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ThesisItem Embargo Water productivity and silage quality of spring maize (Zea mays L.) as influenced by irrigation methods and regimes(Punjab Agricultural University, 2024) Simerjeet Kaur; Dr Ajmer Singh BrarA field experiment entitled “Water productivity and silage quality of spring maize (Zea maysL.) as influenced by irrigation methods and regimes” was conducted at Research Farm, Department of Agronomy, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, during spring season of 2022 and 2023. The experiment was conducted in split plot design keeping combinations of three cultivars (JH-17011, PFM-12 and P-1844) and two irrigation methods (drip irrigation) and (flood irrigation) in main plot and three irrigation regimes (60% ETc/ 0.8 IW: ETc, 80% ETc/ 1.0 IW: ETc, 100% ETc/ 1.2 IW: ETc) in sub plot with three replications. Results revealed that growth, yield attributes, green fodder yield and grain yield were found to be significantly higher from crop raised with drip irrigation as compared to flood irrigation. Among the cultivars P-1844 recorded significantly higher grain yield than JH-17011 and PFM-12 while green fodder yield was found to be statistically at par between P-1844 and JH-17011. Crop irrigated at 100% ETc/ 1.2 IW: ETc recorded significantly higher growth, yield attributes, green fodder yield and grain yield than 80% ETc/ 1.0 ETc and 60% ETc/ 0.8 IW: ETc. Green fodder and silage quality was found to be statistically at par between P-1844 and PFM-12 but significantly better than JH-17011. Crop irrigated at 60% ETc/ 0.8 IW: ETc recorded significantly better green fodder and silage quality as compared to 80% ETc/ 1.0 IW: ETc and 100% ETc/ 1.2 IW: ETc. Interaction of irrigation methods and regimes revealed that drip irrigated at 100% ETc recorded significantly higher grain and green fodder yield than all the other combinations of drip and flood irrigation treatments with different irrigation regimes. The grain and green fodder yield was found to be statistically at par between drip irrigated at 80% ETc and flood irrigated at 1.0 IW: ETc. Irrigation water application was maximum in crop grown with flood irrigation at 1.2 IW: ETc (660 and 540 mm during 2022 and 2023, respectively). Drip irrigation at 100% ETc saves 33% and 37.4% irrigation water than flood irrigation at IW: ETc of 1.2 during 2022 and 2023, respectively. Bio-physical water productivity was significantly better in drip irrigation than flood irrigation during both the years.ThesisItem Embargo Performance of rainfed mungbean [Vigna radiata (L.) Wilczek] in relation to foliar application of agrochemicals under different sowing dates(Punjab Agricultural University, 2024) Sahajveer Singh; Dr Balwinder Singh DhillonThe present study entitled “Performance of rainfed mungbean [Vigna radiata (L.) Wilczek] in relation to foliar application of agrochemicals under different sowing dates” was carried out at the Punjab Agricultural University (PAU)-Regional Research Station (RRS), Ballowal Saunkhri (SBS Nagar) during kharif 2022 to evaluate the effect of sowing time and foliar spray of agrochemicals on growth, yield and quality of mungbean under rainfed conditions. The experiment was evaluated in split plot design with three replications having two mungbean sowing dates (timely sowing and late sowing) were taken in main-plot and seven treatments of foliar spray of agrochemicals [control, KNO3 @ 1%, KNO3 @ 1.5%, thiourea @ 500 ppm, thiourea @ 750 ppm, N:P:K (20:20:20) @ 1% and N:P:K (20:20:20) @ 1.5%] at flowering and pod formation stages were taken as sub-plot treatment. The soil of the experimental site was sandy loam in texture andavailable N, P and K status was low, high and medium, respectively. Compared to timely sowing, late sowing resulted in fewer days needed to reach the flowering stage, pod formation stage and maturity. Timely sown crop resulted in higher growth parameters (plant height, DMA, LAI, chlorophyll index and PAR interception), symbiotic parameters (number of nodules plant-1 and dry weight of nodules plant-1), number of pods plant-1and nutrient uptake by both seed and stover as compared to late sowing which resulted in increase of 18.3, 16.4 and 16.7% in seed, stover and biological yield, respectively, with timely sowing, when compared with late sowing. Among biochemical parameters, proline content and total phenols were high in late sowing and ascorbic acid content was high in timely sowing. Economic analysis showed that gross returns, net returns and BC ratio were more in timely sown crop. Foliar spray of KNO3 @ 1.5% resulted in the higher plant height, DMA, LAI, PAR interception, symbiotic parameters (number of nodules plant-1 and dry weight of nodules