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20137
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Subject: Biochemistry × End date: 2013 × Start date: 2013 ×
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    Biochemical studies on alleviation of cadmium induced toxicity in pea (Pisum sativum L.) and palak (Beta vulgaris var. orientalis)
    (PAU, 2013) Saini, Prabhjot Kaur; Gupta, A. K.
    The present study was carried out on pea (Pisum sativum L.) seedlings and palak (Beta vulgaris var. orientalis) plants to determine the effect of exogenous cadmium on their growth and antioxidative defence system, and to explore the role of different amendments like calcium chloride, potassium chloride, calcium hydrogen phosphate, calcium sulphate and sodium nitroprusside in ameliorating the effects of cadmium toxicity. P. sativum seedlings grown on agar supplemented with different amending agents like calcium chloride, potassium chloride and sodium nitroprusside showed higher activities of H2O2 scavenging enzymes. P. sativum seedlings also showed lower contents of H2O2 and malondialdehyde in these cases suggesting a role for the amendments in increasing seedling tolerance towards cadmium. Out of the three amendments calcium chloride was most effective in lowering cadmium content. In B. vulgaris plants grown in pots, addition of cadmium (0-100 mg Cd kg-1soil) led to increase in the contents of hydrogen peroxide and malondialdehyde and activities of superoxide dismutase, catalase and glutathione reductase in leaves and roots. On addition of calcium chloride, potassium chloride, alcium hydrogen phosphate and calcium sulphate to the soil, a reduction in the activities of ntioxidative enzymes was observed at higher doses of amendments along with reduction in hydrogen peroxide, malondialdehyde and cadmium content. Also improved growth was observed in these cases. In B. vulgaris, leaves are the edible parts and results in lowering cadmium with CaSO4 were almost as good as that of KCl while in roots CaHPO4 was found to be more effective.
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    STUDIES ON DEVELOPMENT OF PROTOCOL FOR FROZEN BUTTON MUSHROOM (Agaricus bisporus (Lange) Sing.)
    (PAU, 2013) NEHA
    In this study, Agaricus bisporus strains P-1 and U-3 were cultivated on long method compost. Strain U-3 was higher yielder (14.31 kg/100 kg) than strain P-1. The freshly harvested mushrooms were subjected to different washing treatments [plain water, citric acid (0.5%), potassium metabisulphite (0.05%) or combinations of these washings with blanching (40 sec) ] prior to quick freezing at -350C (10 mins), packing in polypropylene bags and storing at -18ºC. Observations were made on physical (color and texture), microbiological (bacterial count) and biochemical (polyphenol oxidase enzyme, carbohydrates, fat and proteins) properties every month. The results of color measurement of L* value decreased gradually during storage. There were significant differences in the overall color difference ( E) calculated on the basis of the L, a and b values and E was least for the treatment of blanching + CA+ KMS. Texture analysis showed that hardness decreased gradually in both strains U-3 and P-1 during storage but was acceptable upto two months of storage. Maximum hardness (1361.02 gm in U-3 and 1257.47 gm in P-1) was recorded in treatment T7 (Blanching + CA + KMS). There was no microbial spoilage in fruit bodies packed and freezed in any of the treatments but activity of polyphenol oxidase (PPO) enzyme increased gradually. The minimum PPO activities (0.036 U.min-1 gm-1 in U-3 and 0.038 U.min-1 gm-1 in P-1) were observed in treatments T6 (Blanching + KMS), T7 (Blanching + CA + KMS) and T8 (KMS + KMS). Nutritional analysis of the frozen fruit bodies showed that there was there was a minimal decrease in total sugars, lipids and protein content in both the strains compared to freshly harvested mushrooms. However, during the storage period no significant changes in these nutritional components was observed.
