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ThesisItem Open Access Effect of rootstock and nutrients on biochemical characteristics of Daisy mandarin fruits in relation to granulation(Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, 2017) Gill, Amanat Kaur; Nirmaljit KaurThe present investigation on the was carried out in the College Orchard and Laboratories of Department of Botany, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana during the years 2016 and 2017. The per cent granulation was evaluated in Daisy mandarin (Citrus reticulata) when budded on Citrus jambhiri Lush., Volkamariana and Carrizo citrange; and efficacy of boron and nitrogen was tested for amelioration of granulation. Urea (1%) was used as a source of nitrogen and boric acid (0.6%) was used as a source of boron for the foliar application in mid July keeping unsprayed plants as control. The incidence and degree of granulation was significantly higher in Daisy mandarin fruits budded on Citrus jambhiri Lush., followed by Carrizo citrange and Volkamariana. The fruit size, weight and peel thickness was maximum in Daisy mandarin fruits budded on Carrizo citrange, hence leading to granulation in this rootstock. Granulation increases the juice pH; decreases the total soluble sugars, total phenols, total soluble solids, acidity, TSS:Acid, ascorbic acid, flavonoids and carotenoids. Among different rootstocks, minimum pH, maximum total soluble sugars, minimum phenols, maximum acidity, minimum ascorbic acid has been recorded in the rootstock Carrizo citrange; whereas, maximum pH, minimum total soluble solids, total flavonoids, maximum carotenoids, maximum α-amylase and minimum peroxidase is recorded in Citrus jambhiri Lush. The granulation percent was reduced with urea (1%) in all the three rootstocks whereas, boric acid (0.6%) reduced granulation in Citrus jambhiri Lush. and Volkamariana. Foliar application of boron (0.6% boric acid) increased juice percent and decreased peel thickness in Citrus jambhiri Lush. and Volkamariana; whereas, urea (1%) lead to an increase in juice percent and reduction in peel thickness in all the three rootstocks. The foliar application of urea(1%) and boric acid (0.6%) generally improved fruit juice sac biochemical attributes in both granulated and non-granulated juice vesicles on the basis of mean values of granulated and non-granulated juice sac samples. However, boric acid (0.6%) enhanced total soluble sugars, total soluble solids, TSS:Acid, ascorbic acid more as compared to urea (1%) ; whereas, it was urea (1%) that enhanced the total phenols more than boric acid (0.6%). The foliar application of boric acid (0.6%) enhanced activity of α-amylase in Citrus jambhiri Lush. more as compared to urea (1%); whereas, in Volkamariana and Carrizo citrange, urea (1%) enhanced the activity of α-amylase more as compared to boric acid (0.6%). Peroxidase activity was enhanced more by boric acid (0.6%) in all three rootstocks. It may be concluded that both boric acid (0.6%) and urea (1%) have positive effect on improvement of fruit quality, physical and biochemical characteristics and may be used as foliar application during mid-July in Daisy mandarin fruits budded on Citrus jambhiri Lush., Volkamariana and Carrizo citrange for amelioration of granulation with improvement of fruit quality.ThesisItem Open Access Influence of Proline and Ascorbic acid on seed germination behaviour of tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) under salt stress(Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, 2017) Harmanjot Kaur; Gupta, NamartaIn this work, the influence of proline and ascorbic acid on physiological and biochemical parameters in tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) seeds of genotypes Punjab Varkha Bahar-4 and Roma at different salinity levels was studied. The salinity stress has deleterious effect on seed germination and seed vigour parameters. Seeds of tomato were treated with different treatments (hydration, different concentrations of proline and ascorbic acid) at 25mM, 50mM and 75mM NaCl concentrations. Various estimates were done from treated seedlings after 14 days of germination. All seed treatments increased the physiological (percent germination, seedling length, seedling biomass, speed of germination, vigour index I and II) and biochemical parameters (total soluble sugars, total soluble proteins and activities of antioxidant