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2010 - 201422
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Subject: Biochemistry × End date: 2014 × Start date: 2010 × Type: Thesis × Thesis Type: M.Sc ×
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Now showing 1 - 9 of 22
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    STUDIES ON THE COMPARISON OF ANTIOXIDANT POTENTIAL OF OATS AND BARLEY
    (PAU Ludhiana, 2011) Sudip Das; Manjeet Kaur, Sangha
    The present study aimed at evaluating the antioxidant potential of barley and oat forage crops (RD-2552 and OL-9 respectively) under normal field conditions at 30, 60 and 90 days after sowing and of grains of barley genotypes viz. RD-2552, PL-172, PL-807, PL-426, DWRUB- 52 and VJM-201 and oat genotypes viz. 0L-9, 0S-6, OS-7, HJ-8 and HF0-114. The antioxidant potential was estimated in terms of activities of antioxidant enzymes viz. superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), ascorbate peroxidase (APX), glutathione reductase (GR) and peroxidase (POD) and ascorbic acid (Vit.C) content. Contents of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and malondialdehyde (MDA) were also estimated. Antioxidant enzymes activities and Vit.C registered maximum value at 60 DAS in both the crop leaves. The values were significantly (CD 5%) higher in barley as compared to oat leaves at all the three vegetative stages. H2O2 content was minimum at 60 DAS whereas MDA content was lowest at 30 DAS in both the crop leaves. The levels were however significantly (CD 5%) lower in barley as compared to oat leaves. Among different barley grains PL-172, RD-2552, PL-807 and DWRUB-52 had higher and VJM-201 and PL-426 lower antioxidant enzyme activities and Vit.C content. There seemed to be no association between two rowed and six rowed barley genotypes and antioxidant enzyme activities. H2O2 content was lowest in PL- 807 and highest in VJM-201. MDA content was undetected in PL-172 and highest in VJM- 201. In oats OL-9, OS-6 and OS-7 grains had high antioxidant enzyme activities and Vit.C content whereas HJ-8 and HFO-114 grains registered lower values. However these genotypes had higher H2O2 and MDA levels. The study depicts that barley crop and grains inherently have higher antioxidant potential as compared to oat crop and grains.
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    ThesisItemRestricted
    BIOCHEMICAL BASIS OF HARDSEEDEDNESS IN VIGNA SPECIES
    (PAU Ludhiana, 2012) Richa Ahuja; Sucheta Sharma
    The present investigation was undertaken to study percent hardseededness, seed coat constituents and variation in the biochemical composition of cotyledonary tissue of 10 Vigna species viz., SML832, PAU911, SML668, ML818, MASH218, MASH1008, MASH338, MASH114, RBL1 and RBL6. Seeds from these Vigna species were stored in cloth bags for 180 days at room temperature and the effect of storage period on germinability, vigor index and chemical composition of seeds was studied. The % hardseededness in different Vigna species varied from 14-82% at 24 h and 8-68% after 48 h soaking period. The % hardseededness in different Vigna species decreased with storage of seeds upto 180 days under ambient conditions. The seed coats of hard lines contained higher cellulose and hemicellulose content as compared to those from soft lines. There was non-significant variation in the % neutral detergent fiber, % acid detergent fiber and tannin content in seed coats and total soluble sugars, reducing sugars, phenols and phytate content in the cotyledonary tissue of these Vigna species. However, total lipid content varied significantly. At harvest, the germination % and vigor index values were higher in soft lines as compared to hard lines. The germination % and vigor index values in hard lines increased with the storage period upto 180 days. Lipid peroxidation values increased significantly with storage period in seeds of various Vigna species studied whereas catalase and peroxidase activities decreased. The total lipid content in seeds of all the Vigna species decreased whereas phenolic content increased with the storage period. The results of the present study suggests that although the % hardseededness in different Vigna species decreases with increasing storage period but the seed deterioration occurs with the passage of time.