plant-1), number of pods plant-1, relative leaf water content, but it was statistically at par with foliar spray of N:P:K (20:20:20) @ 1.5%, KNO3 @ 1% and N:P:K (20:20:20) @ 1%. Spray of N:P:K (20:20:20) @ 1.5% resulted in higher chlorophyll index but it was statistically at par with foliar sprays of KNO3 @ 1.5%, N:P:K (20:20:20) @ 1%, KNO3 @ 1% and thiourea @ 750 ppm. The foliar spray of KNO3 @ 1.5% registered significantly more number of pods plant-1 and yield (seed, stover and biological yield) but it was statistically at par with foliar spraying of N:P:K (20:20:20) @ 1.5%. There was increase of 27.7, 20.8 and 22.4% with foliar spray of KNO3 @ 1.5% and increase of 22.6, 16.8 and 18.1% with foliar spraying of N:P:K (20:20:20) @ 1.5% in seed, stover and biological yield, respectively, when compared with control.Protein content in the seed and N and P content in both seed and stover were highest with foliar spray of N:P:K (20:20:20) @ 1.5%, while the highest K content in seed and stover was recorded with foliar spray of KNO3 @ 1.5%. Proline content, ascorbic acid content and total phenols were also increased with foliar spray of KNO3 @ 1.5%. Economic analysis showed that gross returns, net returns and BC ratio were highest under foliar spray of KNO3 @ 1.5%.ThesisItem Embargo Effect of different paired row arrangement on growth, yield and quality of kharif maize (Zea mays L.)(Punjab Agricultural University, 2024) Ashesh, Ayush; Dr. Harpreet SinghThe present study entitled “Effect of different paired row arrangement on growth, yield and quality of kharif maize (Zea mays L.)” was conducted at Regional Research Station (RRS), Gurdaspur and Punjab Agricultural University (PAU), Ludhiana during kharif 2022. The soil of Regional Research Station, Gurdaspur and Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana was clayey loam and sandy loam respectively and pH of soil at both the locations is neutral. The research was conducted in Randomized complete block design having twelve treatments and three replications. The hybrid variety used during research was PMH-13. The treatment comprise of 9 paired rows and 3 conventional methods at standard spacing of 60 cm x 20 cm. The paired rows are at different spacing where intra-paired rows are 20, 30 and 40 cm with inter-paired row distance of 60, 80 and 100 cm. Plant height significantly varied with planting population and paired spacing. The treatment with 20 cm intra-row spacing and 60 cm inter-row spacing consistently resulted in taller plants at various stages of growth. The treatment with 40 cm intra-row spacing and 100 cm inter-row spacing, which had the lowest population, exhibited significantly thicker stem girth. Days to reach tasseling and silking stages were not affected by different paired row arrangements and population densities. Leaf area index (LAI) was highest in the treatment with 20 cm intrarow spacing and 60 cm inter-row spacing, and a population of 125,000 plants ha-1. Photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) levels were significantly higher in the treatment with 20 cm intra-row spacing and 60 cm inter-row spacing, attributed to early and complete ground cover. Yield attributes like cob weight was not influenced by the treatments. However, cob length, cob girth, number of grains, and test weight were maximized in the treatment with 40 cm intra-row spacing and 100 cm inter-row spacing, with the lowest population. The highest grain yields were achieved with 20 cm intra-row spacing and 60 cm inter-row spacing, and a population of 125,000 plants ha-1. Similar yields were obtained with 40 cm intra-row spacing and 60 cm inter-row spacing, with a population of 100,000 plants ha-1. Nutrient and protein content in the plant were not significantly affected by the treatments. Stover yield was also higher in the treatment with 20 cm intra-row spacing and 60 cm inter-row spacing. Nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium uptake were significantly higher for 20 cm intra-row spacing and 60 cm inter-row spacing due to increased dry matter accumulation. From economic perspective, the treatment with 40 cm intra-row spacing and 60 cm inter-row spacing was the most cost-effective option, with lower cultivation costs and higher net income at both the locations (PAU, Ludhiana and RRS, Gurdaspur).ThesisItem Restricted Effect of planting time and harvesting schedule on productivity and quality of Japanese mint varieties(Punjab Agricultural University, 2023) Arshdeep Singh; Kalra, Vajinder PalThe present investigation entitled „Effect of planting time and harvesting schedule on productivity and quality of Japanese mint varieties‟ was carried out at Research farm, School of Organic Farming, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana