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2012 - 20134
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Subject: Biochemistry × End date: 2013 × Start date: 2010 × Thesis Type: Ph.D ×
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Now showing 1 - 4 of 4
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    BIOCHEMICAL CHARACTERIZATION OF WHEAT GENOTYPES WITH RESPECT TO NITROGEN USE EFFICIECNY
    (PAU Ludhiana, 2012) Gurpreet Kaur; Bavita, Asthir
    Increased use of nitrogen (N) fertilizer has raised concerns because N surplus causes environmental contamination and also high cost associated with its production. Thus, improving nitrogen use efficiency (NUE) through identification of efficient genotypes is becoming a necessity. In this two years study (2009-10 and 2010-11), 18 wheat genotypes (PBW 621, PBW 636, PBW 590, DBW 17, HD 2967, PBW 509, BW 9178, BW 9183, BW 8989, BW 9022, PBW 343, PBW 550, GLU 1101, GLU 1356, GLU 2001, GLU 700, PH132-4836, PH132-4840) selected on the basis of their commercial relevance or distinct genetic background were used for studying N metabolism at four N doses including the presently recommended N dose (RDN) (120 Kg N/ha), suboptimal N doses [RDN-50% (60 Kg N/ha) and RDN-25% (90 Kg N/ha)] and supraoptimal N dose [RDN+25% (150 Kg N/ha)]. Enzymes involved in N assimilation [nitrate reductase (NR), nitrite reductase (NIR), glutamine synthetase (GS), glutamate synthase (GOGAT) and glutamate dehydrogenase (GDH)] in relation to deposition of amino acids and proteins were studied at tillering (30 days after sowing; DAS), anthesis (about 90-100 DAS) and post-anthesis (15 days post anthesis) stages. PBW 621 showed higher activities of NR, NIR and GS at RDN-25%. At RDN-50%, PBW 636 and GLU 1356 showed highest GS activity. HD 2967 and PBW 590 revealed maximum activities of these enzymes at RDN and RDN+25%. Widely grown cultivar PBW 343 and advanced breeding lines BW 9178, BW 9183, BW 8989 and BW 9022 showed low efficiency for N assimilating enzymes. GLU 1356 showed high grain protein content indicating higher translocation of assimilates from flag leaf to sink. Sugar and starch content was higher in the PBW 343, BW 9178, BW 8989 and BW 9022 genotypes in which amino acid and protein content was less. PBW 621 showed higher NUE and yield compared to other genotypes. NR and GS enzymes were positively correlated with NUE and yield indicating that these might be the rate limiting steps in N metabolism. Biochemical similarity between PBW 621, PBW 636 and GLU 1356 was authenticated from cluster analysis. Tiller culture technique did not reveal much difference with respect to PBW 621 and PBW 343 in N metabolism. However, hydroponically raised seedlings showed complementary results with field studies in identifying genotypes with maximum NUE. Due to stable performance of PBW 621, PBW 636 and GLU 356 at suboptimal doses over two years, these genotypes hold future potential for developing new cultivars with improved NUE.
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    Response of sulfur and nitrogen nutrition on storage protein quality in developing seeds of mungbean [Vigna radiata(L.) Wilczek]
    (PAU, 2012) Arvind Kumar; Sharma, Sucheta
    The present study was conducted to evaluate the response of sulfur and nitrogen nutrition on storage protein quality in developing seeds of mungbean [Vigna radiata (L.) Wilczek] varieties PAU 911 and ML 818. Crops were sown in the experimental fields of Department of Plant Breeding and Genetics, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana following recommended package of practices. Before sowing, different treatments of sulfur and nitrogen @40kg/ha were given to the fields i.e. T 1 (control), T2(single super phosphate), T3 (urea), T4 (single super phosphate and urea), T5 (gypsum), T6 (ammonium nitrate) and T7 (gypsum and ammonium nitrate). Maximum biomass accumulation was observed at 16 DAF and maximum dry weight at 20 DAF in both the varieties. Crude protein, total soluble protein, sulfur containing amino acids (methionine and cysteine) contents in developing seeds increased maximally with T5 as compared to control and other treatments. The free amino acids increased upto 20 DAF then declined towards maturity. The albumin and globulin content in developing seeds increased with various treatments of nitrogen and sulfur sources. Among the legumins and vicilin, legumin showed better response to sulfur and nitrogen nutrition, which is desirable as legumin are rich in sulfur containing amino acids. Nitrate reductase (NR), glutamate dehydrogenase (GDH), O-Acetyl serine thiol lyase (OSTL) and glutathione reductase (GR) activities were highest at 18 DAF and then declined towards maturity. NR and GDH activities were maximally increased with urea (T 3) whereas gypsum (T5) showed higher increase in OSTL and GR activities as compared to other treatments in both the varieties. Highest incorporation of C 14 leucine in albumin and globulin protein fraction of developing seeds at 16 DAF was due to gypsum treatment after 12 h and 24 h incubation periods in both the varieties. In mature seeds, gypsum (T5) gave maximum response towards protein quality parameters i.e. total sulfur, total soluble protein, sulfur containing amino acids and seed storage protein fractions. Electrophoretic studies revealed more distinct and intense banding pattern of globulin with T5 as compared to control and other treatments.