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    ThesisItemRestricted
    ROLE OF ANTIOXIDANT- AND LEA GENES IN WHEAT (Triticum aestivum L.) SEEDLINGS UNDER DIFFERENT ABIOTIC STRESSES
    (PAU Ludhiana, 2011) Priyanka Bhagi; A. K., Gupta
    Two wheat cultivars, C306 (drought tolerant) and PBW343 (drought susceptible) were compared for their response to water stress (WS), salt stress (ST) and combined stress (WS plus ST) during germination. Their response was studied in the form of growth and antioxidant potential in roots and shoots and in the form of 11 LEA (group 2, group 3 and group 4) genes’ expression in shoots. Drought tolerant cultivar, C306 was found to be more salt sensitive in comparison to drought sensitive cultivar PBW 343. Salt sensitivity of C306 was related to more MDA contents, lower levels of antioxidant enzymes, lesser proline contents in roots, lesser dry weight accumulation under ST than the levels observed under WS. Salt-insensitivity of PBW343 was related to increased levels of H2O2 followed by increased ascorbate and ascorbate/dehydroascorbate ratio under ST whereas such features were almost lacking under WS. Dry matter accumulation under ST was also more than under WS in PBW343. Above mentioned responses under combined stress were more similar to WS than ST in C306 and were more similar to ST than to WS in PBW343. Among 11 LEA genes, nine genes were induced by higher amount under WS than under ST in C306. This also favored salt-susceptibility of C306. In PBW343, group 2 and group 4 genes were almost equally induced under WS and ST but group 3 genes were more induced under ST than WS. Two LEA genes, Wdhn13 and Td25a were more salt-responsive as these were induced more under ST than WS in both cultivars.
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    SCALED UP PRODUCTION OF TEA WINE AND ITS ANALYSIS
    (PAU Ludhiana, 2011) HEENA; R.P., Phutela
    The research problem “Scaled up production of tea wine and its analysis” aimed at the technology development. Initial alcoholic fermentation was carried out at 400 ml scale using three brands of tea, i.e. Taj Mahal, Agni (CTC type) and Lipton Green. The ‘Agni’ wort fermentated by Saccharomyces cerevisiae (strain 35) produced maximum ethanol, 7.3% at 89.1% fermentation efficiency while it was maximum 6.9% ethanol at 84.2% fermentation efficiency with S. bayanus. The scaled up ‘Agni’ tea wine production upto 2000 ml with S cerevisiae produced maximum alcohol, 8.0% with fermentation efficiency 97.7%. Further scaled up fermentation to 5000 ml revealed that the 1% tea wort at 15oB produced 7.2% ethanol while at 250B it produced 12.8% ethanol. The 1.5% tea wort at 15oB produced 7.6% ethanol and at 250B it was 11.5% ethanol production. Using jaggery (Gur) as an alternative source of sugar for production of 1.5% tea wine at 5 litre scale revealed the ethanol production at 7.8 % from 15oB wort and 12.1% ethanol from 25oB wort. The cost of production of three types of wines namely Type- I (7.8% alcohol, crystal sugar), Type -II (7.8% alcohol, gur) and Type - III (12.1% alcohol, gur) were computed. Assuming the production plant worked effectively for 9 months a year, one 1 litre bottle of Type- I costed Rs 98.30, Type-II Rs 90.80 and Type -III Rs 97.60. Organoleptically, the Type-I tea wine scored best of 15.0/20.0 with a panel of 11 taster-judges.
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    STUDIES ON DEVELOPMENT OF PROTOCOL FOR FROZEN BUTTON MUSHROOM (Agaricus bisporus (Lange) Sing.)
