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ThesisItem Open Access Newspaper reading Habits of Rural Women- A Study of Ludhiana District(Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, 2017) Harsimran Singh; Thapar, SheetalThe present study was carried out to assess the reading habits of rural women in Ludhiana district of Punjab state. Demographic profile indicated that the majority of the sampled rural women belonged to relatively younger group i.e. 20-30 years. Family status revealed that majority of the women was living in nuclear family (75.8%) and occupied 2nd generation (62.5%) status in the family. Educational qualification of most of the rural women (40%) was up to matric level. The findings of the study brought out that Punjabi was the most preferential language for reading newspaper by the rural women. Jagbani and Ajit were widely acceptable and preferred newspaper for reading. The pattern of reading newspaper depicted that about 78 per cent of the total rural women have habits of reading newspaper daily and majority of them read newspaper thoroughly. More than half of the rural women i.e. 51.67 per cent reported ‘afternoon’ as the most preferred time. About 56 per cent of the total rural women also reported that they were enjoying reading newspaper after completing their households work. Among the favourite topics, ‘Health topic’ emerged as the most favourite topic as 30 per cent of the total rural women assigned rank 1 in this respect. Other favourite topics were religious, food recipes, sensational news, politics, entrainment news, cinema news and agriculture, respectively. To improve health consciousness and making healthy environment in the family emerged as the most important reason for reading health topic. The statistical analysis shows that the pattern of newspaper reading habits of rural women is greatly influenced by the social set up i.e. demographic profile of the rural women. Except caste, all other demographic characteristics like age, education, income, family status etc have significant association with newspaper reading habits of rural women in the study area.ThesisItem Open Access Uses and Gratification of Online and Mobile Media Regarding Agriculture among Progressive Farmers of Punjab(Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, 2017) Amarpal Singh; Thapar, SheetalThe online and mobile media has not only emerged as a tool to enhance communication but also provides an access to any kind of information. A study was conducted to identify uses and gratification of online and mobile media regarding agriculture among progressive farmers of Punjab. The data was collected with the help of close-ended questionnaire from 100 progressive farmers selected randomly from different cities/villages of Punjab. Majority of respondents (63 percent) belong to second generation i.e. Father. In the study, the pattern of usage of online and mobile revealed that all villages/cities in Punjab have mobile connectivity and every household of progressive farmer has a mobile phone but not all own the computer/ laptop. The study shows that maximum of respondents found mobile media more favorable for using internet. Since 68 percent of respondents are using internet and about half number of the respondents use the mobile agriculture apps, many progressive farmers want the experts to provide the training to the farmers for using online and mobile media as they found the use of this media gratifying for bringing development in agriculture sector.ThesisItem Open Access Awareness, attitude and perception of stakeholders about genetically modified crops in Malwa region of Punjab(Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, 2017) Ray, Pranoy; Rampal, Vipan KumarThe study entitled “Awareness, attitude and perception of stakeholders about genetically miodified crops in Malwa region of Punjab” was undertaken with objectives to study the awareness level of different stakeholders, to measure the attitude of stakeholders, the perceived environmental and health hazards and examine the factors associated with awareness and attitude of farmers regarding genetically modified crop. Sixty farmers were selected from each of the two highly producing districts of Punjab and ten extension personnel were selected from each of the two districts. Finally ten research scientists from Punjab agricultural university. Thus a total of one hundred and fifty respondents were selected for the study. The data were collected with the help of interview schedule. Findings of the study revealed that majority of farmers and extension personnel were aware about various aspects of genetically modified crops. It was interesting to find almost half of the farmers were having unfavourable attitude which was measured by self-constructed attitude scale while majority of extension personnel and research scientists had favourable attitude towards GM crops. Perception about perceived environmental and health hazards were rejected by majority of all stakeholders. The statistical analysis conducted with the help of correlation and multiple regression analysis produce a clear cut picture about various factors influencing the awareness, attitude and perception of farmers. Correlation analysis revealed that mass media exposure, extension contacts, progressiveness and risk orientation contribute significantly and linearly to the awareness level of farmers while GM crops experience, mass media exposure, extension contacts, risk orientation and innovativeness of farmers significantly influences attitude of farmers towards GM crops. The perception of farmers about perceived environmental and health hazards had significant relation with farm experience, education, mass media exposure, extension contacts, progressiveness, risk orientation and innovativeness of farmers. The multiple regression analysis determined the contribution of these factors more concretely with how much amount. The study provides idea about which type of farmers socio-psychological aspects need to be kept in mind in formulation of policy regarding commercialization of these technologies.ThesisItem Open Access Status and prospects of aromatic and medicinal plants in Hoshiarpur district of Punjab(Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, 2017) Deepti; Bhalla, J.S.The present study was conducted to analyze the status and prospects of aromatic and medicinal plants in Hoshiarpur district of Punjab. A total sample of 80 respondents was selected from four blocks of Hoshiarpur district namely Bhunga, Dasuya, Hajipur and Talwara. The data was collected with the help of semi-structured interview schedule. It was found that 43.75 of the respondents were falling under the age group of 35-46 and had studied up to middle school level and belonged to nuclear family. 