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Open Access
STUDIES ON THE COMPARISON OF ANTIOXIDANT POTENTIAL OF OATS AND BARLEY
(PAU Ludhiana, 2011) Sudip Das; Manjeet Kaur, Sangha
The present study aimed at evaluating the antioxidant potential of barley and oat forage crops (RD-2552 and OL-9 respectively) under normal field conditions at 30, 60 and 90 days after sowing and of grains of barley genotypes viz. RD-2552, PL-172, PL-807, PL-426, DWRUB- 52 and VJM-201 and oat genotypes viz. 0L-9, 0S-6, OS-7, HJ-8 and HF0-114. The antioxidant potential was estimated in terms of activities of antioxidant enzymes viz. superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), ascorbate peroxidase (APX), glutathione reductase (GR) and peroxidase (POD) and ascorbic acid (Vit.C) content. Contents of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and malondialdehyde (MDA) were also estimated. Antioxidant enzymes activities and Vit.C registered maximum value at 60 DAS in both the crop leaves. The values were significantly (CD 5%) higher in barley as compared to oat leaves at all the three vegetative stages. H2O2 content was minimum at 60 DAS whereas MDA content was lowest at 30 DAS in both the crop leaves. The levels were however significantly (CD 5%) lower in barley as compared to oat leaves. Among different barley grains PL-172, RD-2552, PL-807 and DWRUB-52 had higher and VJM-201 and PL-426 lower antioxidant enzyme activities and Vit.C content. There seemed to be no association between two rowed and six rowed barley genotypes and antioxidant enzyme activities. H2O2 content was lowest in PL- 807 and highest in VJM-201. MDA content was undetected in PL-172 and highest in VJM- 201. In oats OL-9, OS-6 and OS-7 grains had high antioxidant enzyme activities and Vit.C content whereas HJ-8 and HFO-114 grains registered lower values. However these genotypes had higher H2O2 and MDA levels. The study depicts that barley crop and grains inherently have higher antioxidant potential as compared to oat crop and grains.
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BIOCHEMICAL BASIS OF HARDSEEDEDNESS IN VIGNA SPECIES
(PAU Ludhiana, 2012) Richa Ahuja; Sucheta Sharma
The present investigation was undertaken to study percent hardseededness, seed coat constituents and variation in the biochemical composition of cotyledonary tissue of 10 Vigna species viz., SML832, PAU911, SML668, ML818, MASH218, MASH1008, MASH338, MASH114, RBL1 and RBL6. Seeds from these Vigna species were stored in cloth bags for 180 days at room temperature and the effect of storage period on germinability, vigor index and chemical composition of seeds was studied. The % hardseededness in different Vigna species varied from 14-82% at 24 h and 8-68% after 48 h soaking period. The % hardseededness in different Vigna species decreased with storage of seeds upto 180 days under ambient conditions. The seed coats of hard lines contained higher cellulose and hemicellulose content as compared to those from soft lines. There was non-significant variation in the % neutral detergent fiber, % acid detergent fiber and tannin content in seed coats and total soluble sugars, reducing sugars, phenols and phytate content in the cotyledonary tissue of these Vigna species. However, total lipid content varied significantly. At harvest, the germination % and vigor index values were higher in soft lines as compared to hard lines. The germination % and vigor index values in hard lines increased with the storage period upto 180 days. Lipid peroxidation values increased significantly with storage period in seeds of various Vigna species studied whereas catalase and peroxidase activities decreased. The total lipid content in seeds of all the Vigna species decreased whereas phenolic content increased with the storage period. The results of the present study suggests that although the % hardseededness in different Vigna species decreases with increasing storage period but the seed deterioration occurs with the passage of time.
