful step towards the betterment of farmers and agri-input dealers of our country. It should be continued with certain modifications to strengthen the root of our country, i.e. agriculture.ThesisItem Open Access Training needs and problems of mushroom growers in Punjab(Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, 2021) Manjot Singh; Riar, T. S.The study entitled “Training needs and problems of Mushroom Growers in Punjab” was undertaken to ascertain the training needs, problems and suggestions of the mushroom growers to mitigate such problems. Present study was carried out in the two districts i.e., Hoshiarpur and Ludhiana of Punjab state. The frame of mushroom growers of both districts was taken from Deputy Director Horticulture of respective districts, from which a random selection of 50 respondents from each district was made. Thus, in all total of 100 respondents had constituted the study. The data was collected with the help of a structured interview schedule by personally interviewing respondents. The study revealed that most of the respondents (48%) were fall in middle age group, 52% were educated upto matric level and Majority (68%) were living in a nuclear family. Most of (63%) the respondents had medium level of mass media exposure, 54% had medium level in extension activities, 56% of the respondents had medium level of scientific orientation and majority i.e. 57% had medium level of risk bearing capacity. The area of marketing, species and their characteristics and water management, environmental control, disease management had most extent of training needs as these aspects were ranked 1to 5 respectively in the study. On the other hand the area of harvesting/picking, Compost preparation, Nutrient management etc had got least ranks which shows that there aspects were had low extent of training needs. Problems of the mushroom growers were categorized as production, financial, marketing and transportation in which majority of the respondents reported the problems in preparation of compost, ventilation, lack of subsidies in mushroom cultivation, fluctuating markets prices and lack of transport infrastructure as the major constraints. The suggestions of the respondents to mitigate such problems were reported as online diagnose facilities, subsidies for mechanization, establishment of processing plants, fixed prize in the market and more research and development initiatives would be taken as the important suggestions of the mushroom growers.ThesisItem Restricted Adoption of paddy straw management technologies by potato growers of Jalandhar district of Punjab(Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, 2021) Akshdeep Kaur; Kuldeep SinghThe study entitled “Adoption of paddy straw management technologies by potato growers of Jalandhar district of Punjab” was undertaken. A total of 200 potato growers were selected from the five blocks with probability proportional to size sampling method. 73, 50, 31, 31, 15 potato growers were selected from Nakodar, Adampur, Bhogpur, Jalandhar East and Jalandhar West respectively. Interview schedule was prepared and data was collected personally by interviewing potato growers. The study revealed that 52 per cent of the potato growers were of middle age group (40-56 years) and had large operational land holding more than 25 acres. 57.5 per cent of the potato growers had medium mass media exposure, 36 per cent had medium extension contacts, 60 per cent of potato growers had medium innovativeness and 41per cent had medium risk bearing capacity. All the potato growers were found to be aware about PAU super straw management system and Rotavator while majority of potato growers were aware about the Baler, Paddy straw chopper, Mulcher and Mould board plough. Majority of potato growers adopted PAU Super SMS, Rotavator, paddy straw chopper in 2017 whereas mulcher and Mould board plough in 2018. Majority of potato growers adopted the PAU recommended paddy straw management sequence of technologies in potato. Majority of the potato growers adopt mulcher and mould board plough in 2018 and rotavator in 2017. PAU Super straw management system has highest extent of adoption (96.56 per cent) followed by rotavator (95.68 per cent). 75 per cent of the potato growers followed incorporation practice of paddy straw in their potato field. Majority of potato growers who adopted paddy straw technologies observed increase in cost of production and this practice also results in increase in yield of potato. After adopting paddy straw management technologies, 52.5 per cent of the potato growers reported there was decrease in the cost of fertilization. 37 per cent of potato growers observed that there was improvement in soil health and 40.5 per cent of potato growers observed in increased in potato yield. Majority of the potato growers faced the problem of high rent and complexity of PAU super straw management system and baler. 15.89 per cent of the potato growers faced the problem of non availability of subsidy on time in case of rotavator and also 61.32 per cent of potato growers faced the problem regarding mulcher that it required high horse power tractor and diesel consumption. One-third of potato growers faced problem of high cost of production with paddy straw chopper.ThesisItem Open Access Effect of lifestyle on health status of farming families in Punjab(Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, 2020) Saikia, Anadi Ranjan; Gupta, Ritu MittalThe study entitled “Effect of lifestyle on health status of farming families in Punjab” was undertaken to assess the different lifestyle components and health status of the farming community from the three socio-cultural zones of Punjab i.e. Doaba, Malwa and Majha. An interview schedule was prepared for the collection of the data. It was found that majority of the respondents had medium dietary diversity, nutrition intake, physical activity, stress management, personal health habits and availed medium medical advice. Interestingly meal frequency of the respondents was high with low substance abuse, and thus, the farming families of Punjab were found to have a moderate lifestyle. There was gender difference in stress management and nutrition intake. There was also significant difference among the three zones for dietary diversity, physical activity and in availing medical advice. The study reported that majority of the people from the farming families had good overall health. The physical health of majority was good while mental health was average. There was gender difference in physical and mental health of farming community. Also across the three zones there was significant difference in respect to physical health of farming community. The findings of the study revealed that there is positive and significant relation between lifestyle and health. On the basis of the results of the current study, a booklet has been prepared which can be popularized among the farming community to improve their life style and overall health.