40.00 per cent respondents possessed marginal land holding. It was found that the main reason for starting medicinal and aromatic plants cultivation was augmentation of income. Respondents were found with low degree of mass-media exposure, medium degree of risk-bearing orientation, high degree of economic motivation and medium degree of innovativeness regarding medicinal and aromatic plants. As medicinal and aromatic plant naturally grow in Shivalik belt of Hoshiarpur district, so 80.00 per cent respondents collect medicinal and aromatic plants from forest and only 20.00 per cent were growing in their own field, out of these only 12.50 per cent respondents were growing MAPs as main crop. More than 50.00 per cent of respondents have experience of 5-8 years in MAPs cultivation. Jamun (Syzygium cumini), amla (Phyllanthus emblica) and menthe (Mentha sachalinensis) were the main crops grown by the respondents. 71.25 per cent respondents expressed the desire to grow MAPs on their own fields if Govt. provided them minimum support price 47.50 per cent respondents earns Rs 35,000-50,000 per season. 85.00 per cent respondents have no knowledge about export of MAPs. Major problem faced by respondents was storage of MAPs as these are perishable so avoid degradation in quality they use to sell it on the same day or very next day. 93.75 per cent of respondents suggested that information related to MAPs should be given through mass media and 75 per cent of the respondents revealed that cold store should be installed by the government at nominal rents.ThesisItem Restricted A STUDY OF ORGANIZATIONAL CLIMATE OF THE SELECTED STATE AGRICULTURAL UNIVERSITIES IN INDIA(PAU Ludhiana, 2013) Sayanika Borah; Kiranjot, SidhuThe study was conducted in four state agricultural universities of India viz. PAU Punjab (North); ANGRAU, Andhra Pradesh (South); AAU, Assam (East) and MPAUT, Rajasthan (West) to study the variations in perceptions of the faculty and administrators regarding the importance of dimension of organizational climate along with their perception of prevailing and expected organizational climate. The data collected from the 216 faculty members and 60 administrators using a scale developed on 13 dimensions viz. communication, management of rewards, interpersonal relationships, control and supervision, orientation, decision making, leadership, policies and rules, innovation, physical facilities, team work, monetary gains and accountability/ evaluation revealed that communication followed by leadership, team work and physical facilities were the most important dimensions according to the faculty who ranked monetary gains, accountability/ evaluation, management of rewards and control and supervision as least important. Administrators ranked communication, leadership and decision making at the top and innovation, monetary gains and management of rewards at the least important. There was a good agreement between faculty and administrator of all selected SAU’s as well as between SAU’s in assigning ranks. Faculty perceived highest gap between the prevailing and expected climate with regard to orientation and monetary gains and lowest in management of rewards and interpersonal relationship, whereas administrators found it to be highest in monetary gains and lowest in decision making and communication. Age, income, job experience and training acquired were significantly related with the perception. Faculty suggested improvement in communication as one of the important ways to improve organizational climate.ThesisItem Open Access OPINION OF THE VEGETABLE GROWERS REGARDING VEGETABLE PROCESSING IN LUDHIANA DISTRICT OF PUNJAB(PAU Ludhiana, 2011) Amandeep Arora; S.K., SainiThe study entitled “ opinion of the vegetable growers regarding vegetable processing in Ludhiana district of Punjab” was undertaken to know the opinion of the vegetable growers regarding vegetable processing, problems perceived by them in processing of vegetables and suggestions to overcome the perceived constraints in processing of vegetables. A total sample of 80 vegetable growers cultivating potato, tomato and chilli were taken for the present investigation. The data were collected through personal interviews. The findings of the study revealed that more than half of the respondents (52.50 per cent) belonged to the age group of 38-50 years and 43.75 per cent of the respondents were matriculates. Majority of the respondents (61.25 per cent) belonged to nuclear families whereas 51.25 per cent had upto 5 members in their family. A little more than one-third (38.75 per cent) of the respondents had medium operational land holdings. A little less than half (47.50 per cent) of the respondents had experience in vegetable cultivation varying from 9-16 years and income varying from 4.5-7 lacs/ annum. Most of the respondents had medium extension contacts, mass media exposure, innovativeness, economic motivation, risk bearing capacity and low scientific orientation. Most of the respondents cultivated potato on 12-19 acres, tomato on 1-2.5 acres and chilli on 1.2 acres of land. All the respondents had cultivated wheat on their farms along with the selected crops. All the respondents were of opinion that processing of vegetables is profitable but complex process that requires technical knowledge and huge initial investment. However it increases the shelf life and market value of the product. There was significant association between Education, operational land holding, income, innovativeness, scientific orientation, risk bearing capacity and economic motivation with willingness for processing of vegetables whereas family type, family size, experience in vegetable cultivation, extension contacts, mass media exposure had no significant association with willingness for vegetable processing. Lack of finance was the most serious problem perceived by respondents in processing of vegetables.ThesisItem Open Access COMPARISON OF COVERAGE OF NEWS IN DIFFERENT NEWSPAPERS(PAU Ludhiana, 2013) Hardeep Kaur; Sarabjeet SinghThe present research was undertaken with a view to compare