during spring season of 2023. The experiment was laid out in split plot design with three replications, keeping combinations of three planting times (15th January, 30th January and 15th February) and three varieties (CIM Unnati, CIM Kranti and Golden (Local)) in main plots and two harvesting schedules (130 DAP and 145 DAP) in sub plots. The soil of the experimental site was loamy sand in texture with slightly alkaline soil reaction (pH- 7.85) and normal electrical conductivity (0.27 dS m1), low in organic carbon (0.34%) and available nitrogen (115.4 kg ha-1), medium in available phosphorus (18.2 kg ha-1) and potassium (160.5 kg ha-1). The results showed that Japanese mint planted on 15th February recorded significantly higher growth parameters, fresh herb (267.4 q ha-1), dry herb (79.1 q ha-1) and oil yield (176 l ha-1) as compared to 15th January planted crop but at par with the crop planted on 30th January. The variety „Cim Kranti‟ recorded significantly higher plant height (93.7 cm), stool population (63.6) and dry matter accumulation (856.2 g m-2) followed „CIM Unnati‟ and „Golden (Local)‟, consequently resulting in significantly higher fresh herb yield (265.6 q ha-1) and dry herb yield (77.7 q ha-1) over „Golden (Local)‟ but at par with „CIM Unnati‟. However, „CIM Unnati‟ variety produced significantly higher oil yield (200.9 l ha-1) with increase of 66.7% and 20.3% over the „Golden (Local)‟ and „CIM Kranti‟, respectively. Moreover, significantly higher fresh herb yield (264.7 q ha-1), dry herb yield (77.1 q ha-1) and oil yield (174.2 l ha-1) were recorded with harvesting the crop at 145 DAP, while significant reduction to the tune of 17.6%, 17.4% and 15.1% in fresh herb, dry herb and oil yield, respectively was recorded with early harvesting at 130 DAP.ThesisItem Restricted Growth, yield and water use in barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) varieties as affected by critical growth stage based irrigation scheduling(Punjab Agricultural University, 2024) Manpreet; Satpal SinghThe present study entitled “Growth, yield and water use in barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) varieties as affected by critical growth stage based irrigation scheduling” was conducted at Students’ Research Farm, Punjab Agricultural University (PAU), Ludhiana (LDH) and Regional Research Station, Kapurthala (KPT), during rabi 2022-23. Two varieties [DWRB 123 (VDW) and PL 891 (VPL)] and six irrigation schedules [one irrigation at crown root initiation (CRI) (I1C), two irrigations at CRI and ear emergence (I2CE), three irrigations at CRI, ear emergence and milking (I3CEM), four irrigations at CRI, tillering, ear emergence and milking (I4CTEM), five irrigations at CRI, tillering, ear emergence, milking and dough stage (I5CTEMD) and PAU recommended irrigation (I1PAU)] were evaluated under RCBD. The results revealed that VDW recorded grain yield of 40.9 and 40.6 q ha-1, being significantly higher by 8.8 and 8.5% than VPL at LDH and KPT, respectively. The highest grain yield under VDW was due to significantly higher tiller count, dry matter accumulation (DMA) and leaf area index (LAI) than VPL. Protein content in VDW was 10.77 and 10.65% at LDH and KPT, respectively, and, significantly lower than VPL. Starch content was higher in VDW than VPL, at both locations. The higher malt recovery, malt yield, distatic power (DP) and α-amylase activity was observed under VDW than VPL, at both locations. Water use was higher in VDW than VPL, by 8.2 and 7.3%, at respective locations. Apparent crop water productivity (ACWP) and total crop water productivity (TCWP) under VDW was significantly higher than VPL by 4.9 and 6.1%, at LDH, and 7.1 and 7.1% at KPT, respectively. At LDH, among irrigation schedules, I3CEM (43.1 q ha-1) recorded significantly higher grain yield than I1C, I2CE and IPAU, but statistically at par with I4CTEM (43.0 q ha-1) and I5CTEMD (41.5 q ha-1). Similar results were observed at KPT. At both locations, I1PAU recorded numerically higher grain yield than I1C. The increase in grain yield with higher irrigation frequency was due to combined impact of higher effective tillers m-2, DMA, grains ear-1, test weight, LAI, chlorophyll content, transpiration rate and stomatal conductance. Average net returns of both locations in VDWI4CTEM were marginally higher by 2.7% than VDWI3CEM. Malt recovery, malt yield along with grain quality (protein and starch content) and malt quality (DP and α-amylase activity) improved with increment in irrigations. At both locations, ACWP and TCWP were higher under one irrigation (I1C and IPAU) than higher levels. I3CEM recorded higher ACWP and TCWP than I4CTEM and I5CTEMD. Real crop water productivity was quite higher under