Loading...
Thesis
Browse
10 results
Search Results
ThesisItem Restricted Influence of herbicides on Rhizobium growth and its symbiosis with mungbean [Vigna radiata (L.) Wilczek](2017) Rukinderpreet Singh; Guriqbal SinghThe present study “Influence of herbicides on Rhizobium growth and its symbiosis with mungbean [Vigna radiata (L.) Wilczek]” was conducted at Research field of Pulses Section, Department of Plant Breeding and Genetics, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana. The field experiment was conducted during two seasons i.e. kharif 2016 and summer 2017. Experiment I, conducted to study the influence of herbicides on Rhizobium and PGPR growth under in vitro conditions, was laid out in CRD replicated three times with 13 treatments (viz. pendimethalin 30 EC at 180, 396, 900 and 1980 ppm, imazethapyr 10 SL at 26, 40, 133 and 200 ppm, pendimethalin 30 EC + imazethapyr 2 SL (pre-mix) at 180, 396, 900 and 1980 ppm and control). Experiment II entitled, “Effect of herbicides on Rhizobium-mungbean symbiosis and productivity of mungbean” was laid out in RCBD replicated three times with 10 treatments (viz. pendimethalin 30 EC at 0.45 kg ha-1 (PE) + hand weeding (HW) at 4 weeks after sowing (WAS), pendimethalin 30 EC at 0.75 kg ha-1 (PE), pendimethalin 30 EC + imazethapyr 2 SL (pre-mix) at 0.45 kg ha-1 (PE) + HW at 4 WAS, pendimethalin 30 EC + imazethapyr 2 SL at 0.75 kg ha-1 (PE), imazethapyr 10 SL at 50 g ha-1 at 15 DAS, imazethapyr 10 SL at 50 g ha-1 at 25 DAS, imazethapyr 10 SL at 75 g ha-1 at 15 DAS, imazethapyr 10 SL at 75 g ha-1 at 25 DAS, two HW at 4 & 6 WAS and weedy check). In Experiment I, the highest tolerance of Rhizobium and PGPR was recorded to pendimethalin 30 EC followed by pendimethalin 30 EC + imazethapyr 2 SL and least by imazethapyr 10 SL. In Experiment II, application of pendimethalin 30 EC at 0.45 kg ha-1 + HW at 4 WAS, pendimethalin 30 EC at 0.75 kg ha-1 and pendimethalin 30 EC + imazethapyr 2 SL at 0.45 kg ha-1 + HW at 4 WAS, in general, had no/little inhibitory effect on symbiotic parameters (nodule number, nodule dry weight and leghaemoglobin content) in kharif as well as in summer mungbean. Application of pendimethalin 30 EC at 0.45 kg ha-1 + HW at 4 WAS and pendimethalin 30 EC + imazethapyr 2 SL at 0.45 kg ha-1 + HW at 4 WAS, in general, recorded statistically similar growth attributes, symbiotic parameters, yield attributes & yield, economics, soil micro-flora population, weed number & weed dry matter and nutrient uptake by crop & weeds with two HW at 4 & 6 WAS. In terms of symbiotic parameters, grain yield and net returns, pendimethalin 30 EC at 0.45 kg ha-1 + HW at 4 WAS and pendimethalin 30 EC + imazethapyr 2 SL at 0.45 kg ha-1 + HW at 4 WAS are the promising treatments.ThesisItem Open Access Precision nutrient management in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) using Nutrient Expert and GreenSeeker(Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, 2017) Jashanjot Kaur; Hari RamThe present investigation“Precision nutrient management in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) using Nutrient Expert and GreenSeeker” was conducted at the Research farm, Wheat Section, Department of Plant Breeding and Genetics, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana during winter (rabi) season of 2014-15 and 2015-16. Experiment I was conducted to assess different precision nutrient management practices in different varieties under different tillage systems. It was laid out in split plot design with three replications, in main plot there was combination of two tillage systems (conventional and zero tillage) and two varieties (WH 1105 and HD 2967). In sub plot there were six nutrient management practices (No N control, Nutrient Expert for Wheat, 70% N, full P, K with Nutrient Expert for Wheat + remaining N as guided by GreenSeeker, N120 before irrigations,N120 after irrigations and N Rich (N180)). Experiment II was conducted in Randomized block design with 15 treatments [Control (No nitrogen), N120, N150, N180, N60 or N84 or N120 + remaining or additional N as guided by GreenSeeker [Feekes stage 5-6 (second irrigation)] or [Feekes stage 7-8 (third irrigation)], 50% N or 70% N through Nutrient Expert (NE) + remaining N as guided by GreenSeeker [Feekes stage 5-6 (second irrigation)] or [Feekes stage 7-8 (third irrigation)] and complete N through NE] with three replications. Similar growth characters, grain yield, quality characters, phenology and nutrient content