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    ThesisItemRestricted
    BIOCHEMICAL COMPOSITION AND ANTIOXIDANT STATUS OF SOYBEAN BASED CROPPING SYSTEM GROWN UNDER ORGANIC AND INORGANIC FARMING CONDITIONS
    (Punjab Agricultural University, 2013) Prabhdeep kaur
    A field experiment was conducted during kharif and rabi seasons of 2011-13 to evaluate the effect of organic (Farmyard manure; FYM) and inorganic (recommended dose of Nitrogen and Phosphorus) fertilization on biochemical composition of soybean, chickpea and wheat grains. Soybean seed quality parameters, such as total soluble proteins, total soluble sugars, tannins, glutathione content and orthodihydroxy phenols were improved due to the application of FYM @ 5t ha-1 + 50% recommended dose of NP whereas trypsin inhibitor activity and total phenolic content decreased as compared to treatments where FYM or recommended dose of NP were given alone. During rabi season, highest total soluble proteins, vitamin C, tocopherol content and average relative quantity of storage protein subunits (55.7, 48.8 and 11-13 kDa) in wheat were observed in combined treatment of FYM @ 10t ha-1 + 100% recommended dose of NP whereas starch content was maximum in treatment with FYM @ 5t ha-1 + 50% recommended dose of NP. In chickpea seeds, highest total soluble proteins, free amino acids, total soluble sugars and trypsin inhibitor activity were observed in FYM @ 10t ha-1 treatment whereas flavonols and glutathione content were significantly higher in FYM @ 10t ha-1 + 100% recommended dose of NP as compared to other treatments. Results of present study suggests that different organic and inorganic farming treatments alone or in combination affected the contents of various nutrients and antinutrients to some extent but the protein and oil quality of soybean and chickpea seeds did not vary significantly in these treatments. Soybean grown under organic and inorganic mixture may benefit human health more than inorganically and organically grown produce due to presence of higher amounts of bioactive compounds
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    Studies on antioxidant properties of kinnow-peel and pomace
    (Punjab Agricultural University, 2013) ganagjot; Bhatia, Surekha
    Phenols and flavonoids were quantified in relation to their antioxidant potential in kinnow peel and pomace. The effect of heat treatments on phenolics and their antioxidant potential was also ascertained. The kinnow peel and pomace were sun dried and analysed for free-, bound phenols / flavonoids and their antioxidant capacities. In both peel and pomace, phenol content was found to be more than the flavonoid content. Phenol and flavonoid in free form were higher than its respective bound form. Free phenolics had higher amount of antioxidant capacities in terms of reducing power, hydroxyl- and 1,1- diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging capacity whereas bound phenolics had higher Fe2+ chelation activity and trolox equivalent antioxidant capacity (TEAC). Content of phenolics and their antioxidant activities were more in pomace than peel. Treatment of peel and pomace in oven at 120°C for 30 to 120 minutes and in microwave at 250 W for 1to5 minutes resulted in increase in total phenolic content. In peel and pomace, content of free phenols, free flavonoids increased and bound phenols decreased gradually with increase in time of treatment. However, bound flavonoids enhanced within first 30 minutes of oven and 1 minute of microwave treatment and then declined. In both peel and pomace, the antioxidant activities viz. hydroxyl radical scavenging capacity, reducing power and TEAC increased with the oven treatment for 120 minutes and microwave treatment for 5 minutes. However Fe2+ chelation activity increased in peel and decreased in pomace with increase in heating time in both treatments. In peel DPPH radical scavenging activity increased with oven and decreased with microwave treatment whereas, in pomace, this activity decreased with both treatments. Maximum change in the phenolic content and their activities were observed after 30 mins. of oven and after 1 min. of microwave treatment. Our results indicated that kinnow peel and pomace were rich in phenolic acids which contributed to their antioxidant activity and can be used as nutraceuticals. Appropriate heat treatment could be used to liberate and activate the bound phenolic compounds and to enhance the antioxidant activity of kinnow peel and pomace.
