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ThesisItem Open Access Evaluation of biochemical and antioxidative properties of different turmeric species(Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, 2021) Harshdeep Kaur; Parampreet KaurLeaves of Curcuma species and its volatile oil are reported to possess several bioactive components, however are generally discarded as waste at time of rhizome harvesting, whereas rhizomes constitute the most commonly used plant part of Curcuma species in either raw or processed powder form. Present study was thus undertaken to characterize the biochemical and anti-oxidative properties of leaves, fresh rhizomes and processed powder of different turmeric species i.e., C. longa (var. Punjab Haldi 1, Punjab Haldi 2, Pragati, Pitamber and Rajendra Sonia), C. amada and C. caesia grown under Punjab conditions. Among the C. longa cultivars, moisture content was observed to be highest in leaves of Punjab Haldi 1 (87.69%) whereas dry matter (18.09%) and ash content (4.31%) was highest in Pragati. Crude fibre and crude protein were found highest in Punjab Haldi 1 (4.56%) and Rajendra Sonia (1.49%) respectively. Leaves of C. amada possessed highest phenolic (28.31 mg/g FW) and flavonoid content (17.28 mg/g FW). GC-MS analysis of volatile oil extracted from leaves of C. longa cultivars near harvesting indicated the presence of α-terpinolene in maximum concentrations and characterized into α-terpinolene chemotype. Bioefficacy of oils against Alternaria alternata was determined and volatile oil of cultivar Pragati exhibited the highest anti-fungicidal activity as well as the highest DPPH free radical scavenging ability and lowest peroxide value. Proximate and biochemical composition of fresh rhizomes and processed powder was determined and highest dry recovery percent was obtained for Punjab Haldi 2 followed by Punjab Haldi 1 among C. longa cultivars. Overall, a decline in total soluble proteins and amino acids content upon processing of fresh rhizomes to powder was observed, whereas amount of phenolics and flavonoids increased. The colour of turmeric powder was brighter than the fresh rhizomes. Curcumin was observed to be in range of 2.95-3.80% among C. longa cultivars, with its highest content present in powder of Pragati followed by Punjab Haldi 1 and Punjab Haldi 2. The higher activity of antioxidative enzymes i.e., Catalase, Peroxidase and Phenylalanine ammonium lyase was exhibited by fresh rhizomes of Punjab Haldi 2, Punjab Haldi 1 and Pragati respectively. In nut shell, every part of Curcuma herb is edible and it bestows myriads of nutraceutical properties that are beneficial to human health. So, present study accentuates its enormous potential for diverse applications in agri-food industry.ThesisItem Open Access Role of γ-amino butyric acid against stripe rust in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)(Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, 2021) Parmdeep Singh; Zhawar, Vikramjit KaurPBW 725 was found the most resistant cultivar against stripe rust in a screen of seven wheat cultivars under field conditions. GABA applications improved the performance of all seven cultivars against stripe rust. PBW 725 (resistant) and HD 2967 (susceptible) were compared for antioxidant, phenolic, GABA, and carbohydrate metabolisms at 1, 2, and 4 d of GABA, Puccinia striiformis. sp. tritici (Pst), GABA+Pst given to 30-d old seedlings growing in the greenhouse. Fold increase of SOD, APX, GR, GPX, and GST was higher at 1 d in PBW 725 while at 4 d in HD 2967. H2O2 increased at 1 d but decreased at later stages in HD 2967, while PBW 725 maintained H2O2 level during the stress period. PBW725 sustained CAT, DHAR, MDHAR, soluble-POX/PPO, lignin, phenolics, and flavonoids, while HD 2967 became deficient at the late stage Pst. An early increase of lignin was seen in leaves of PBW 725 only. Glucanase and chitinase increased by a significant amount at the late stage of Pst in HD 2967 only. Compared to PBW 725, starch decreased earlier and glucose utilized by more amount in leaves while starch hydrolyzed poorly, and fructose, sucrose, and proline became deficient in roots in HD 2967 under Pst. Compared to PBW 725, glutamate decarboxylase, diamine oxidase, and GABA increased poorly in HD 2967 under Pst. Proteases increased only in HD 2967 at earlier stages but decreased by 4 d of Pst. Protein levels became low by 4 d of Pst in HD 2967 only. Toxicity as hydroxyl, malondialdehyde and protein carbonyls increased only in HD 2967 and raised more in roots than leaves under Pst. GABA improved all studied metabolisms in both cultivars under non-stressed as well as stressed conditions. Toxicity decreased, and defense increased on the application of GABA in HD 2967 under stripe rust. Results concluded that stress response over time is related to resistance against stripe rust. Antioxidant