of wheat were recorded under CT and ZT options. ZT recorded 8.4 per cent higher net returns than CT. Wheat variety HD 2967 recorded better growth characters than variety WH 1105. However, variety WH 1105 recorded 1.87 per cent higher grain yield than variety HD 2967. No varietal difference was recorded in quality characters, phenology, nutrient content and economics. Application of 160-164 kg N ha-1 in three splits (60 kg N at sowing + 60 kg N at first irrigation + 44/40 kg N at second irrigation guided by Green Seeker) or application of 172/169 kg N ha-1 in in three splits (60 kg N at sowing + 60 kg N at first irrigation + 52/49 kg N at second irrigation) with Nutrient Expert and GreenSeeker at 2nd irrigation (120+52/49) recorded better growth characters as well as higher NDVI thus contributing to better wheat yield and quality than blanket application of 120 kg N/ha but similar to blanket application of 150 kg N/ha in different varieties and tillage options. Delayed application of 126/131 kg N ha-1 in four splits (40 kg N at sowing + 40 kg N at first irrigation + 40 kg N at second irrigation + 6/13 kg N at third irrigation guided by Green Seeker) or application of 129/142 N kg ha-1 (40 kg N at sowing + 40 kg N at first irrigation + 40 kg N at second irrigation + 9/22 kg N at third irrigation guided by Green Seeker) with combination of Nutrient Expert and GreenSeeker at 3rd irrigation (120+9/22) gave higher returns with N saving of 9-24 kg/ha and higher yield as well as net returns in comparison to 150 kg N/ha.ThesisItem Open Access Productivity of pigeonpea (Cajanus cajan L.) based intercropping systems as influenced by different planting patterns and nutrients levels(2017) Sekhon, Fatehjeet Singh; Thakar SinghA field experiment entitled “Productivity of pigeonpea (Cajanus cajan L.) based intercropping systems as influenced by different planting patterns and nutrients levels” was conducted at Students’ Research Farm, Department of Agronomy, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, during kharif 2015 and 2016. The soil of the experimental site was loamy sand, normal pH and electrical conductivity, low in organic carbon and available N, medium in available P and K. Two research experiments were conducted in two separate fields. In the first experiment, three intercrops viz. cowpea fodder, maize fodder and groundnut were intercropped with pigeonpea at 50 cm × 25 cm, 75 cm × 18.8 cm and 100 cm × 12.5 cm (1+1) planting patterns and were compared with sole pigeonpea in randomized block design. Different intercrops were also grown as sole in the experiment to calculate the different intercropping indices. In the second experiment, three intercrops viz. cowpea fodder, maize fodder and groundnut were intercropped with pigeonpea at 50 cm × 25 cm and 100 cm × 12.5 cm (1+1) planting patterns were kept in main plots and three different levels of recommended dose of nutrients (NPK) applied to intercrops (0, 50 and 100 %) in the sub plots. The results showed that growth, phenology, yield and yield attributes of pigeonpea were not significantly influenced by different intercropping systems and planting patterns. Among the the different intercropping systems and planting patterns, pigeonpea (50 cm × 25 cm) + maize fodder (1+1) was found to be significantly superior as compared to sole pigeonpea and other intercropping systems, because it recorded significantly higher pigeonpea equivalent yield and economic returns. Among different nutrient levels applied to intercrops, it was observed that with the application of full dose of nutrients to pigeonpea and 100% recommended dose to intercrops produced significantly higher pigeonpea equivalent yield and higher economic returns as compared to control and 50% of recommended dose.ThesisItem Open Access Production potential of spring groundnut (Arachis hypogaea L.) based intercropping systems under paired skip row geometric configuration(Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, 2017) Haritwal, Krishan Kant; Saini, K.S.The present study entitled “Production potential of spring groundnut (Arachis hypogaea L.) based intercropping systems under paired skip row geometric configuration”, was carried out at Research Farm, Department of Agronomy, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, during spring 2016. The soil of the experimental field was sandy loam, normal in pH and electrical conductivity, while low in organic carbon and available N, medium in available P and low