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BIOCHEMICAL CHARACTERIZATION OF WHEAT GENOTYPES WITH RESPECT TO NITROGEN USE EFFICIECNY
(PAU Ludhiana, 2012) Gurpreet Kaur; Bavita, Asthir
Increased use of nitrogen (N) fertilizer has raised concerns because N surplus causes environmental contamination and also high cost associated with its production. Thus, improving nitrogen use efficiency (NUE) through identification of efficient genotypes is becoming a necessity. In this two years study (2009-10 and 2010-11), 18 wheat genotypes (PBW 621, PBW 636, PBW 590, DBW 17, HD 2967, PBW 509, BW 9178, BW 9183, BW 8989, BW 9022, PBW 343, PBW 550, GLU 1101, GLU 1356, GLU 2001, GLU 700, PH132-4836, PH132-4840) selected on the basis of their commercial relevance or distinct genetic background were used for studying N metabolism at four N doses including the presently recommended N dose (RDN) (120 Kg N/ha), suboptimal N doses [RDN-50% (60 Kg N/ha) and RDN-25% (90 Kg N/ha)] and supraoptimal N dose [RDN+25% (150 Kg N/ha)]. Enzymes involved in N assimilation [nitrate reductase (NR), nitrite reductase (NIR), glutamine synthetase (GS), glutamate synthase (GOGAT) and glutamate dehydrogenase (GDH)] in relation to deposition of amino acids and proteins were studied at tillering (30 days after sowing; DAS), anthesis (about 90-100 DAS) and post-anthesis (15 days post anthesis) stages. PBW 621 showed higher activities of NR, NIR and GS at RDN-25%. At RDN-50%, PBW 636 and GLU 1356 showed highest GS activity. HD 2967 and PBW 590 revealed maximum activities of these enzymes at RDN and RDN+25%. Widely grown cultivar PBW 343 and advanced breeding lines BW 9178, BW 9183, BW 8989 and BW 9022 showed low efficiency for N assimilating enzymes. GLU 1356 showed high grain protein content indicating higher translocation of assimilates from flag leaf to sink. Sugar and starch content was higher in the PBW 343, BW 9178, BW 8989 and BW 9022 genotypes in which amino acid and protein content was less. PBW 621 showed higher NUE and yield compared to other genotypes. NR and GS enzymes were positively correlated with NUE and yield indicating that these might be the rate limiting steps in N metabolism. Biochemical similarity between PBW 621, PBW 636 and GLU 1356 was authenticated from cluster analysis. Tiller culture technique did not reveal much difference with respect to PBW 621 and PBW 343 in N metabolism. However, hydroponically raised seedlings showed complementary results with field studies in identifying genotypes with maximum NUE. Due to stable performance of PBW 621, PBW 636 and GLU 356 at suboptimal doses over two years, these genotypes hold future potential for developing new cultivars with improved NUE.
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ROLE OF ANTIOXIDANT- AND LEA GENES IN WHEAT (Triticum aestivum L.) SEEDLINGS UNDER DIFFERENT ABIOTIC STRESSES
(PAU Ludhiana, 2011) Priyanka Bhagi; A. K., Gupta
Two wheat cultivars, C306 (drought tolerant) and PBW343 (drought susceptible) were compared for their response to water stress (WS), salt stress (ST) and combined stress (WS plus ST) during germination. Their response was studied in the form of growth and antioxidant potential in roots and shoots and in the form of 11 LEA (group 2, group 3 and group 4) genes’ expression in shoots. Drought tolerant cultivar, C306 was found to be more salt sensitive in comparison to drought sensitive cultivar PBW 343. Salt sensitivity of C306 was related to more MDA contents, lower levels of antioxidant enzymes, lesser proline contents in roots, lesser dry weight accumulation under ST than the levels observed under WS. Salt-insensitivity of PBW343 was related to increased levels of H2O2 followed by increased ascorbate and ascorbate/dehydroascorbate ratio under ST whereas such features were almost lacking under WS. Dry matter accumulation under ST was also more than under WS in PBW343. Above mentioned responses under combined stress were more similar to WS than ST in C306 and were more similar to ST than to WS in PBW343. Among 11 LEA genes, nine genes were induced by higher amount under WS than under ST in C306. This also favored salt-susceptibility of C306. In PBW343, group 2 and group 4 genes were almost equally induced under WS and ST but group 3 genes were more induced under ST than WS. Two LEA genes, Wdhn13 and Td25a were more salt-responsive as these were induced more under ST than WS in both cultivars.
Open Access
SCALED UP PRODUCTION OF TEA WINE AND ITS ANALYSIS
(PAU Ludhiana, 2011) HEENA; R.P., Phutela
The research problem “Scaled up production of tea wine and its analysis” aimed at the technology development. Initial alcoholic fermentation was carried out at 400 ml scale using three brands of tea, i.e. Taj Mahal, Agni (CTC type) and Lipton Green. The ‘Agni’ wort fermentated by Saccharomyces cerevisiae (strain 35) produced maximum ethanol, 7.3% at 89.1% fermentation efficiency while it was maximum 6.9% ethanol at 84.2% fermentation efficiency with S. bayanus. The scaled up ‘Agni’ tea wine production upto 2000 ml with S cerevisiae produced maximum alcohol, 8.0% with fermentation efficiency 97.7%. Further scaled up fermentation to 5000 ml revealed that the 1% tea wort at 15oB produced 7.2% ethanol while at 250B it produced 12.8% ethanol. The 1.5% tea wort at 15oB produced 7.6% ethanol and at 250B it was 11.5% ethanol production. Using jaggery (Gur) as an alternative source of sugar for production of 1.5% tea wine at 5 litre scale revealed the ethanol production at 7.8 % from 15oB wort and 12.1% ethanol from 25oB wort. The cost of production of three types of wines namely Type- I (7.8% alcohol, crystal sugar), Type -II (7.8% alcohol, gur) and Type - III (12.1% alcohol, gur) were computed. Assuming the production plant worked effectively for 9 months a year, one 1 litre bottle of Type- I costed Rs 98.30, Type-II Rs 90.80 and Type -III Rs 97.60. Organoleptically, the Type-I tea wine scored best of 15.0/20.0 with a panel of 11 taster-judges.