sustainability during the stress period, sugar to starch interconversions, and GABA-shunt activity may be the components of resistance. GABA applications can improve stripe rust resistance in wheat.ThesisItem Restricted Biochemical characterisation of barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) mutants with high tiller number(Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, 2021) Dhir, Muskaan; Bhardwaj, Rachana D.Sixteen barley mutants with high tiller number along with the check variety (RD 2552) were evaluated for yield and nutritional quality parameters. The average contents of starch, total soluble sugars, β-glucan, total proteins and amino acids were reported to be 561.5 mg/g, 34.27 mg/g, 42.94 mg/g, 148.6 mg/g and 8.62 mg/g respectively. Six mutants namely BM91169, BM91-170, BM91-175, BM91-190, BM92-203 and BM99-238 possessed higher amount of starch. BM91-190 and BM92-215 were having higher content of total soluble proteins. Six barley mutants (BM90-131, BM91-168, BM92-215, BM99-238, BM-249 and BM-250) showed minimum amount of anti-nutritional factors. BM102-249 possessed highest antioxidant potential in terms of total flavonoids, total phenols and tocopherol. Zinc and iron contents were found to be maximum in BM99-238 and BM91-193 respectively. BM90-127, BM99-238 and BM92-215 depicted maximum thousand grain weight along with maximum positive characters, and therefore these mutants were selected for studying sucrose starch metabolism. Sucrose content was found to be maximum in the mutant and check variety during initial stages of grain filling which can be partially attributed to the enhanced Sucrose phosphate synthase (SPS) activity during these stages. Starch accumulation was observed to be maximum in the grains at 40th Days after anthesis (DAA). BM99-238 contained high amounts of nutritional factors such as starch, total fructose, β-glucan, total flavonoids and zinc and low antinutritional factors. It also accumulated maximum starch content during various stages of grain development. Therefore, this mutant may be considered as nutritionally good and may be employed in breeding programmes to develop potential food crop and feed sources.ThesisItem Restricted Impact of carbon and nitrogen metabolism on grain filling in quinoa(Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, 2021) Sonali; Grewal, Satvir KaurThe present investigation was carried out to study the impact of carbon and nitrogen metabolism in quinoa genotypes IC411824, IC411825, EC507747 and EC507742 during pre anthesis, anthesis and post anthesis period at different days after sowing (DAS). It was observed that activities of acid invertase, sucrose synthase (cleavage) and sucrose phosphate synthase (SPS) increased up to 75 DAS and this might be responsible for providing reducing sugars for the development of vegetative parts. Increased activities of acid invertase, sucrose synthase (cleavage) and sucrose phosphate synthase from 75 to 90 DAS of inflorescence in quinoa genotypes might be responsible for the assimilation of carbohydrates needed for the development of seeds during post-anthesis period. The activities of acid invertase and sucrose synthase (cleavage) were observed to be maximum in seeds of quinoa genotypes at 110 DAS and decreased with the progression of seed development and were found to be minimum near seed maturity at 124 DAS. Enhanced activities of nitrate reductase, glutamate synthase, glutamine synthtase during vegetative growth of leaves and stem at 90 DAS assists the fixation of ammonia on glutamate molecule to synthesize amino acids at early stages. However, the glutamate dehydrogenase and nitrite reductase had significant role in the re- assimilation of amides from the amino group of asparginase at 90 DAS of inflorescence and 124 DAS of seed maturity. Photosynthetic products like glucose and sucrose provide both the energy and the C-skeletons for ammonium assimilation during amino acid biosynthesis. Carbohydrate composition, free radical scavenging activity and phenolics were observed to be maximum during post anthesis period of seed development in quinoa genotypes.ThesisItem Open Access Evaluation of old wheat lines for nutritional quality traits and protein profiling(Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, 2021) Rajwinder Kaur; Bhardwaj, Rachana D.Thirty-four lines of ancient wheat and PBW550 as check variety were evaluated for nutritional quality traits, anti-nutritional factors and total antioxidant potential. The starch content lied in the range 52.56-68.5%. Total soluble proteins ranged from 7.28 in Triticum sphaerococcum (TS) 27 to 16.29% in TS 9. Amylose content ranged from 13.27 (TS 3) to 27.98% (TS 4) of starch content. Iron content was in the range 29.33-60 μg/g whereas Zinc varied from 30 to 61.5 μg/g. Tocopherol content ranged from 4.59 to 12.35 mg/g. Sona Moti, Nanne Samrat and Sugar