in available K. In the experiment sowing of two genotypes was kept in the main plots, each main plot was divided into 7 sub plots to allocate the intercropping system along with sole planting of spring groundnut with skip row geometric configuration and the component crops (sown at skip row between spring groundnut) to calculate the different intercropping indices. This experiment was laid out in a split plot design with three replications. The results showed that growing of TAG 37A genotype of spring groundnut sole as well as intercropping system gave higher yield, spring groundnut equivalent yield, system productivity and economic returns as compared to SG 99 genotype. Yield of intercrops was not influenced by genotypes. Among different intercropping systems, spring groundnut + maize (fodder) recorded significantly higher spring groundnut equivalent yield, system productivity, LER and the economic returns as compared to sole spring groundnut and all other intercropping systems. This system was also found to be most effective to achieve the best land utilization, maximum productivity, monetary as well as intercropping advantage.ThesisItem Restricted Productivity and malt quality of barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) in relation to sulphur and zinc nutrition(Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, 2017) Ripanjit Singh; Uppal, R. S.A field experiment was conducted to study the “Productivity and malt quality of barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) in relation to sulphur and zinc nutrition” during rabi season 2015-16. The experiment was conducted in split design with 5 combinations of sulphur viz. 0 kg ha-1(S0), 10 kg ha-1 (S10), 20 kg ha-1 (S20), 30 kg ha-1(S30) and 40 kg ha-1 (S40) in main plot and 4 combination of zinc control (Zn0), Soil zinc application (ZnS) as ZnSO4 62.5 Kg ha-1), Foliar zinc application (ZnF) as 0.5% ZnSO4 spray and Soil Zinc + Foliar Zinc (ZnS+F) as ZnSO4 62.5 Kg ha-1 + 0.5% ZnSO4 in sub plot. Sulphur nutrition with 40 kg ha-1 resulted in significantly higher yield attributes that results in higher grain yield (39.43 q ha-1), straw yield (75.80 q ha-1) and biological yield (115.23 q ha-1) and it was statistically at par with 30 kg S ha-1 (38.83, 75.37 and 114.20 q ha-1) but significantly higher than other sulphur treatments. In case of zinc, soil+foliar application resulted in higher yield attributes which increased the grain yield (40.12 q ha-1), straw yield (74.78 q ha-1) and biological yield (114.90 q ha-1) than other zinc treatments. Sulphur nutrition with 40 kg ha-1 significantly increased the grain sulphur content (0.285%), zinc content (39.0 ppm), protein content (11.4%), protein yield (450.2 kg ha-1), hectoliter weight (62.4 kg hl-1), malt yield (84.1%) and hot water extract of dry weight malt and barley (82.0%, 72.0%) but friability (75.6%) was found to be same as in 30 kg ha-1. Zinc nutrition through soil+foliar resulted in significantly higher grain sulphur content (0.223%), zinc content (56.7 ppm ), protein content (11.2%), protein yield (450.4 kg ha-1), hectoliter weight (61.6 kg hl-1), malt yield (84.2%), hot water extract of dry weight malt and barley (78.2%, 70.6%) and friability (75.0%) than foliar application, soil application and control.ThesisItem Open Access Weed management in organic soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merr.)(Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, 2017) Sandeep Singh; Aulakh, C. S.The present investigation, “Weed management in organic soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merr.)” was carried out at Students’ Research Farm, Department of Agronomy, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana during Kharif 2015. The soil of the experimental field was sandy loam having normal pH, medium organic carbon, available N and available K and high available P. The experiment comprised of twelve treatments viz straw mulch @ 4 t ha-1, straw mulch @ 4 t ha-1 followed by hand weeding at 6 weeks after sowing (WAS), straw mulch @ 6 t ha-1, straw mulch @ 6 t ha-1 followed by hand weeding at 6 WAS, cowpea intercropping (1:1) and harvesting at 6 WAS, cowpea intercropping (1:2) and harvesting at 6 WAS, cowpea intercropping (1:1) and its in-situ mulching at 6 WAS, cowpea intercropping (1:2) and its in-situ mulching at 6 WAS, hand weedings at 2, 5 and 8 WAS with weed biomass retained, hand weedings at 2, 5 and 8 WAS with weed biomass removed, weed free and unweeded