I3CEM, I4CTEM and I5CTEMD than lower levels. The highest water use (ETc) was observed under VDWI4CTEM at both locations. Since no significant increase in grain yield was observed after three irrigations (I3CEM), hence, I3CEM turned out to be the most suitable irrigation schedule at both locations. Also, considering the significant grain yield enhancement under I3CEM over currently recommended schedule i.e. I1PAU, the I3CEM may be considered as the highly appropriate irrigation schedule.ThesisItem Restricted Management of nutrients and crop residue in rice-potatowheat cropping system(Punjab Agricultural University, 2024) Rose Maria Paul; Manhas, Surjeet SinghThe present study entitled “Management of nutrients and crop residue in rice-potato-wheat cropping system” was conducted at Students’ Research Farm, Department of Agronomy, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana during 2022-23. The research was conducted in a split plot design having three main plot treatments and four subplot treatments with three replications. The main plot treatments included rice + wheat + potato residue + FYM @ 12.5 t ha-1, rice residue + FYM @ 25 t ha-1 and without residue + FYM @ 50 t ha-1. The subplot treatments included 75% RDN & P, 75% RDN, 50% RDN & P and 50% RDN. The growth parameters of wheat such as plant height, dry matter accumulation and the number of tillers m-2 were significantly higher with treatment without residue + FYM @ 50 t ha-1 than the rice + wheat + potato residue + FYM @ 12.5 t ha-1. The treatment 75% RDN & P resulted significantly higher growth parameters than 50% RDN but at par with 75% RDN and 50% RDN & P. Similarly, the yield attributes such as number of spikes, spike length, number of spikelets spike -1 and number of grains spike-1 were significantly more with without residue + FYM @ 50 t ha-1. 75% RDN & P had the highest results for yield attributes of wheat but was at par with 75% RDN and 50% RDN & P. The grain yield and harvest index of wheat were significantly higher with without residue + FYM @ 50 t ha-1. Furthermore, there was a 14.25% and 11.1% increase in grain yield over the rice + wheat + potato residue+ FYM @ 12.5 t ha-1 and rice residue + FYM @ 25 t ha-1 treatments respectively. However, the treatments had non-significant on quality parameters of wheat. The NPK uptake by grains was significantly more with treatment without residue + FYM @ 50 t ha-1 compared to rice + wheat + potato residue + FYM @ 12.5 t ha-1. Additionally, the grain NPK uptake was significantly higher with 75% RDN & P compared to 50% RDN but at par with 75% RDN and 50% RDN & P. The micronutrient content in grain and straw such as Fe, Zn, Mn and Cu was significantly higher as a result of the treatment without residue + FYM @ 50 t ha-1. However, the different levels of nutrient application had a non-significant effect on micronutrient content in grains. Furthermore, the soil parameters such as pH, EC and organic C were also unaffected by the treatments however, there was an increment in the organic C over the initial years. The soil available NPK was significantly higher with the treatment without residue + FYM @ 50 t ha-1 compared to rice + wheat + potato residue + FYM @ 12.5 t ha-1 whereas only soil N & P was significantly affected by the fertilizer treatments 75% RDN & P. Additionally, the soil micronutrients such as Fe, Zn, Mn and Cu was significantly more with without residue + FYM @ 50 t ha-1 compared to rice + wheat + potato residue + FYM @ 12.5 t ha-1. Potato crop, treatment without residue + 100 RDF + FYM @ 50 t ha-1 demonstrated the highest growth parameters such as plant height, DMA, number of haulms plant-1 and yield and the yield attributing factors like the number of tubers plant-1 and tuber weight and protein and starch content but the difference were non-significant compared to other treatments. Similarly, the treatments had a non-significant effect on the rice. Nevertheless, the treatment without residue + FYM @ 50 t ha-1 demonstrated higher results for growth parameters and yield and yield attributing characters of rice.ThesisItem Embargo Evaluation of natural farming practices in maize-wheat cropping system(Punjab Agricultural University, 2024) Mahey, Harsh Kumar; Aulakh, Charanjit SinghThe present study entitled, “Evaluation of natural farming practices in maize-wheat cropping system” was conducted at School of Organic Farming, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana during kharif and rabi seasons of 2022-23. The soil of the experimental field was sandy loam with medium organic carbon and low in available nitrogen while high in phosphorus and potassium. The experiment was carried out in randomized complete block design with six treatments and four