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    STUDIES ON SELENIUM TOXICITY TOLERANCE AND OXIDATIVE RESPONSES IN WHEAT CULTIVARS
    (Punjab Agricultural University, 2013) Gupta, Rahul
    Studies on effect of selenium on its accumulation, biochemical composition and oxidative responses in three wheat cultivars viz PDW 291, PBW 550 and TL 2908 during different stages of crop development have been carried out. Plants were grown on soil treated with solutions of sodium selenate @ 2 and 4 mg kg-1 soil and leaves were subjected to biochemical analysis at 55 and 85 days after sowing and grains at maturity. Selenate treated plants accumulated higher selenium in roots, stems, leaves and grains as compared to control plants. Total dry matter yield per pot of selenate treated plants decreased significantly as compared to their respective controls. Selenate treated plants showed growth retardation, snow white chlorosis with pink colouration on the lower side of leaves, decreased shoot length, reduced leaf area and produced less number of grains as compared to control plants. Maximum reduction in these parameters was observed in selenium treated TL 2908 plants and most of the plants died before maturity with almost no grain formation with higher dose (4 mg Se kg-1 soil). Significant increase in hydrogen peroxide, ascorbic acid and lipid peroxidation and decrease in chlorophyll content were observed in selenium treated leaves in these cultivars. However, activities of antioxidant enzymes such as catalase, peroxidase and superoxide dismutase showed varied response to selenium application. Selenium accumulation resulted in decreased total reducing sugars, starch and protein content in grains whereas total free amino acids increased significantly in all the three cultivars. Selenium accumulation in wheat showed metabolic disturbances and its accumulation in wheat grains was beyond toxic levels thus making it unfit for consumption
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    ThesisItemRestricted
    EXTRACTION AND CHARACTERIZATION OF PECTIN OR PECTIN SUBSTANCES FROM KINNOW PEEL AND POMACE
    (Punjab Agricultural University, 2013) Himanshu Sharma
    Pectin was extracted using water acidified with HNO3 from dried kinnow peel and pomace by varying temperature (40-80°C), time (10-90 m) and pH of solution (1.2-2.25). Pectin yield was found to be more in peel than pomace. Yield of pectin increased with increase in temperature to 60°C and pH up to 2.0 and was less at 10 and 20 m of extraction time. Temperature 60°C-80°C, time 30-90 m and pH 1.2-2.0 was selected for optimization of extraction conditions. A wide variation in yield, degree of esterification (DE), viscosity and molecular weight (MW) was observed during pectin extraction with HNO3 or HCl under different combinations of extraction conditions. Time of extraction was found to have most significant effect on yield of pectin whereas pH of extraction solvent had most significant effect on DE, viscosity and MW. In peel and pomace, optimized temperature, time and pH for pectin extraction using HNO3 were 73.41 & 69.34°C, 62.97 & 60.54 m and pH 2.0. Under these conditions pectin yield 15.4 & 6.0%, DE 90 & 90%, viscosity 0.03021 & 0.03023 pas and MW 89435.5 & 92342.2 was found in peel and pomace respectively. Using HCl optimized conditions were 75 & 73°C, 60.48 & 61.28 m and pH 2.0 which gave 15.3 & 6.1% yield, 90 & 90% DE, 0.02975 & 0.02924 pas viscosity and 76513.8 & 77915.4 MW in peel and pomace respectively. In peel and pomace, pectin yield increased with increase in time of extraction up to 5 m whereas DE, viscosity and MW increased up to 4 m with microwave assisted pectin extraction from both peel and pomace. Purification of pectin by DEAEcellulose column chromatography resulted in better color quality. Storage of peel and pomace for three months resulted in decrease in yield and physicochemical properties of pectin extracted under both ambient and refrigerated conditions. However, refrigerated storage slow down the reduction of pectin yield and quality. Our results indicated that kinnow peel and pomace are the good source of pectin. Pectin extracted with HNO3 method was having better yield and quality of pectin as compared to pectin extracted with HCl or microwave assisted HNO3 method. Peel and pomace can be stored under refrigerated conditions if storage is necessary, as degradation rate was slow at low temperature.
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    ThesisItemRestricted
    BIOCHEMICAL AND MOLECULAR ANALYSIS OF WHEAT INVERTASE
    (2013) Ravneet Kaur
    The present investigation was aimed to study the interactive effect of high temperature (HT) and thiourea (TU) on various morpho-physiological and biochemical parameters in four wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) cultivars viz. C 306, C 273, PBW 343 and PBW 534. High temperature caused reduction in root/shoot length and dry weight while application of TU was effective in improving both root/shoot lengths and dry weight. High temperature caused increase in invertase activities in both root and shoot in correspondence with an increase in total sugars, reducing sugars and decrease in non reducing sugars. Thiourea alleviated HT response by further elevating invertase activities which lead to higher seedling dry mass (soluble sugars and proteins). Inhibitory effect of iodine and Hg+2 on invertases confirmed the presence of –SH group at the active catalytic site of enzyme. The differential response to metal ions suggested distinctive nature of invertases in four cultivars. High temperature also disrupted membrane stability parameters by increasing TBARs content and membrane permeability in root/shoot whereas TU application ameliorated this effect by reducing TBARs content and membrane injury in wheat seedlings. Sequence analysis of wall bound invertase was done using forward and reverse primers based on nucleotide sequence of Ivr1 gene. For this genomic DNA was extracted, amplified and sequenced. Polymorphism such as SNPs (single nucleotide polymorphism) and indels (insertions or deletions) were worked out and primers redesigned based on sequence polymorphism. Redesigned primers showed very slight expected dominant polymorphism in the studied cultivars due to A, B and D genomes of wheat