enzymes) of seedlings as compared to control at 25mM, 50mM and 75mM NaCl concentrations. The results showed that proline 10mM and ascorbic acid 4mM were more effective than proline 5mM and ascorbic acid 1mM at all salinity levels. Thus, application of proline and ascorbic acid could play an ameliorating role on salt stress tolerance by regulating and scavenging the free radicals produced by reactive oxygen species.ThesisItem Open Access Assessment of weed flora diversity in sole crops and intercropping systems during rabi season in Punjab(Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, 2017) Jiwan; Sharma, RajniThis study was conducted at Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, India to assess the weed flora diversity in sole and intercrops during rabi season. Weed flora studies were done in four sole crops- wheat, mustard, potato, radish; four intercrops- wheat+mustard, wheat+linseed, gram+mustard, pea+mustard and fallow land (control). Total twenty one weed species were found from of them six were monocot and fifteen were dicot weed species; nineteen were annual and two perennial in their life cycle. Thirteen different families were recorded among them Poaceae family was found to be dominant among all the sole, intercrops and fallow land. The highest density was recorded of Poa annua 20.5/m2 in fallow land in the month of March. The Importance value index was highest for Coronopus didymus in December, January and February respectively was taken over by Medicago denticulata in March. The highest Shannon wiener was recorded in fallow land (2.47) and evenness index was highest in wheat (2.19) in month of March. The similarity between radish and gram+mustard (0.87) in January was highest among all. The highest dissimilarity was found between fallow land and wheat (0.69) in December. The highest biomass was found in fallow land (1136.7 Kg/ha) in March. The nutrient uptake (N, P and K) was higher of sole crops as compared to intercrops. The highest nutrient uptake (N, P and K) was recorded in the fallow land 2058.2, 191.9 and 1004.1Kg/ha respectively in March.ThesisItem Restricted Physiological and biochemical changes in seed of pigeonpea [Cajanus cajan (L.) Millsp.] during storage(2017) Kamboj, Shaveta; Bassi, GeetaPresent research was conducted to store two different seed lots (fresh and revalidated) of pigeonpea cv. PAU 881 using four different packaging containers (cloth bag, cloth bag containing drying beads, only desiccator and desiccator containing drying beads) under two different temperature regimes i.e. ambient (~27.30C) and cold room temperature (~15.50C) to observe changes in seed quality. Bimonthly data with respect to physiological and biochemical seed quality parameters was observed to determine the quality of the stored seeds. After 12 months of cold room storage conditions (temperature ~15.50C and relative humidity ~55.5%), fresh seed lot with moisture content ~8.42%, when stored in desiccator containing drying beads showed maximum seed quality i.e. germination (81.3%), vigour index I (2990.21), vigour index II (21.41), total soluble sugars (46.77 mg/g), total soluble proteins (218.83 mg/g) and least electrical conductivity (0.63 µmhos cm-1 seed-1). Under same storage conditions, revalidated seed lot (which was already 12 months old) indicated maximum seed quality upto 10 months of storage i.e. germination (76%), vigour index I (2733.72), vigour index II (19.76), total soluble sugars (43.44 mg/g), total soluble proteins (204.65 mg/g) and least electrical conductivity (0.72 µmhos cm-1 seed-1). Maximum deterioration was observed in revalidated seeds when stored under ambient temperature conditions in cloth bag.ThesisItem Open Access Physiological and anatomical reaction of grape (Vitis vinifera L.) genotypes to anthracnose(Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, 2017) Murria, Sarah; Nirmaljit KaurThe present investigation was undertaken with the objective to screen five grapevine varieties against anthracnose caused by Elsinoe ampelina (de Bary) Shear under field conditions; and to evaluate the anatomical, physiological and biochemical characteristics in relation to reaction of the grapevine varieties to the disease. On the basis of Percent disease incidence (PDI) worked out in the leaves, the variety Punjab MACS Purple was characterized as resistant, Pusa Navrang and Flame Seedless as moderately resistant and Beauty Seedless and