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ThesisItem Restricted Value-added chemicals from lignin and hemicellulose fractions of sugarcane bagasse(Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, 2016) Ramandeep Kaur; Uppal, S.K.Sugarcane bagasse was analyzed for its chemical composition and was found to contain cellulose, hemicellulose, lignin 42.11, 28.42, 19.20%, and glucan, xylan, arabinan, acid insoluble lignin, acid soluble lignin, ash 39.65, 21.46, 2.75, 15.10, 3.31, 3.96%, respectively. Maximum lignin extraction (17.60%) was found to be with 10% NaOH which was further confirmed by scanning electron microscopy images. Lignin was chemically modified by oxidation, acetylation, epoxidation and hydroxymethylation and characterized using FT-IR, 1H, 13CNMR spectra. HPLC analysis revealed p-coumaric acid as major phenolic acid in bagasse lignin (14.76 mg g-1 bagasse) followed by ferulic, vanillic and syringic acid. p-Coumaric and ferulic acid were isolated, derivatized into esters (reactions with alcohols) and amides (reactions with amines, amide linking reagent EDC-HCl (N-(3-dimethylaminopropyl)-N’-ethylcarbodiimide) and 1-hydroxybenzotriazole, HOBt) and characterized by FT-IR, 1H, 13CNMR spectra and elemental analyses. Lignin, modified lignins, phenolic acids and their derivatives were evaluated for antioxidant (DPPH radical scavenging) activity and antibacterial activity against Bacillus aryabhattai, Acinetobacter sp. and Klebsiella sp. Lignin and its oxidized and hydroxymethyl derivative were observed to have higher antioxidant activity than 3,5-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxytoluene (BHT) and lower than 3-tert-butyl-4-hydroxyanisole (BHA). Phenolic compounds and their derivatives were effective at lower concentrations for antibacterial activity than lignin and modified lignins. Xylooligosaccharides (XOS) were produced from bagasse by xylan extraction (5, 10, 15% KOH and NaOH) followed by acid hydrolysis (0.25 and 0.50MH2SO4; 20, 40, 60min) and analyzed by HPTLC. The best treatment for xylan hydrolysis leading to increased production of XOS and reduced concentration of xylose was found to be 0.25MH2SO4 for 20 min. XOS were found to be better prebiotics for three probiotic bacteria viz. Lactobacillus acidophilus, Lactobacillus brevis and Lactobacillus viridescens than glucose and standard fructooligosaccharides.ThesisItem Open Access CHEMISTRY AND INSECTICIDAL POTENTIAL OF PARTHENIN AND ITS TRANSFORMATION REACTION PRODUCTS AGAINST Tribolium castaneum (Herbst).(PAU Ludhiana, 2012) Ramandeep Kaur; K. K., ChahalThe present investigation deals with Chemistry and insecticidal potential of parthenin and its transformation reaction products against Tribolium castaneum (Herbst).The shade dried and powdered leaves of Parthenium hysterophorous were extracted in chloroform using Soxhlet extraction method. Parthenin was isolated by column chromatography using chloroform:acetone (5%) solution as the eluent. Parthenin was subjected to reaction with diazoester which resulted into the formation of two compoundspyrolysis product and diazoester adduct. Parthenin on reactions with dry hydrochloric acid gas and formic acid gets converted into anhydroparthenin. Parthenin on irradiation with microwave gets converted into anhydroparthenin. Parthenin and its derivatives were characterised on the basis of melting point, TLC, FT-IR and 1H NMR. Parthenin and its derivatives were tested for their bioefficacy against adults of Tribolium castaneum (Herbst) by releasing them in wheat grains spiked with various concentrations of test compounds viz. 1,000, 2,000, 4,000, 5,000, 10,000 and 20,000 μg g-1 of wheat respectively. The observations of mortality were noted every 24 hours till complete or constant mortality was obtained. The corrected per cent mortality was calculated using Abbott’s formula. All the compounds exhibited complete mortality at the spiking level of 10,000 and 20,000μg g-1. Parthenin was found to be most potent followed by anhydroparthenin, pyrolysis product and diazoester adduct.ThesisItem Restricted CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF SUGARCANE BAGASSE AND ITS POTENTIAL FOR PRODUCTION OF HEMICELLULOSIC FURFURAL AND CELLULOSIC ETHANOL(PAU Ludhiana, 2010) Ramandeep Kaur; S.K., UppalChemical composition of sugarcane bagasse and its production potential of hemicellulosic furfural and cellulosic ethanol was studied in sugarcane varieties CoJ 88 and CoS 8436. For this the preparation of fine bagasse sample of two varieties was standardized in laboratory. From analysis of chemical composition, the bagasse of CoS 8436 was found to have more cellulose, hemicellulose and less lignin content than CoJ 88.Then bagasse of both varieties was treated with different acids (acetic acid, formic acid, phosphoric acid and nitric acid) with variable concentrations (1M, 2M and 3M) and autoclaved for 180, 300 and 420 minutes with solid-liquid ratio of 1:15 at 110C temperature and 1.05 kg cm-2 steam pressure for furfural production. The reaction of bagasse of CoS 8436 with 3.0M nitric acid for 300 minutes gave the highest yields of furfural (119.94 mg/g). Furfural was extracted and identified on the basis of TLC, Boiling point, IR and NMR data. Chemical pretreatments were carried out by shaking bagasse of both varieties with 1, 2 and 3% H2O2 (pH 10, 11.5 and13) for 24, 48 and 72 hrs with subsequent saccharification of pretreated bagasse with H2SO4 (0.8 and 1.0M) for 50 minutes. Acid hydrolysates were fermented with Saccharomyces cerevisiae var ellipsoideus for ethanol production. Maximum weight loss in alkaline pretreatment (52.30%), amount of reducing sugars (520.84 mg/g) and ethanol produced (27.94 ml/100g pretreated bagasse) were found in 2% H2O2 (pH 11.5, 48 hrs) pretreated bagasse of CoS 8436 saccharified with 0.8M H2SO4 after fermentation for 72 hours.ThesisItem Restricted Chemistry of sesquiterpenoids from Inula racemosa and their evaluation as pesticides(Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, 2017) Ramandeep Kaur; Chahal, K. K.The dissertation incorporates the isolation of sesquiterpene lactones- alantolactone and isoalantolactone from root extract of Inula racemosa using extensive column chromatography over silver nitrate impregnated silica gel. Reduction of these isolated compounds was carried out using sodium borohydride, lithium tri-tert-butoxyaluminohydride and magnesium in methanol. Dibromocyclopropane derivatives were prepared using bromoform/potassium hydroxide in presence of phase transfer catalyst. Allylic oxidation of isoalantolactone was carried out selenium dioxide and tert-butyl hydroperoxide. Decomposition of pyrazoline derivatives of sesquiterpene lactones under heat, microwave and ultraviolet radiations (in presence or absence of sensitizer) were carried out. I. racemosa root extract was partitioned into its non-polar and polar fractions and were subjected to various biological activities using different methods such as mortality, repellency and antifeedant assay for insecticidal activity against Tribolium castaneum; egg hatch inhibition and juvenile mortality test for nematicidal activity against Meloidogyne incognita and spore germination inhibition for fungicidal activity against three fungi i.e. Alternaria triticina, Drechslera oryzae and Fusarium moniliforme. Non-polar fraction was most effective in all bioassays except in egg hatch inhibition studies where root extract was most effective. Isolated compounds and their derivatives showed antifungal potential against three test fungi. Isoalantolactone derivatives were more effective in comparison to alantolactone. Based on antifungal activity structure activity relationship was derived.