control. The treatments were quadruplicated in a randomized complete block design. The crop was raised organically with green manuring of sunnhemp and 8 t ha-1 of FYM. The straw mulch was applied immediately after flat sowing of soybean cultivar SL 958. One or two rows of cowpea cultivar CL 367 were sown between the soybean rows as per the treatments. Trianthema portulacastrum was the predominant weed in the crop. The straw mulch and hand weeding treatments were superior in weed control and resulted in reduced weed population, weed dry matter accumulation and N, P and K uptake by weeds. The cowpea intercropping treatments were ineffective to control weeds during the initial period and cowpea harvesting at 6 weeks after sowing resulted in damage to soybean plants leading to its decreased plant population. However, cowpea (1:1) intercropping treatments were better in weed control than cowpea (1:2) treatments during the later crop growth stages. The crop growth parameters like plant height, dry matter accumulation, number and dry weight of root nodules, N, P and K uptake and yield attributes were higher with straw mulch and hand weeding treatments than cowpea intercropping. The microbial populations were higher with rice straw mulching except phosphorous solubilizing bacteria (PSB) which did not vary with weed control treatments. Straw mulch, hand weeding and cowpea (1:1) treatments gave significantly higher seed yield of soybean than unweeded control. Cowpea (1:1) treatments compensated damaged plant populations of soybean with more number of pods plant-1 and resulted in statistically similar seed yield to that with straw mulch and hand weedings. Both straw mulch treatments, SM 4 t ha-1 and SM 6 t ha-1 resulted in highest B:C (1.89, each). Thus, the application of straw mulch 4 to 6 t ha-1 was found to be more efficient for weed control, obtaining higher seed yield and more economic returns.ThesisItem Open Access Growth and yield of pigeonpea [Cajanus cajan (L.) Millsp.] as influenced by growth retardants and sowing dates(Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, 2017) Amandeep Kaur; Harmeet SinghThe present study entitled “Growth and yield of pigeonpea [Cajanus cajan (L.) Millsp.] as influenced by growth retardants and sowing dates” was carried out at Student’s Research Farm, Department of Agronomy, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana during kharif 2016. The field experiment comprising of sixteen treatments viz., control, water spray, MH @ 200, 250 and 300 ppm and TIBA @ 25, 50 and 75 ppm and two sowing dates (May 15 and May 30) was conducted in a Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) with three replications on sandy loam soil which was normal in pH (7.57-7.59) and electrical conductivity (0.139-0.117 dsm-1), low in organic carbon (0.23-0.26%), and available nitrogen (112.4-129.2 kg ha-1), medium in available phosphorus (18.50-21.70 kg ha-1) and available potassium (298.2-310.6 kg ha-1). May 15 sown crop produced significantly higher dry matter, LAI, number of branches, pods and grain yield than May 30 sown crop. May 15 sown produced significantly taller plants and significantly influenced CGR, RGR and LAD. Quality parameters such as N, P, K and protein content in grain and stover remained unaffected by growth retardants and sowing dates. Nodule count and weight of nodule plant-1 were not significantly affected by growth retardants and sowing dates. No effect on phenology of crop and chlorophyll content was observed by either sowing dates and growth retardant treatments. Various growth and yield parameters viz., Crop Growth Rate, Relative Growth Rate, Leaf Area Duration, dry matter, Leaf Area Index, secondary branches plant-1 and pods plant-1 were statistically higher with application of TIBA @ 75 ppm than all other growth retardant treatments and control but was statistically at par with TIBA applied @ 50 ppm. As a result, highest seed yield of pigeonpea (14.4 q ha-1) was recorded with application of TIBA @ 75 ppm although at par with foliar application of TIBA @ 50 ppm but was 22.9 per cent higher than control. Similar increase in stover yield and harvest index was also observed. No significant effect of different growth retardant sprays was found on various quality parameters like nitrogen, phosphorous, potassium and protein content of seed and stover.ThesisItem Open Access Productivity and quality of dual purpose oats (Avena sativa L.) in relation to sowing and cutting