Perlette as susceptible varieties. The stomatal characteristics viz., stomatal size and stomatal index were significantly high in most susceptible variety Perlette. The variety Punjab MACS Purple which is resistant to the pathogen had compact spongy mesophyll and visibly high trichome density. Significant Pearson correlation coefficient has been found between PDI and stomatal size and stomatal index. The physiological and biochemical constituents viz., chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, total chlorophyll, carotenoids, total soluble sugars, total soluble proteins, free amino acids, total phenols, ascorbic acid, proline, α-tocopherol and MDA content was quantified from the healthy and infected leaves of the five grapevines varieties. The chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b and total chlorophyll were higher in the healthy leaves as compared to the infected ones. These pigments were high in the resistant variety and low in the susceptible variety. The carotenoids were higher in the healthy leaves as compared to the infected ones. This was high in the susceptible variety and low in the resistant variety. The total soluble sugars, total soluble proteins, free amino acids, total phenols, ascorbic acid, proline and α-tocopherol were significantly higher in the resistant variety Punjab MACS Purple and minimum in the susceptible variety Perlette whereas the MDA content was low in the Punjab MACS Purple and maximum in the Perlette. The activity of the peroxidase and polyphenol oxidase was significantly higher in the infected leaves as compared to their healthy counterparts in all the grape varieties. Among different varieties, peroxidase and polyphenol oxidase was maximum in Punjab MACS Purple and minimum in Perlette. Highest Pearson correlation coefficient of PDI has been observed and chlorophyll b followed by total phenols. The characteristics viz., stomatal size, stomatal index, pigments and total phenols can therefore be used as markers for evaluating grapevine genotypes against Elsinoe ampelina.ThesisItem Restricted Physiological studies on seed ageing in bitter gourd (Momordica charantia L.) cv. Punjab 14(Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, 2017) Bansal, Megha; Bedi, SeemaBitter gourd (Momordica charantia L.) cv. Punjab 14 seeds harvested in mid-June were subjected to three post-harvest storage procedures, viz., fresh seeds (5°C; 30% RH) for 8 months (stored in refrigerator), stored seeds (kept at room temperature) for 8 months and accelerated aged seeds. Fresh seeds stored in refrigerator were subjected to accelerated ageing (45°C; 90% RH) for 3, 6 and 9 days respectively. Our results showed that increasing ageing duration resulted in reduction in germination percentage and seedling vigour index. All the ageing treatments resulted in membrane damage, as is evident from higher solute leakage in aged seeds. Besides physiological changes, biochemical changes due to ageing included a reduction in content of total soluble proteins whereas, the total soluble sugars and total free amino acids increased with accelerated ageing. There was a decrease in the activities of antioxidant related enzyme, viz., catalase and peroxidase. Exceptionally, α-amylase activity increased with accelerated ageing. The amount of ascorbic acid, α-tocopherol and DNA also reduced with accelerated ageing. Protein profile (SDS-PAGE) of aged seeds showed alteration in banding pattern when compared to that of fresh seeds.ThesisItem Open Access Alteration of plant architecture and reproductive efficiency of pigeonpea (Cajanus cajan L.) genotypes through growth retardants(Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, 2017) Mandeep Kaur; Jagmeet KaurField experiment was conducted at Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana during kharif season in the year 2016-17 with an objective to investigate the effect of ethrel (@ 200 ppm), stance (@ 200 ml/ac) and mepiquat chloride (@ 200 ml/ac) on the growth, flower retention and yield of pigeonpea genotypes PAU 881 and AL 201. The biochemical changes associated with the use of growth substances were also studied. Foliar spray of growth substances were done at 60, 68 and 75 days after sowing. Various morpho-physiological, biochemical and yield characteristics were analyzed at different developmental stages. The plant height reduced effectively with the foliar applications of growth