    (PAU, 2013) NEHA
    In this study, Agaricus bisporus strains P-1 and U-3 were cultivated on long method compost. Strain U-3 was higher yielder (14.31 kg/100 kg) than strain P-1. The freshly harvested mushrooms were subjected to different washing treatments [plain water, citric acid (0.5%), potassium metabisulphite (0.05%) or combinations of these washings with blanching (40 sec) ] prior to quick freezing at -350C (10 mins), packing in polypropylene bags and storing at -18ºC. Observations were made on physical (color and texture), microbiological (bacterial count) and biochemical (polyphenol oxidase enzyme, carbohydrates, fat and proteins) properties every month. The results of color measurement of L* value decreased gradually during storage. There were significant differences in the overall color difference ( E) calculated on the basis of the L, a and b values and E was least for the treatment of blanching + CA+ KMS. Texture analysis showed that hardness decreased gradually in both strains U-3 and P-1 during storage but was acceptable upto two months of storage. Maximum hardness (1361.02 gm in U-3 and 1257.47 gm in P-1) was recorded in treatment T7 (Blanching + CA + KMS). There was no microbial spoilage in fruit bodies packed and freezed in any of the treatments but activity of polyphenol oxidase (PPO) enzyme increased gradually. The minimum PPO activities (0.036 U.min-1 gm-1 in U-3 and 0.038 U.min-1 gm-1 in P-1) were observed in treatments T6 (Blanching + KMS), T7 (Blanching + CA + KMS) and T8 (KMS + KMS). Nutritional analysis of the frozen fruit bodies showed that there was there was a minimal decrease in total sugars, lipids and protein content in both the strains compared to freshly harvested mushrooms. However, during the storage period no significant changes in these nutritional components was observed.
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    TOXIC EFFECTS ON FISH INHABITING ARSENIC CONTAMINATED FRESH WATERS OF PUNJAB
    (Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, 2012) Saini, Amandeep Kaur; Hundal, S.S.
    High concentration of arsenic in groundwater of south-western provinces of Punjab, India has become a major cause of concern. Monitoring arsenic levels and their associated health effects in fish would not only provide an insight into overall ecosystem health but may also act as a sentinel for potential impacts on human health. Freshwater fish was captured from natural sites with known constant elevated levels of arsenic of 12-13 μg/L and brought to laboratory with an objective to analyze fish muscle tissue for arsenic and the chronic effect of elevated levels of arsenic on Hepatosomatic index (HSI), Gonadosomatic index (GSI) and histology of fish. The variation in HSI and GSI values for fish from affected and control sites were statistically insignificant. Mean arsenic concentration of arsenic in the muscle tissue of fish from the area with an elevated level of arsenic was recorded as 172.3±22.4 μg/g as compared to average value of 93.3±13.1 μg/g in control. Histological studies revealed degenerative changes in liver, congestion of blood vessels in kidney along with vacuolar degeneration; besides this, significant difference in the diameter of proximal convoluted tubules and its lumen for kidney tissue was observed. The gonadal changes included the loss in shape of seminiferous tubules in testis and exfoliation of ovarian cells. The histomorphometric observations indicated an insignificant difference in the diameter of the secondary oocyte, while the primary oocyte diameter had significant variation (p>0.0001) from control specimens. These observations are in accordance with earlier studies on the effect of environmental contaminants, but being one of the first reported on fresh water fish exposed in natural waters, it assumes significance. The observations have been related to the physiology as also to the reproductive health of fish and may have a bearing on mammalian health under constant exposure.
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    CHANGES IN VARIOUS ANTIOXIDANT PARAMETERS UNDER DIFFERENT ABIOTIC STRESSES IN WHEAT (Triticum aestivum L.)
    (Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, 2014) Lovlace Kaur
    Antioxidant and phenolic metabolism were studied in two wheat cultivars PBW343 (ABA-lesser sensitive and drought sensitive), C306 (ABA-higher sensitive and drought tolerant) under different abiotic stresses and exogenous ABA supply. ABA regulation under stress involved decreases in lignin and/ or cell-wall ionically bound- peroxidases (CW-iPOX) in roots to increase root length, increases in nitric oxide (NO) signalling and detoxification mechanism, increases in proteolysis at early stage of stress to renew cellular proteins, decreases in oxidative toxicity (in terms of lesser superoxide anions radical (O2-.) and protein carbonylation) and decreases in secondary metabolism . This regulation showed poor working under water stress (WS) in PBW343 but improved on supplying ABA under WS. This regulation showed better working under salt stress (SS) / combined stress, CS (of salt plus water stress) than WS in PBW343. In C306 this regulation showed good working under WS where detoxification mechanism was almost uninduced. C306 roots showed a different ABA pathway for higher increases in root length under stresses which though involved decreases in lignin but increases in CW-iPOX and decreases in NO. Performance of C306 under SS/CS though was not varied higher from WS but it showed higher level of protein oxidation and higher level of secondary metabolism. Some salt-specific effects were seen in both cultivars, these were higher increases in NO, dehydroascorbate reductase (DHAR) and O2-.. Monodehydroascorbate reductase (MDHAR) and DHAR though were not ABA upregulated in both cultivars but their levels were higher in C306 than PBW343 under WS and were higher under SS/CS than under WS in PBW343.