replications. The treatments comprised of Unfertilized control, Complete natural farming package without weeding (NF), Organic management, Integrated crop management (ICM) + biopesticides, Integrated crop management (ICM) + pesticides and Chemical management. During pre-kharif, green manuring was done with dhaincha in unfertilized control, organic management and ICM+pesticides whereas in NF and ICM+biopesticides green manuring was done with multivariate cropping (MVC) viz. pearlmillet, sorghum, cowpea, greengram, marigold, clusterbean, sesame, sesbania and sunhemp. Intercropping with cowpea (additive series) and chickpea (replacement series) in maize and wheat, respectively was done in all the treatments except chemical management. In NF, organic management and ICM+biopesticides trap crop okra and marigold were sown in maize and wheat, respectively. The significantly highest growth, yield and yield attributes of maize and wheat were recorded with chemical management. However, in maize it was statistically at par with ICM+ pesticides. NF resulted in 41.9 and 27.3% lower grain yields in maize and 68.4 and 58.4% in wheat than chemical management and organic management, respectively. The significantly higher yield of cowpea fodder was recorded with ICM+pesticides but was statistically at par with ICM+biopesticides. In chickpea, ICM+pesticides resulted in significantly higher seed yield of chickpea but was statistically at par with ICM+biopesticides. ICM+pesticides recorded significantly higher maize equivalent cowpea fodder yield, total maize equivalent yield, wheat equivalent chickpea seed yield and total wheat equivalent yield but was statistically at par with ICM+biopesticides. Significantly higher total maize equivalent yield of the cropping system with premium on organic produce was recorded with organic management but was statistically at par with ICM+pesticides. However, without premium, it was significantly higher with ICM+pesticides and was statistically at par with ICM+biopesticides. Among the organic treatments, the significantly highest higher total maize equivalent yield of the cropping system with and without premium on organic produce was recorded with organic management as compared to unfertilized control and NF. In both the crops, grain quality and NPK uptake (grain and stover/straw) were found to be significantly lower under NF as compared to chemical management, ICM and organic management. The different physico-chemical properties of soil did not differ significantly with various crop management practices due to only one year of experimentation. The significantly higher microbial populations and enzymatic activities were recorded with ICM+biopesticdes and the lowest with chemical management. With on-farm inputs, the highest net returns and B:C ratio were recorded with organic management in both maize and wheat. However, with off-farm inputs, the highest net returns were recorded with ICM+pesticides in wheat and maize-wheat cropping system. However, the higher B:C ratio was recorded with chemical management in wheat and maize-wheat cropping system.ThesisItem Embargo Effect of seed priming on growth and productivity of late sown wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)(Punjab Agricultural University, 2024) Anreet Kaur; Deol, J.S.The present study titled “Effect of seed priming on growth and productivity of late sown wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)” was conducted at Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana during the rabi season of 2022-23. Prior to the field experiment, a laboratory experiment was conducted at PG Laboratory, Department of Agronomy, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana and the Punjab State Seed Testing Laboratory located at Punjab Agricultural University Campus, Ludhiana in November 2022. The wheat variety PBW 771 was used to standardize the dosage and duration of various priming substances. Thirteen different priming treatments were investigated namely hydropriming, GA3 (50 ppm, 75 ppm, and 100 ppm), SA (50 ppm, 75 ppm, and 100 ppm), KNO3 (1.0%, 2.0%, and 3.0%), and KCl (1.0%, 2.0%, and 3.0%), with three different priming durations of 4, 8 and 12 hours. The laboratory experiment results guided the selection of the best priming treatments for the field experiment. The seed priming with SA (75 ppm, 100 ppm), KNO3 (2%), GA3 (50 ppm), KCl (2%) and hydropriming recorded significantly higher germination percentage, seedling length, seedling fresh and dry weights, and seedling vigor index at both 8 and 12 hours priming durations. The field experiment was conducted using split plot design with three replications, where the main plots consisted of three sowing dates (10th December, 25th December, and 