substances. The leaves of treated plants exhibited increased level of chlorophyll, which provided better conditions for higher production of photosynthates to be utilized for grain yield. The parameters determining reproductive efficiency and yield were significantly improved due to reduction in flower abscission, improved flower retention, pod formation, and seed weight. The treatments also affected the various biochemical constituents viz. total soluble sugars, total starch content (leaves and stem), total soluble proteins and amino acids (pod wall and developing seed). The activity of enzymes viz., invertase (stem, leaves, pod wall and developing seed) and sucrose synthase (leaves and stem) also increased in response to growth substances. Ethrel (@ 200 ppm) 60+75 DAS showed the best result among all the treatments.ThesisItem Restricted Allelopathic potential of rice on Echinochloa crus-galli (L.) Beauv., Echinochloa colona (L.) Link and Phalaris minor Retz.(Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, 2017) Hardeep Kaur; Navjyot KaurThe present study was conducted to study the allelopathic potential of six rice varieties (PR 115, PR 124, PR 118, Pusa Punjab Basmati-1509, Punjab Basmati-3 and Basmati-386) against germination and seedling growth of Echinochloa crus-galli, Echinochloa colona and Phalaris minor. Shoot extracts (5%) of non-basmati rice varieties prepared from 50 days old plants had more detrimental effect on germination and seedling growth of E. crus-galli as compared to basmati rice varieties. PR 124, a non-basmati variety exhibited maximum inhibitory effect on germination, SVI I and II with 88.4, 95.8 and 98.6% reduction than respective controls. Root extracts (5%) of Punjab Basmati- 3, most severely affected germination, SVI I and II of E-crus-galli with 79.8, 86.9 and 96.2% reduction than respective controls. Shoot extracts of basmati varieties reduced germination, SVI I and II of E. colona by 56.7 to 73.1%, 81.1 to 87.6% and 87.6 to 96.1% than respective controls. Shoot extracts of Basmati-386 and root extracts of Punjab Basmati-3 exhibited maximum inhibitory effect on germination and seedling growth of E. colona. Paddy straw extracts (5%) of non-basmati varieties caused 26.1 to 64.8% reduction in germination, 38.9 to 78.3% reduction in SVI I and 4 to 73.6% reduction in SVI II as compared to respective controls. Paddy straw extract of basmati varieties caused 34.3 to 58.6% reduction in germination, 41.1 to 68.6% reduction in SVI I and 13.7 to 78.3% reduction in SVI II as compared to their respective controls. Maximum inhibitory effect on P. minor germination (64.8%) was exerted by paddy straw extract of PR 115. Whereas, in all cases extract of vegetative and harvesting stages caused increase in membrane leakage of seedlings with concomitant reduction in chlorophyll, carotenoid, total soluble sugars and total soluble protein content.ThesisItem Open Access Assessing field and polytunnel based methods for screening wheat genotypes under terminal heat stress(Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, 2017) Sharma, Manjeet; Sarlach, R.S.Heat stress is one of major abiotic factor which limits the production and productivity of wheat (Triticum asetivum L.) in different areas of world. In first part of our study, two sets of wheat genotypes were raised under different growth conditions viz. timely sown and late sown. In second part of our study sets of genotypes were grown raised in pots under polytunnel conditions viz stress with aeration, normal, stress without aeration. The experiment was laid out in a random design and complete random design with three replication under different growing conditions at different temperature conditions. Result of various morphological and physiological parameters showed significant difference and yield related parameters indicated that heat stress at grain filling in late sown environment caused reduction in yield as 18.19% in set I and 29.90% in set II under field conditions. Under controlled stress condition (aeration) 13.81 % reduction in yield was recorded as compared to normal. Correlation analysis between various parameters showed that yield is highly correlated with grains per spike and seed in central floret. The results suggest that these physiological traits may used as secondary traits for determining. Genotypes BWL 5202, PBW 658, PBW 725 are tolerant varieties under field and polytunnel conditions.