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Response of sulfur and nitrogen nutrition on storage protein quality in developing seeds of mungbean [Vigna radiata(L.) Wilczek]
(PAU, 2012) Arvind Kumar; Sharma, Sucheta
The present study was conducted to evaluate the response of sulfur and nitrogen nutrition on storage protein quality in developing seeds of mungbean [Vigna radiata (L.) Wilczek] varieties PAU 911 and ML 818. Crops were sown in the experimental fields of Department of Plant Breeding and Genetics, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana following recommended package of practices. Before sowing, different treatments of sulfur and nitrogen @40kg/ha were given to the fields i.e. T 1 (control), T2(single super phosphate), T3 (urea), T4 (single super phosphate and urea), T5 (gypsum), T6 (ammonium nitrate) and T7 (gypsum and ammonium nitrate). Maximum biomass accumulation was observed at 16 DAF and maximum dry weight at 20 DAF in both the varieties. Crude protein, total soluble protein, sulfur containing amino acids (methionine and cysteine) contents in developing seeds increased maximally with T5 as compared to control and other treatments. The free amino acids increased upto 20 DAF then declined towards maturity. The albumin and globulin content in developing seeds increased with various treatments of nitrogen and sulfur sources. Among the legumins and vicilin, legumin showed better response to sulfur and nitrogen nutrition, which is desirable as legumin are rich in sulfur containing amino acids. Nitrate reductase (NR), glutamate dehydrogenase (GDH), O-Acetyl serine thiol lyase (OSTL) and glutathione reductase (GR) activities were highest at 18 DAF and then declined towards maturity. NR and GDH activities were maximally increased with urea (T 3) whereas gypsum (T5) showed higher increase in OSTL and GR activities as compared to other treatments in both the varieties. Highest incorporation of C 14 leucine in albumin and globulin protein fraction of developing seeds at 16 DAF was due to gypsum treatment after 12 h and 24 h incubation periods in both the varieties. In mature seeds, gypsum (T5) gave maximum response towards protein quality parameters i.e. total sulfur, total soluble protein, sulfur containing amino acids and seed storage protein fractions. Electrophoretic studies revealed more distinct and intense banding pattern of globulin with T5 as compared to control and other treatments.
Open Access
Biochemical mapping of soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merrill) germplasm for bioactive compounds
(PAU, 2012) Goyal, Reeti; Sharma, Sucheta
The present investigation reports the physicochemical properties and biochemical diversity in contents of nutrients, antinutrients and bioactive compounds in 140 soybean genotypes (74 local genotypes, 51 otypes from other parts of India and 15 exotic genotypes). Soybean genotypes exhibited 38.4-46.5% protein, 20.8-23.6% oil, 1.3-13.9% total soluble sugars, 0.24-13.8% sucrose, 2.50-33.5 mg/100g tocopherols, 8.9- 0.5 mg/g tannins, 11-38.3 mg/g phenols, 1.2-28.5 mg/g phytate and 11.3-142.5 mg/g Trypsin Inhibitor ctivity (TIA). The activities of lipoxygenases (LOX) were in the range from 242.5-2510.3 units/g for LOX-I and 05.1-661.75 units/g for LOX-II+III isozymes. Following screening studies on 140 soybean genotypes in 2009, 20 selected genotypes were sown in year 2010 at two different locations ie. Ludhiana and Gurdaspur and two different planting times viz. June and July with the aim to study the environmental effects on levels of nutrients, antinutrients and bioactive compounds significant effects of genotype, planting time, location and their interactions were observed on physicochemical characteristics, nutrients, inutrients and bioactive compounds of soybean genotypes grown in different environments. Gas Liquid hromatographic studies revealed significant variation for individual fatty acids among these genotypes. PLC analysis of different tocopherol isomers revealed highest contents of α, γ, δ and total tocopherols uring une planting both at Ludhiana and Gurdaspur. Although similar banding patterns of different subunits of β-conglycinin (7S) and glycinin (11S) storage proteins among 20 soybean genotypes were observed in electrophoretic studies but these genotypes showed differences in relative proportions of various bunits of 7S (α’,α and β) and 11S (acidic and basic) proteins in ensitometric analysis. Genotypes ‘SL 989’, ‘SL 992’ and ‘PK 1026’ exhibited higher protein, total sugars, sucrose and tocopherol content and omparatively lower contents of various antinutrients as compared to their mean values for 140 genotypes. These genotypes also exhibited low TIA, phytate and saponin content and higher protein, tocopherol content and seed yield across both locations and planting times. Genotypes ‘SL 313’, ‘SL 790’ and ‘YMV-35’ exhibited higher oil, 18:2 and 18:3 and lower 18:1 content as compared to other enotypes. Due to their stable performance across different environments, most of the selected genotypes can be considered important for developing new cultivars with improved nutritional quality traits.
