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20134
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Subject: Chemistry × End date: 2013 × Start date: 2013 × Thesis Type: M.Sc ×
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    ECO-FRIENDLY SYNTHESIS OF AMIDES AND THEIR MICROBIAL ACTIVITY IN SOYBEAN
    (2013) TANIA BANSAL
    Knoevengal condensation reaction was used for the synthesis of α, β- unsaturated acids. The different aldehydes viz., benzaldehyde, 2-chlorobenzaldehyde, 4-chlorobenzaldehyde, 2-nitrobenzaldehyde and 3-nitrobenzaldehyde were reacted with phenoxyacetic acid in the presence of sodium ethoxide to give the corresponding acrylic acids. These acrylic acids were reacted with 4-aminophenazone and morpholine in the presence of catalytic amount of boric acid to synthesize corresponding acrylamides. Similarly the synthesized acrylic acids were reacted with 4-amino 1, 2, 4 triazole to form corresponding acrylamides using boric acid as catalyst. Physical data (yield, melting point, state and colour) of synthesized acids and amides were determined. All the synthesized acids and amide derivatives were characterized by spectral data (FTIR, 1H NMR and 13C NMR ). All amide derivatives were also prepared by microwave irradiation method by irradiating the mixture of corresponding acrylic acids and amines. Amide derivatives were screened for their microbial activity against Ensifer sp. (LSR 3), Pseudomonas sp. (PGPR 3), S. aureus and E.coli. It was found that the synthesized amide derivatives showed mild to moderate inhibition against Ensifer sp., Pseudomonas sp. and S.aureus whereas these were found good inhibitory against E.coli. So overall it was observed that microwave irradiation method gave better yield and took less time as compared to conventional method. The compounds having triazole series of amides were more effective against bacteria than the compounds containing morpholine and phenazone moiety.
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    CHEMISTRY AND POTENTIAL OF VETIVER OIL AS STORED GRAIN PROTECTANT
    (PAU Ludhiana, 2013) Amanpal Kaur Sandhu; K. K., Chahal
    The present investigation deals with Chemistry and potential of vetiver oil as stored grain protectant. Vetiver oil was subjected to column chromatography to have non polar and polar fractions. Different fractions were subjected to thin layer chromatography in order to find the number of compounds present in different fractions. Rearing of Tribolium castaneum (Herbst) adults were carried out. Vetiver oil, its non-polar and polar fractions were tested for their bioefficacy against adults of Tribolium castaneum by releasing them in wheat grains spiked with various concentrations of vetiver oil, its non-polar and polar fractions viz. 30,000, 35,000, 40,000, 45,000, and 50,000 μg g-1 respectively. The observations of mortality were noted every 24 hrs till complete or constant mortality was obtained. The corrected per cent mortality was calculated using Abbott’s formula. Vetiver oil was found to be effective at all concentrations tested. The non-polar fraction of petroleum ether was found to be most active whereas the acetone fraction was least active. The corrected per cent mortality increased with increase in concentration and time of application. The most active petroleum ether fraction was subjected to extensive column chromatography to isolate the pure compounds. Khusinol having melting point 73oC was isolated as pure compound. The compound was characterized by FT-IR, 1H NMR and 13C NMR spectroscopy and mass spectrometry.
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    PRODUCTION OF ETHANOL, 5-HYDROXYMETHYLFURFURAL AND ITS DERIVATIVES FROM SUGARCANE BAGASSE
    (Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, 2013) Pushpinder Kaur
    Production potential of ethanol, 5-hydroxymethylfurfural and its derivatives from sugarcane bagasse was evaluated. Chemical composition of the bagasse sample was found to be 47.1% cellulose, 29.2% hemicellulose and 11.2% lignin. Different chemical pretreatments of sugarcane bagasse with 2% H2O2, 1% NaOH and 2% H2O2 +1%NaOH solutions each with pH 11.5 and 13 for 24, 48 and 72 hrs followed by acid saccharification with 0.8 and 1.0 M H2SO4 for 50 minutes and fermentation with Saccharomyces cerevisiae var. ellipsoideus were carried out. Maximum weight loss in alkaline pretreatment (45.4%) was obtained by treatment of bagasse with 2% H2O2 +1%NaOH solution at pH 11.5 for 72 hrs. Maximum amounts of reducing sugars i.e. 528.77 and 511.66 mg/g were produced by saccharification with 0.8M H2SO4 (50 min, 15 psi) of (2% H2O2+1%NaOH; pH 11.5,72 hrs) and (2% H2O2+1%NaOH; pH 11.5, 48 hrs) pretreated bagasse, respectively. The bagasse samples pretreated with (2% H2O2+1%NaOH; pH 11.5, 72 hrs), saccharified with 0.8MH2SO4 produced maximum amounts of ethanol (30.5 ml/ 100g pretreated bagasse) after fermentation for 72 hrs. Acid catalyzed dehydration of fructose was carried out to produce 5-hydroxymethylfurfural which on oxidation with KMnO4 yielded 2,5-furandicarboxylic acid. The TLC, IR and 1H NMR spectra confirmed the formation of 5-hydroxymethylfurfural and 2,5-furandicarboxylic acid. The production potential of 5-hydroxymethylfurfural from sugarcane bagasse was found to be 0.216 g/g bagasse. Dimethyl 2,5-furandicarboxylate and diethyl 2,5-furandicarboxylate were obtained by esterification of 2,5-furandicarboxylic acid which were confirmed by TLC, IR and 1H NMR data.
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    Nitrogen mineralization kinetics in rice and wheat residue amended soils under long-term saline and sodic water irrigation
    (Punjab Agricultural University, 2013) Vikram Verma
    Laboratory incubation experiments were conducted to study the influence of crop residue incorporation on soil properties and to assess the N-mineralization kinetics under long-term irrigation with saline (SaW) and sodic water (SW). Irrigation with SaW and SW significantly increased the pH, EC and ESP while application of gypsum and crop residues improved these properties. N-mineralization in different soils ranged from 233 to 392 mg N kg-1 in case of field addition and 84 to 285 mg N kg-1 in case of fresh addition of crop residues during incubation. Relative to canal water (CW) treatment, SW significantly decreased the mineral-N followed by SaW treatment. Application of gypsum and incorporation of crop residues in the field resulted in increase in mineral-N. Maximum cumulative N mineralization was observed in wheat straw (WS) amended treatment except in SW+G treatment. Fresh addition of crop residues resulted in net N immobilization and lower rate of N mineralization compared to unamended treatments. In SaW, SW and SW+G treatments, a dip in mineral-N was observed at 28 days in the amended treatments. Among the kinetic models,only first order model (FO) provided realistic solutions but with poor R2values (0.18 to 0.57). Nitrogen mineralization potential (N0) ranged between 171 and 383 mg N kg-1 and the rate constant (k) ranged from 0.020 to 0.411 day-1in different treatments.In case of fresh additions of residues, even FO model didnot provide solutions to any of the amended treatments. Compared to CW treatment, both SW and SaW irrigation significantly decreased the grain yield and N uptake by wheat. Incorporation of crop residues significantly improved the grain yield over the unamended treatment but increase in N uptake was not significant.