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    Biochemical changes in rice (Oryza sativa L.) genotypes in response to different transplanting time
    (Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, 2012) Sharma, Kanu Priya
    The present study was conducted to understand the biochemical changes in rice (Oryza sativa L.) genotypes viz., heat tolerant (N22), moderately heat susceptible (IR8) and fine grain rice variety (PR116) in response to different transplanting time. Constitutive level of peroxidase (PO), phenylalanine ammonia lyase (PAL), tyrosine ammonia lyase (TAL), superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT) and ascorbate peroxidase (APX) was found to be significantly higher in N22 than in IR8 at very early (D1) and early transplanting (D2) times. Heat stress caused a significant increase in the level of the phenolics constituents and the activities of PO, PAL and TAL in N22. In contrast, the hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and malondialdehyde (MDA) content was maximum in IR8 and was found to be the highest at D1. Total free amino acid and proline content was significantly higher in N22 than in PR116 and IR8. Total sugars and reducing sugars decreased at D1 and maximum content was found in IR8. The starch content was found to be maximum in N22. Total chlorophyll, chlorophyll a and chlorophyll b content decreased with heat stress and minimum content was present in PR116. Total amino acid content showed an increase with increase in heat stress in IR8 and PR116. No difference was noticeable in the electrophoretic pattern of protein bands in all the three cultivars. The 1000-grain weight of paddy, brown rice and milled rice decreased at D1 and D2, particularly in IR8. Grain dimensions were unaffected by different transplanting dates. A significant decrease was observed in the head rice recovery at D1 and D2 in all the three cultivars with the maximum head rice recovery being obtained at normal transplanting time. Higher expression of PO, PAL, TAL, SOD, GR, CAT, APX, ascorbate content and phenolic constituents in N22 than in the IR8 and PR116 is suggestive of their significant role in development of tolerance exhibited by the cultivar N22 under heat stressed conditions, during D1.
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    ANALYSIS OF ANTIOXIDANT METABOLISM IN WHEAT SEEDLINGS EXPOSED TO WATER STRESS AND UNDER THE INFLUENCE OF EXOGENOUS ABSCISSIC ACID AND REACTIVE OXYGEN SPECIES
    (Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, 2012) Manpreet Kaur
    The present work was aimed to study the involvement of superoxide anions and ABA biosynthesis in germination, growth and antioxidant response under water stress (WS) and under ABA (A) supply in two wheat cultivars C306 (ABA higher sensitive-cum-drought tolerant) and PBW343 (ABA lesser sensitive-cum-drought susceptible) by using tiron (T) as superoxide scavenger and sodium tungstate (ST) as inhibitor of ABA biosynthesis. Biomass and ascorbate were decreased on scavenging superoxide ions under A in both cultivars. Antioxidant enzymes, H2O2 were decreased in PBW343 but increased in C306 on scavenging superoxide ions under A. ABA inhibitions of shoot length, root length and germination were higher in C306 than in PBW343 and these inhibitions were relieved significantly on scavenging superoxide ions in C306 not in PBW343. Fresh biomasses, antioxidant enzymes, ascorbate/dehydroascorbate ratios were decreased and dehydroascorbate and malondialdehyde contents were increased on inhibiting ABA biosynthesis and on scavenging superoxide anions under water stress in both cultivars but such changes were more significant in C306 than in PBW343. Both cultivars were also compared under H2O2 (H) supply for antioxidant response and for the involvement of ABA biosynthesis under H supply. H2O2 induced antioxidant levels were higher in C306 than in PBW343. On inhibiting ABA biosynthesis under H supply, these H2O2-mediated effects were affected but not completely removed in both cultivars.