Open Access
Biochemical studies on alleviation of cadmium induced toxicity in pea (Pisum sativum L.) and palak (Beta vulgaris var. orientalis)
(PAU, 2013) Saini, Prabhjot Kaur; Gupta, A. K.
The present study was carried out on pea (Pisum sativum L.) seedlings and palak (Beta vulgaris var. orientalis) plants to determine the effect of exogenous cadmium on their growth and antioxidative defence system, and to explore the role of different amendments like calcium chloride, potassium chloride, calcium hydrogen phosphate, calcium sulphate and sodium nitroprusside in ameliorating the effects of cadmium toxicity. P. sativum seedlings grown on agar supplemented with different amending agents like calcium chloride, potassium chloride and sodium nitroprusside showed higher activities of H2O2 scavenging enzymes. P. sativum seedlings also showed lower contents of H2O2 and malondialdehyde in these cases suggesting a role for the amendments in increasing seedling tolerance towards cadmium. Out of the three amendments calcium chloride was most effective in lowering cadmium content. In B. vulgaris plants grown in pots, addition of cadmium (0-100 mg Cd kg-1soil) led to increase in the contents of hydrogen peroxide and malondialdehyde and activities of superoxide dismutase, catalase and glutathione reductase in leaves and roots. On addition of calcium chloride, potassium chloride, alcium hydrogen phosphate and calcium sulphate to the soil, a reduction in the activities of ntioxidative enzymes was observed at higher doses of amendments along with reduction in hydrogen peroxide, malondialdehyde and cadmium content. Also improved growth was observed in these cases. In B. vulgaris, leaves are the edible parts and results in lowering cadmium with CaSO4 were almost as good as that of KCl while in roots CaHPO4 was found to be more effective.
Open Access
STUDIES ON DEVELOPMENT OF PROTOCOL FOR FROZEN BUTTON MUSHROOM (Agaricus bisporus (Lange) Sing.)
(PAU, 2013) NEHA
In this study, Agaricus bisporus strains P-1 and U-3 were cultivated on long method compost. Strain U-3 was higher yielder (14.31 kg/100 kg) than strain P-1. The freshly harvested mushrooms were subjected to different washing treatments [plain water, citric acid (0.5%), potassium metabisulphite (0.05%) or combinations of these washings with blanching (40 sec) ] prior to quick freezing at -350C (10 mins), packing in polypropylene bags and storing at -18ºC. Observations were made on physical (color and texture), microbiological (bacterial count) and biochemical (polyphenol oxidase enzyme, carbohydrates, fat and proteins) properties every month. The results of color measurement of L* value decreased gradually during storage. There were significant differences in the overall color difference ( E) calculated on the basis of the L, a and b values and E was least for the treatment of blanching + CA+ KMS. Texture analysis showed that hardness decreased gradually in both strains U-3 and P-1 during storage but was acceptable upto two months of storage. Maximum hardness (1361.02 gm in U-3 and 1257.47 gm in P-1) was recorded in treatment T7 (Blanching + CA + KMS). There was no microbial spoilage in fruit bodies packed and freezed in any of the treatments but activity of polyphenol oxidase (PPO) enzyme increased gradually. The minimum PPO activities (0.036 U.min-1 gm-1 in U-3 and 0.038 U.min-1 gm-1 in P-1) were observed in treatments T6 (Blanching + KMS), T7 (Blanching + CA + KMS) and T8 (KMS + KMS). Nutritional analysis of the frozen fruit bodies showed that there was there was a minimal decrease in total sugars, lipids and protein content in both the strains compared to freshly harvested mushrooms. However, during the storage period no significant changes in these nutritional components was observed.

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