the coverage of news, including agricultural and rural news, in various newspapers with different parameters and to find biasness, if any, in publication of the news. Three English newspapers i.e. Hindustan Times, The Tribune and The Indian Express were selected for this quantitative and qualitative study conducted on 15 randomly selected news stories with 12 parameters. It was found that Hindustan Times and The Tribune covered more stories with boxes as compared to The Indian Express. Similarly, The Tribune and The Indian Express published maximum stories with pictures whereas Hindustan Times published least pictures. The study also pointed to the fact that there were major differences in number of columns as well as word count. Both the parameters were almost doubled in many news stories. This shows that while one newspaper accorded top importance, the others gave half the space and display. From the study it was also found that even news sent by PTI were not carried equally by all newspapers. The study of all these three newspapers revealed that the newspapers vary in coverage of particular news as per their editorial policies and space consideration, but it is hard to conclude that the newspapers under the present sample were biased despite having variance in coverage. Each newspaper provided different bits of information in a particular news story which of course, adds uniqueness and ingenuity to the newspapers. sThesisItem Open Access STUDY OF ORGANIZATIONAL STRESS AND SCIENTIFIC PRODUCTIVITY OF SCIENTISTS OF PUNJAB AGRICULTURAL UNIVERSITY, LUDHIANA(PAU Ludhiana, 2013) Uritkhinbam Supriya Devi; D.S., DhillonThe present study entitled ―Study of organizational stress and scientific productivity of scientists of Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana‖ was undertaken to study the nature and extent of organizational stress and measure the scientific productivity of the scientists, analyze the factors affecting the organizational stress and the measures used to manage it and relationship between the organizational stress and scientific productivity of the scientists. A total sample of 250 scientists having minimum five years of service experience belonging to three cadres of teaching, research and extension was selected in proportion to their number in each stream from each of the four constituent colleges. A questionnaire was developed and used to collect requisite information pertaining to the objectives of the study. The data were collected from the scientists using distributed questionnaire approach. The pretesting of the questionnaire was done and necessary modifications were made in the parameters of teaching, research and extension. The reliability of the measurement scales was found by using split half method and their content validity was ensured. The results of the study revealed that majority of the scientists ‗sometimes‘ faced the mental, emotional, physical and behavioural stress. About an equal per cent of teachers (23.08%) had ‗high‘ mental and physical stress respectively and one fourth of researchers (21.90%) had high level of emotional stress. About 40 per cent teachers, 41.90 per cent researchers and 40.74 per cent extensionists had ‗medium‘ level of scientific productivity. On the other hand, one fourth of teachers (25.27%), researchers (22.86%) and extensionists (24.07%) had ‗high‘ level of scientific productivity. The factors affecting the organizational stress such as self, family, environmental factors, organizational factors, role in organization, interpersonal relationships at work, workload influence on career development lead to the stress as perceived by about 36-50 per cent of the scientists. The characteristics such as family, social factors, role in organization, workload and home work interference were positively and significantly correlated with the overall scientific productivity of the scientists. It was further observed that organizational factors, organizational culture, strict adherence to working hours and influence on career development were negatively and significantly correlated with the overall scientific productivity of the scientists. Further, about 30-60 per cent scientists from all the three cadres used stress management techniques such as work related techniques, meditation, diet, social support and natural cures to manage and relieve their day to day stress.ThesisItem Open Access AN EVALUATIVE STUDY ON WOMEN SELF-HELP GROUPS OF PUNJAB(PAU Ludhiana, 2012) SHIKHA SINGH; Sukhjeet KaurThe present study entitled “An evaluative Study on Women Self Help Groups of Punjab” was undertaken to study the profile and functioning of SHGs, know the opinion of officials/SHG members towards functioning of SHGs, asses the impact of SHGs on empowerment of women and identify the problems experienced by SHG members. A sample of 150 members i.e. 75 from Ludhiana and 75 from Hoshiarpur were selected through random sampling technique. The data were collected with the help of interview schedule. The study revealed that majority of the SHGs were formed during the year 2008-09, had 16-20 members in their SHGs and were involved in 4-6 entrepreneurial activities. Majority of the SHGs adopted monthly pattern of meeting and found regular in their contribution towards saving. The findings of the study also indicated that majority of the SHGs were charging interest on inter-loaning among members. maximum number of SHGs were involved in food processing and beauty parlour, their major source of funding for running the enterprise was contributions made by the members. Findings further revealed that all the respondents indicated that SHGs had helped them to undertake income generating activities, set up micro-enterprise, improve availability of financial services and developed habit of saving, all officials agreed that SHGs helped them to undertake „income generating activities‟, „ to set up micro-enterprise‟, „improved availability of financial services‟ and developed habit of savings. Majority of the respondents reported that there was improvement in economic resources of the family, women‟s own development, decision making regarding education, marriage of children and participation in social activities. Majority of the respondents achieved „high‟ level of empowerment through Self-Help Groups. The major problems experienced by members were „lack of training opportunity‟ and „lack of guidance/ support from promoting agencies.