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Subject: Agronomy × End date: 2018 × Start date: 2018 × Type: Thesis × Thesis Type: Ph.D ×
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    Agronomic biofortification of chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) with zinc and iron
    (Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, 2018) Vajinder Pal; Guriqbal Singh
    The investigation entitled, “Agronomic biofortification of chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) with zinc and iron” was conducted at the Research Farm of Pulses Section, Department of Plant Breeding and Genetics, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, during Rabi 2015-16 and 2016-17. The soil of the experimental site was loamy sand in texture with normal soil reaction and electrical conductivity, low in organic carbon & available nitrogen, medium in available phosphorus, potassium, zinc and iron. Under the present investigation, three experiments were conducted and laid out in randomized complete block design replicated three times using the chickpea variety PBG 7. The Experiment I, II and III were sown on 7th November, 2015 during first year and 8th November, 2016 during second year. In Experiment I, six zinc application treatments and three urea foliar application treatments were studied. Experiment II had three iron foliar application treatments and three urea foliar application treatments. In Experiment III, twelve treatments consisting of zinc, iron or urea foliar application and their various combinations were studied. The recommended dose of urea @ 40.6 kg ha-1 and single superphosphate @ 125 kg ha-1 was applied at the time of sowing. The nutrients used for foliar treatments in the present study were ZnSO4.7H2O (21% Zn), FeSO4.7H2O (19% Fe) and urea (46% N). In all the experiments 375 litres of water ha-1 was used for each foliar spray. Results revealed that soil application of ZnSO4 @ 25 kg ha-1 at sowing + foliar spray of ZnSO4 @ 0.5% at flowering and pod formation stages resulted in the highest growth parameters, symbiotic parameters, yield attributes, grain yield, net returns, benefit cost ratio, nutrient content and nutrient uptake. The highest concentration of zinc and iron in chickpea grain was also recorded with the soil application of ZnSO4 @ 25 kg ha-1 + foliar spray of ZnSO4 @ 0.5% at flowering and pod formation stages (45.1 & 44.7 mg zinc kg-1 and 59.7 & 62.9 mg iron kg-1 in first and second year of study, respectively). In experiment II, foliar spray of FeSO4 @ 0.5% at flowering and pod formation stages resulted in the highest growth parameters, symbiotic parameters, yield attributes, grain yield, net returns, benefit cost ratio, nutrient content, nutrient uptake and the highest concentration of zinc (35.1 & 34.2 mg zinc kg-1) and iron (73.5 & 75.3 mg iron kg-1) in chickpea grain. In experiment III, foliar spray of ZnSO4 @ 0.5% + FeSO4 @ 0.5% + urea @ 2% (individual as well as tank mix) resulted in the highest growth parameters, symbiotic parameters, yield attributes, grain yield, net returns, benefit cost ratio, nutrient content and nutrient uptake. Tank mix application of ZnSO4 @ 0.5% + FeSO4 @ 0.5% + urea @ 2% provided the second highest content of zinc (44.1 & 43.1 mg zinc kg-1) and iron (71.1 & 73.9 mg iron kg-1) in chickpea grain and was equally effective in biofortification of chickpea grain as individual application of these nutrients (45.1 & 45.0 mg zinc kg-1 and 71.4 & 74.2 mg iron kg-1). Therefore, it can be concluded that these treatments improve the nutrient content in chickpea grain and, therefore, can help in removing the micronutrient (zinc and iron) malnutrion in humans.