dates(Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, 2017) Harpreet Singh; Sharma, P.K.The field experiment entitled “Productivity and quality of dual purpose oats (Avena sativa L.) in relation to sowing and cutting dates” was laid out at two locations viz. Ludhiana and Gurdaspur in randomized complete block design with twelve treatment combination i.e. four dates of sowing October 10 (D1), October 25 (D2), November 10 (D3) and November 25 (D4) with three cutting treatments uncut (C0), cut at 50 DAS (C50) and cut at 65 DAS (C65). Soil of experimental field at Ludhiana was normal in soil reaction and electrical conductivity, low in organic carbon and available nitrogen, high in available phosphorus and low in available potassium. At Gurdaspur normal in soil reaction and electrical conductivity, medium in organic carbon and medium in available nitrogen, high in available phosphorus and low in available potassium. Crop sown on October 10 took minimum days for initiation and completion of emergence at both the locations. Crop sown on October 10 (D1) and cut at 50 DAS (C50) attained significantly higher plant height at maturity at both the locations. D1 uncut crop accumulates significantly higher dry matter at all days of observation at both the locations. The highest green and dry fodder yield was obtained from the early sown crop cut at 65 DAS than the 50 DAS. Crop cut at 50 DAS for fodder took minimum number of days for regeneration than cut at 65 DAS at both the locations. Crop cut at 50 days after sowing had better fodder quality parameters in terms of crude protein, total ash, leaf stem ratio and digestibility (in-vitro) than that cut at 65 DAS at both the locations.The highest grain yield was obtained from D4C0 which is at par with D1C50 at both the locations.The highest straw yield was recorded in October 10 and October 25 sown than other dates of sowing. Seed viability, germination, seedling length, vigour index I, vigour index II, seedling dry weight was significantly higher in October 10 sowing crop and in uncut treatment at both the locations. Taking fodder cutting 65 DAS from sown on October 10 generated highest additional income at Ludhiana however at Gurdaspur taking fodder cutting 50 DAS from October 10 sown crop.ThesisItem Open Access Growth and productivity of soybean (Glycine max L. Merrill) as influenced by growth retardant and defoliants(Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, 2017) Brar, Ajaypal Singh; Deol, J.S.A field study entitled ‘Growth and productivity of soybean (Glycine max L. Merrill) as influenced by growth retardant and defoliants’ was conducted at two locations viz. Research farm, Department of Agronomy, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana and Research farm, Research Station, Faridkot during kharif season of 2016. The experiments were conducted in a randomized complete block design comprising nine treatments with three replications. The treatments comprised of mepiquat chloride @ 200 ppm and 250 ppm (50-55 and 65-70 DAS), ethrel @ 250 ppm (110-115 DAS), thidiazuron @ 200 g ha-1 (110-115 DAS), mepiquat chloride @ 200 and 250 ppm (50-55 and 65-70 DAS) + ethrel @ 250 ppm (110- 115 DAS), mepiquat chloride @ 200 and 250 ppm (50-55 and 65-70 DAS) + thidiazuron @ 200 g ha-1 (110-115 DAS) and control. Results showed that soyabean phenology was not affected at all with the application of various growth retardants and defoliants used in the study. Plant height at harvest was not significantly affected by the growth retardant and defoliants. Dry matter accumulation at harvest was significantly higher with the mepiquat chloride @ 200, 250 ppm and ethrel @ 250 ppm either applied individually or in combination. Specific leaf weight increased significantly with the application of mepiquat chloride at both the locations. Abscission of flowers and pods was significantly less with application of growth retardant and defoliant. Highest seed yield (18.6 q ha-1 at Ludhiana and 16.7 q ha-1 at Faridkot) was recorded with the mepiquat chloride @ 250 ppm + ethrel @ 250 ppm which was statistically at par with mepiquat chloride @ 200 ppm (16.7 q ha-1 at Ludhiana and 14.8 q ha-1 at Faridkot), mepiquat chloride @ 250 ppm (18.3 q ha-1 at Ludhiana and 15.0 q ha-1 at Faridkot), ethrel @ 250 ppm (18.1 q ha-1 at Ludhiana and 14.6 q ha-1 at Faridkot) and mepiquat chloride @ 200 ppm + ethrel @ 250 ppm (18.3 q ha-1 at Ludhiana and 15.3 q ha-1 at Faridkot). However, the B:C was highest with ethrel @ 250 ppm.