10th January) and the sub plots consisted of six priming treatments (control, hydropriming, gibberellic acid (50 ppm), salicylic acid (75 ppm), potassium nitrate (2%), and potassium chloride @ 2%). The crop sown on 10th of December recorded significantly higher emergence count (160.8 m-2), tiller density (372.7 m-2), LAI (2.68), SPAD value (53.5), spike length (11.3 cm), number of grains per spike (43.3), 1000-grain weight (41.9 g), grain yield (45.6 q ha-1) and straw yield (67.1 q ha-1) as compared to 25th of December and 10th of January sown crops. The seed priming with salicylic acid (75ppm) recorded significantly higher emergence count (139.2 m2 ), tiller density (338.6 m-2), dry matter accumulation (82.8 q ha-1),1000-grain weight (35.5 g), grain yield (37.6 q ha-1) and straw yield (56.0 q ha-1) which was statistically at par with potassium nitrate (2%), potassium chloride (2%), and gibberellic acid (50 ppm) seed priming.ThesisItem Embargo Effect of irrigation scheduling on yield, quality and water productivity of direct seeded and transplanted canola quality oilseed rape (Brassica napus L.)(Punjab Agricultural University, 2023) Jashanpreet Kaur; Sardana, VirenderA field experiment was conducted during rabi 2022-23 at the Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana to study the effect of sowing and transplanting dates, and irrigation scheduling on growth, yield, quality of oil and seed meal and water productivity of canola oilseed rape (Brassica napus L.). The experiment was laid out in split plot design in three replications with six combinations of three dates (10 October, 30 October and 20 November) and two methods of crop establishment (direct sowing and transplanting) in main plots and four irrigation schedules (IW:CPE 0.8, 1.0, 1.2 and irrigation based on crop growth stages) in sub plots. Soil of the experimental field was sandy loam. Canola oilseed rape variety GSC 7 was sown/transplanted at 45 cm × 10-12 cm spacing. Thirty days old seedlings were used for transplanting. Results revealed that with delay in sowing/transplanting from 10 October to 30 October to 20 November, number of days required for emergence and initiation of flowering significantly increased and for physiological maturity decreased. Delay in sowing/transplanting caused significant reduction in plant height, dry matter accumulation (DMA) and PAR (photosynthetically active radiation) interception at different growth stages, main shoot length, primary branches and siliquae plant-1, seeds siliqua-1 and 1000 seed weight. Crop sown/transplanted on 10 October produced 16.8%, 18.4%, 15.0% and 18.5% higher seed, stover, oil and protein yield than 30 October sown/transplanted crop which in turn significantly out yielded 20 November sown/transplanted crop by 60.0%, 30.2%, 62.9%, 66.1% for seed, stover, oil and protein yields, respectively. Crop sown/transplanted on 20 November contained significantly lower oleic and linolenic acid in oil and significantly higher glucosinolates in defatted seed meal as compared to 10 and 30 October sowing/transplanting dates. Real-, apparent- and total- water productivity decreased with delay in sowing/transplanting. Transplanted crop took significantly less number of days for initiation of flowering and physiological maturity, attained significantly more plant height, DMA and PAR interception at different growth stages and SPAD values up to 80 DAS/DAT, number of siliquae plant-1 and seeds siliqua-1 and seed oil content than direct sown crop. Transplanted crop produced 12.2%, 13.3%, 11.9% and 17.4% higher seed, stover, oil and protein yields than direct sown crop. Apparent- and total- water productivity of direct sown crop was significantly higher than transplanted crop. Application of irrigations at IW:CPE 1.2 resulted in significantly higher plant height, DMA and PAR interception, SPAD values at different growth stages, siliquae plant-1 and seeds siliqua-1 than other irrigation treatments. Irrigations at IW:CPE 1.2 resulted in significantly higher seed protein but lower proline content and total sugars than other irrigation treatments. Irrigations at IW:CPE 1.2 resulted in significantly higher seed yield as compared to the IW:CPE 0.8. Application of irrigations at IW:CPE 1.2 resulted in significantly higher oleic, linoleic and linolenic acid in oil and significantly lower glucosinolates in defatted meal as compared to other irrigation treatments. Irrigations at IW:CPE 0.8 resulted in significantly higher apparent- and total- water productivity. Seed and oil yield of crop transplanted on 30 October was at par with direct sown crop on 10 October. Crop transplanted on 30 October and 20 November produced significantly higher seed yield and oil yield than its direct sowing.