free depicted higher contents of starch, amylose, protein, antioxidant capacity and lower contents of saponins. TS 19 lied in the high range of proteins, antioxidant potential, medium/high range of albumin-globulin and amphiphilic fractions and lower range of glutens and saponins. TS 26 had higher contents of tocopherol and total soluble proteins with more of albumin-globulin and amphiphilic fractions and less of glutens. Therefore, Sona moti, Nanne Samrat, Sugar free, TS 19 and TS 26 possessed better nutritional quality traits in contrary to modern cultivars.ThesisItem Open Access Characterization of wheat lines with rye translocation for biochemical and quality parameters(Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, 2021) Ramandeep Kaur; Grewal, Satvir KaurThe replacement of the short arm of wheat chromosome 1B with short arm of rye 1R chromosome (1BL/1RS translocation) has been widely used around the world to enhance wheat yield potential, resistance to rust and mildew and adaptation. However, the translocation is combined with inherent quality problems associated with reduced dough strength and dough stickiness (`sticky dough syndrome') mainly because of two loci on 1RS, presence of Sec-1 on proximal end encoding ω-and γsecalins and absence of Glu-B3 linked Gli-B1 on distal end. The study aimed at using two NILs, one carrying Glu-B3-/Sec-1 and the other carrying Glu-B3+/Sec-1+ from 1BS, generated in background of Pavon (Pavon44:38 and Pavon40:9) for transferring these two loci in yellow rust resistant version of two elite wheat varieties PBW550 + Yr5 (BWL3558) and DBW17 + Yr5 (BWL3279) carrying 1BL/RS translocation (Glu-B3-/Sec-1+) through maker assisted backcross breeding (MABB) for addressing the quality concern of 1BL/1RS translocation lines and their characterization on the basis of biochemical and quality parameters associated with bread baking characteristics. BC1F5:6 advanced backcross introgression lines (ABILs) (Glu-B3-/Sec-1- and Glu-B3+/Sec+1) were generated from four different crosses (Pavon44:38xBWL3558, Pavon44:38xBWL3279, Pavon40:9xBWL3558 and Pavon40: 9xBWL3279) through foreground and background selection. The absence of Secalin protein and presence of GluB3/GliB1 proteins of the selected 126 ABILs were also confirmed through SDS-PAGE. The evaluation of these 126 selected ABILs for yield related traits, biochemical as well as quality characteristics was done for two years. In yield trial, 21 ABILs with Sec-1 and 9 ABILs with Glu-B3 gene in the background of PBW550/DBW17 whose performance was better to recurrent parent were selected. Significant GxE effect was observed across the years. On the other end, from these 126 ABILs the well performed ABILs for biochemical and quality characteristics were selected for product making along with the donor and recurrent parent as checks. Effect of environment was found to be significant on all the biochemical and quality traits of the grains. The ABILs selected for product making were having total phenol content (≤ 2mg/g), total carotenoids content (≥ 3.5), free amino acid content (≥ 1.3), protein content (11-12%), hectolitre weight (72-76kg/hl), grain hardness (10-12kg), phenol reaction score (2.5-3.5), grain appearance score (5-6), sedimentation value (40-50cc), gluten index (90-100),), and gluten content (12-15%). In these selected ABILs there were 9 ABILs with Glu-B3-/Sec-1-1 and 4 ABILs with Glu-B3-/Sec-1- gene configuration on 1RS chromosome. The loaf volume and loaf rise was better of the ABILs in which Sec-1- locus have been transferred which indicated that the presence of Sec-1 is more deleterious than the absence of Glu-B3. The developed two sets of recombinant 1BL/1RS lines (Glu-B3-/Sec-1- and Glu-B3+/Sec+1) can be intercrossed and used for the generation of more improved version of 1BL/1RS cultivars (Glu-B3+/Sec-1-).ThesisItem Open Access Biochemical characterization and functional properties of Aloe vera grown under Punjab conditions(Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, 2021) Bhatia, Pragati; Bhatia, SurekhaBiochemical characterization and functional properties of three Aloe vera varieties Sheetal, Local and Non edible grown under Punjab conditions were done. The moisture content of gel varied from 98 to 99% whereas in leaves it varied from 94.5 to 95.5%. Leaves and gel was dried at different temperatures viz 50°C, 60°C and -40°C. Irrespective of temperature of drying, carbohydrate and ascorbic acid content was higher in gel than leaves whereas fibre, protein, ash as well as phenolic content were higher in leaves than in gel of all the three varieties. Highest phenolic content was found in Sheetal variety followed by Local and it was higher at 60°C than 50°C. DPPH radical scavenging activity, hydroxyl scavenging activity, reducing power, Fe2+ chelation activity was greater in gel powder than in leaf powder and these activities