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    Response of Soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merrill) to Seed Priming and Seed Rate for Enhanced Growth and Productivity under different Planting Methods
    (Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, 2018) Jassal, Rupinder Kaur; Harmeet Singh
    The present study “Response of Soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merrill) to Seed Priming and Seed Rate for Enhanced Growth and Productivity under different Planting Methods” was carried out at Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, during 2015 and 2016. In experiment I, in vitro studies were conducted in Factorial CRB design with twelve seed priming treatments (i.e. control, water soaked, KCl – 50 ppm, KCl – 100 ppm, KNO3 – 0.5%, KNO31.0 %, KH2PO4 - 0.5%, KH2PO4 - 1.0 %, GA3 - 50 ppm, GA3 - 100 ppm, Cytokinin -50 ppm and Cytokinin 100 ppm) for two priming durations i.e. 2 and 4 hour, respectively. Results revealed that 100 ppm GA3 treated soybean seeds for 2 hours recorded better performance under in vitro conditions and recorded significant higher Germiation Perceantage, Mean Germination Time, Germimation Time, Coffecient of Velocity, Vigour Length, Seedling Dry Weight, Root and Shoot Length as compared to other treatments. Experiment II was conducted in RCB Design with these seed priming treatments viz. control, water soaked, KCl – 50 ppm, KCl – 100 ppm, KNO3 – 0.5%, KNO31.0 %, KH2PO4 - 0.5%, KH2PO4 - 1.0 %, GA3 - 50 ppm, GA3 - 100 ppm, Cytokinin -50 ppm and Cytokinin 100 ppm. The results revealed that GA3 used at 100 ppm for seed priming recorded significantly higher plant characters viz. emergence count, plant height, dry matter accumulation, LAI and PARI. A non significant effect of different seed priming treatments was observed at all phenological stages of soybean crop. Symbiotic characters like root nodule count, root nodule dry weight and leghaemoglobin content in nodules were significantly higher in 100 ppm GA3 treated seeds. During both the years, seed yield was significantly higher with treatment 100 ppm GA3 which was statistically similar with 100 ppm cytokinin, 50 ppm GA3 and 50 ppm cytokinin. An increase of 30.6 % in seed yield was recorded with the use of 100 ppm GA3 treated seeds as compared to control or dry seeds this is due to more plant height, dry matter accumulation, LAI and yield attributing characters. N, P and K uptake by seeds and straw at harvest was recorded significantly higher with 100 ppm GA3 treated seeds which was statistically at par with 100 ppm cytokinin. A non significant effect was recorded on the quality parameters viz. protein, oil and starch content with different seed priming treatments. During both the years, gross returns, net returns and benefit cost ratio were recorded higher in treatment 100 ppm GA3 treated seeds. Experiment III was conducted in Factorial split plot design, keeping two planting methods (flat planting and bed planting) and two seed priming treatments (non-primed and 100 ppm GA3 treated seeds as primed seeds) in main plots and three seed rate (50, 62.5 and 75 kg ha-1) in sub plots. The results revealed that under bed planted method significantly higher emergence count, plant height, dry matter accumulation, LAI and PARI was recorded as compared to flat planting method. A non significant effect was observed at all phenological stages with respect to different planting methods. Bed planted crop recorded higher number of root nodule count and significantly higher root nodule dry weight and leghaemoglobin content in nodules as compared to flat planting method. Yield attributing characters viz. pods plant-1, seed pod-1 and 100 seed weight were higher in bed planted soybean crop as compared to flat planted crop. An increase of 15.6 % in seed yield was recorded under bed planted crop as compared to flat planted crop. N, P and K uptake by seeds and straw at harvest was significantly higher in bed planted crop as compared to flat planted crop. Maximum gross returns, net returns and B: C was obtained under bed planted soybean crop as compared to flat planted crop in both the two years. Primed seeds with 100 ppm GA3 recorded significant results in plant characters viz emergence count, plant height, dry matter accumulation, LAI and PARI, earliness in phenological stages, symbiotic characters, yield attributing characters and final seed yield. Primed seeds with 100 ppm GA3 recorded 23.2 % increase in pooled seed yield than non-primed seeds. N, P and K uptake by seeds and straw was also significantly higher in primed seeds as compared to non primed seeds. 100 ppm GA3 treated seeds recorded maximum gross returns, net returns and B: C as compared to non primed seeds. Seed rate of 62.5 kg ha-1 recorded higher plant growth, yield attributing characters and seed yield than 50 kg ha-1 and statistically at par results was recorded with 75 kg ha-1. Pooled seed yield was increased by 4.61 and 12.5 % with 62.5 kg ha-1 than 50 and 75 kg ha-1. Similarly, N, P and K uptake by seeds and straw was recorded significantly higher with with 62.5 kg ha-1 than 50 kg ha-1. Seed rate of 62.5 kg ha-1 recorded maximum gross returns, net returns and Benefit cost ratio than 50 and 75 kg ha-1