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    Biochemical mapping of soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merrill) germplasm for bioactive compounds
    (PAU, 2012) Goyal, Reeti; Sharma, Sucheta
    The present investigation reports the physicochemical properties and biochemical diversity in contents of nutrients, antinutrients and bioactive compounds in 140 soybean genotypes (74 local genotypes, 51 otypes from other parts of India and 15 exotic genotypes). Soybean genotypes exhibited 38.4-46.5% protein, 20.8-23.6% oil, 1.3-13.9% total soluble sugars, 0.24-13.8% sucrose, 2.50-33.5 mg/100g tocopherols, 8.9- 0.5 mg/g tannins, 11-38.3 mg/g phenols, 1.2-28.5 mg/g phytate and 11.3-142.5 mg/g Trypsin Inhibitor ctivity (TIA). The activities of lipoxygenases (LOX) were in the range from 242.5-2510.3 units/g for LOX-I and 05.1-661.75 units/g for LOX-II+III isozymes. Following screening studies on 140 soybean genotypes in 2009, 20 selected genotypes were sown in year 2010 at two different locations ie. Ludhiana and Gurdaspur and two different planting times viz. June and July with the aim to study the environmental effects on levels of nutrients, antinutrients and bioactive compounds significant effects of genotype, planting time, location and their interactions were observed on physicochemical characteristics, nutrients, inutrients and bioactive compounds of soybean genotypes grown in different environments. Gas Liquid hromatographic studies revealed significant variation for individual fatty acids among these genotypes. PLC analysis of different tocopherol isomers revealed highest contents of α, γ, δ and total tocopherols uring une planting both at Ludhiana and Gurdaspur. Although similar banding patterns of different subunits of β-conglycinin (7S) and glycinin (11S) storage proteins among 20 soybean genotypes were observed in electrophoretic studies but these genotypes showed differences in relative proportions of various bunits of 7S (α’,α and β) and 11S (acidic and basic) proteins in ensitometric analysis. Genotypes ‘SL 989’, ‘SL 992’ and ‘PK 1026’ exhibited higher protein, total sugars, sucrose and tocopherol content and omparatively lower contents of various antinutrients as compared to their mean values for 140 genotypes. These genotypes also exhibited low TIA, phytate and saponin content and higher protein, tocopherol content and seed yield across both locations and planting times. Genotypes ‘SL 313’, ‘SL 790’ and ‘YMV-35’ exhibited higher oil, 18:2 and 18:3 and lower 18:1 content as compared to other enotypes. Due to their stable performance across different environments, most of the selected genotypes can be considered important for developing new cultivars with improved nutritional quality traits.
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    Biochemical studies on alleviation of cadmium induced toxicity in pea (Pisum sativum L.) and palak (Beta vulgaris var. orientalis)
    (PAU, 2013) Saini, Prabhjot Kaur; Gupta, A. K.
    The present study was carried out on pea (Pisum sativum L.) seedlings and palak (Beta vulgaris var. orientalis) plants to determine the effect of exogenous cadmium on their growth and antioxidative defence system, and to explore the role of different amendments like calcium chloride, potassium chloride, calcium hydrogen phosphate, calcium sulphate and sodium nitroprusside in ameliorating the effects of cadmium toxicity. P. sativum seedlings grown on agar supplemented with different amending agents like calcium chloride, potassium chloride and sodium nitroprusside showed higher activities of H2O2 scavenging enzymes. P. sativum seedlings also showed lower contents of H2O2 and malondialdehyde in these cases suggesting a role for the amendments in increasing seedling tolerance towards cadmium. Out of the three amendments calcium chloride was most effective in lowering cadmium content. In B. vulgaris plants grown in pots, addition of cadmium (0-100 mg Cd kg-1soil) led to increase in the contents of hydrogen peroxide and malondialdehyde and activities of superoxide dismutase, catalase and glutathione reductase in leaves and roots. On addition of calcium chloride, potassium chloride, alcium hydrogen phosphate and calcium sulphate to the soil, a reduction in the activities of ntioxidative enzymes was observed at higher doses of amendments along with reduction in hydrogen peroxide, malondialdehyde and cadmium content. Also improved growth was observed in these cases. In B. vulgaris, leaves are the edible parts and results in lowering cadmium with CaSO4 were almost as good as that of KCl while in roots CaHPO4 was found to be more effective.