varied with variation in drying temperature. Magnesium and iron content was highest among macro and micro nutrients respectively in both gel and leaves of Local and Sheetal variety. Activities of enzyme catalase, peroxidase and ascorbate peroxidase were highest in Non edible aloe vera followed by Sheetal and Local variety. Gel powder of all varieties contained considerable amount of water swelling, oil holding, foaming capacity and stability, emulsion property and stability whereas leaf powder showed only water swelling and oil holding properties. These functional properties decreased with increase in drying temperature. Polysaccharide from two varieties Local and Sheetal were partially purified by ethanol precipitation and by passing through DEAE cellulose column and characterized. In Sheetal variety, three fractions of polysaccharides were obtained with water, 0.2M and 0.8M of NaCl having the yield of 51.3%, 18.7% and 18.4% respectively. In polysaccharide of Local, four fractions with water, 0.2M, 0.4M and 0.7M of NaCl were obtained having the yield of 15.34%, 11.1%, 19.2% and 31.7% respectively. These polysaccharide fractions showed considerable amount of DPPH activity, hydroxyl scavenging activity and reducing power. The FTIR analysis showed the presence of hydroxyl groups, carboxyl groups, pyranose ring, mannose, glucan units and o-acetyl esters in ethanol precipitated gel as well as purified fractions.ThesisItem Open Access Comparative studies on carbon and nitrogen metabolism in spring maize and teosinte.(Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, 2021) Gurkarman Singh; Kamaljit KaurThe present investigation was undertaken to study comparative studies on carbon and nitrogen metabolism in spring maize and teosinte. For this study, two genotypes of maize viz., PMH-2 (relatively susceptible to heat stress), PMH-10 (relatively tolerant to heat stress) and a wild relative teosinte were taken into consideration. The content of sugars and the activities of carbohydrate and nitrogen metabolizing enzymes were determined in shoots and roots of seedlings. Heat stress increased the total soluble sugars and sucrose content in roots and shoots of PMH-10 and teosinte seedlings while it decreased in those of PMH-2 seedlings at 8 DSG stage. The roots of teosinte seedlings showed unaffected sucrose hydrolysing enzymatic activities. Sucrose synthetase (cleavage) activity of PMH-10 seedlings appeared to be mainly responsible for sucrose breakdown under stress conditions. In shoots of both maize and teosinte seedlings sucrose was primarily metabloised by sucrose synthetase (cleavage) activity. Sucrose phosphate synthetase activity was induced in PMH-2 and PMH-10 seedlings only while such induction was not observed in those of teosinte under stress conditions. In general, a parallel increase in GOGAT, GS and GDH activities in teosinte and PMH-10 seedlings corresponded to the increased total soluble protein content in their roots and shoots under heat stress. A decrease in the activities of above enzymes in PMH-2 seedlings corresponded to their decreased total soluble protein contentThesisItem Restricted Metabolic changes in roots and nodules of lentil genotypes with imazethapyr treatment(Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, 2021) Alisha; Grewal, Satvir KaurLentil (Lens culinaris) is an important pulse crop. Weed infestation affects the yield of lentil as it is a poor competitor of weeds due to their short stature and sluggish growth rate. The present study was to screen lentil genotypes of imazethapyr treatment. Twenty lentil genotypes were sown under three treatments: weed check (T1), weed-free (T2) and sprayed with imazethapyr (T3). Four contrasting genotypes comprising of two imazethapyr tolerant (LL1397 and LL1612) and two susceptible (Flip 2004-7L and PL07) genotypes were selected based on their morpho-physiological traits, number of pods/plant, 100-seed weight and yield. Activity of acetolactate synthase (ALS), carbon (alkaline/acid invertase, sucrose synthase and malate dehydrogenase) and nitrogen (glutamate dehydrogenase, glutamine synthetase and glutamate synthase) metabolizing enzymes were analyzed in four contrasting genotypes in both roots and nodules under three treatments. Imazethapyr inhibits the synthesis of acetolactate synthase (ALS), an enzyme responsible for the synthesis of branched-chain amino acids in plants. Higher activity of ALS in roots and nodules of LL1397 and LL1612 might be responsible for their better plant growth as compared to Flip 2004-7L and PL07. Higher activity of alkaline invertase, sucrose synthase, malate dehydrogenase (MDH), glutamate dehydrogenase (GDH), glutamine synthetase (GOGAT) and glutamate synthase (GS) in both roots and nodules might be helping their growth and nodule metabolism in LL1612 and LL1397 as compared to Flip 2004-7L and PL07 lentil genotypes.
