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Influence of herbicides on Rhizobium growth and its symbiosis with mungbean [Vigna radiata (L.) Wilczek]
(2017) Rukinderpreet Singh; Guriqbal Singh
The present study “Influence of herbicides on Rhizobium growth and its symbiosis with mungbean [Vigna radiata (L.) Wilczek]” was conducted at Research field of Pulses Section, Department of Plant Breeding and Genetics, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana. The field experiment was conducted during two seasons i.e. kharif 2016 and summer 2017. Experiment I, conducted to study the influence of herbicides on Rhizobium and PGPR growth under in vitro conditions, was laid out in CRD replicated three times with 13 treatments (viz. pendimethalin 30 EC at 180, 396, 900 and 1980 ppm, imazethapyr 10 SL at 26, 40, 133 and 200 ppm, pendimethalin 30 EC + imazethapyr 2 SL (pre-mix) at 180, 396, 900 and 1980 ppm and control). Experiment II entitled, “Effect of herbicides on Rhizobium-mungbean symbiosis and productivity of mungbean” was laid out in RCBD replicated three times with 10 treatments (viz. pendimethalin 30 EC at 0.45 kg ha-1 (PE) + hand weeding (HW) at 4 weeks after sowing (WAS), pendimethalin 30 EC at 0.75 kg ha-1 (PE), pendimethalin 30 EC + imazethapyr 2 SL (pre-mix) at 0.45 kg ha-1 (PE) + HW at 4 WAS, pendimethalin 30 EC + imazethapyr 2 SL at 0.75 kg ha-1 (PE), imazethapyr 10 SL at 50 g ha-1 at 15 DAS, imazethapyr 10 SL at 50 g ha-1 at 25 DAS, imazethapyr 10 SL at 75 g ha-1 at 15 DAS, imazethapyr 10 SL at 75 g ha-1 at 25 DAS, two HW at 4 & 6 WAS and weedy check). In Experiment I, the highest tolerance of Rhizobium and PGPR was recorded to pendimethalin 30 EC followed by pendimethalin 30 EC + imazethapyr 2 SL and least by imazethapyr 10 SL. In Experiment II, application of pendimethalin 30 EC at 0.45 kg ha-1 + HW at 4 WAS, pendimethalin 30 EC at 0.75 kg ha-1 and pendimethalin 30 EC + imazethapyr 2 SL at 0.45 kg ha-1 + HW at 4 WAS, in general, had no/little inhibitory effect on symbiotic parameters (nodule number, nodule dry weight and leghaemoglobin content) in kharif as well as in summer mungbean. Application of pendimethalin 30 EC at 0.45 kg ha-1 + HW at 4 WAS and pendimethalin 30 EC + imazethapyr 2 SL at 0.45 kg ha-1 + HW at 4 WAS, in general, recorded statistically similar growth attributes, symbiotic parameters, yield attributes & yield, economics, soil micro-flora population, weed number & weed dry matter and nutrient uptake by crop & weeds with two HW at 4 & 6 WAS. In terms of symbiotic parameters, grain yield and net returns, pendimethalin 30 EC at 0.45 kg ha-1 + HW at 4 WAS and pendimethalin 30 EC + imazethapyr 2 SL at 0.45 kg ha-1 + HW at 4 WAS are the promising treatments.
Open Access
Production potential of spring groundnut (Arachis hypogaea L.) based intercropping systems under paired skip row geometric configuration
(Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, 2017) Haritwal, Krishan Kant; Saini, K.S.
The present study entitled “Production potential of spring groundnut (Arachis hypogaea L.) based intercropping systems under paired skip row geometric configuration”, was carried out at Research Farm, Department of Agronomy, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, during spring 2016. The soil of the experimental field was sandy loam, normal in pH and electrical conductivity, while low in organic carbon and available N, medium in available P and low in available K. In the experiment sowing of two genotypes was kept in the main plots, each main plot was divided into 7 sub plots to allocate the intercropping system along with sole planting of spring groundnut with skip row geometric configuration and the component crops (sown at skip row between spring groundnut) to calculate the different intercropping indices. This experiment was laid out in a split plot design with three replications. The results showed that growing of TAG 37A genotype of spring groundnut sole as well as intercropping system gave higher yield, spring groundnut equivalent yield, system productivity and economic returns as compared to SG 99 genotype. Yield of intercrops was not influenced by genotypes. Among different intercropping systems, spring groundnut + maize (fodder) recorded significantly higher spring groundnut equivalent yield, system productivity, LER and the economic returns as compared to sole spring groundnut and all other intercropping systems. This system was also found to be most effective to achieve the best land utilization, maximum productivity, monetary as well as intercropping advantage.
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Productivity and malt quality of barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) in relation to sulphur and zinc nutrition
(Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, 2017) Ripanjit Singh; Uppal, R. S.
A field experiment was conducted to study the “Productivity and malt quality of barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) in relation to sulphur and zinc nutrition” during rabi season 2015-16. The experiment was conducted in split design with 5 combinations of sulphur viz. 0 kg ha-1(S0), 10 kg ha-1 (S10), 20 kg ha-1 (S20), 30 kg ha-1(S30) and 40 kg ha-1 (S40) in main plot and 4 combination of zinc control (Zn0), Soil zinc application (ZnS) as ZnSO4 62.5 Kg ha-1), Foliar zinc application (ZnF) as 0.5% ZnSO4 spray and Soil Zinc + Foliar Zinc (ZnS+F) as ZnSO4 62.5 Kg ha-1 + 0.5% ZnSO4 in sub plot. Sulphur nutrition with 40 kg ha-1 resulted in significantly higher yield attributes that results in higher grain yield (39.43 q ha-1), straw yield (75.80 q ha-1) and biological yield (115.23 q ha-1) and it was statistically at par with 30 kg S ha-1 (38.83, 75.37 and 114.20 q ha-1) but significantly higher than other sulphur treatments. In case of zinc, soil+foliar application resulted in higher yield attributes which increased the grain yield (40.12 q ha-1), straw yield (74.78 q ha-1) and biological yield (114.90 q ha-1) than other zinc treatments. Sulphur nutrition with 40 kg ha-1 significantly increased the grain sulphur content (0.285%), zinc content (39.0 ppm), protein content (11.4%), protein yield (450.2 kg ha-1), hectoliter weight (62.4 kg hl-1), malt yield (84.1%) and hot water extract of dry weight malt and barley (82.0%, 72.0%) but friability (75.6%) was found to be same as in 30 kg ha-1. Zinc nutrition through soil+foliar resulted in significantly higher grain sulphur content (0.223%), zinc content (56.7 ppm ), protein content (11.2%), protein yield (450.4 kg ha-1), hectoliter weight (61.6 kg hl-1), malt yield (84.2%), hot water extract of dry weight malt and barley (78.2%, 70.6%) and friability (75.0%) than foliar application, soil application and control.
Open Access
Weed management in organic soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merr.)
(Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, 2017) Sandeep Singh; Aulakh, C. S.
The present investigation, “Weed management in organic soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merr.)” was carried out at Students’ Research Farm, Department of Agronomy, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana during Kharif 2015. The soil of the experimental field was sandy loam having normal pH, medium organic carbon, available N and available K and high available P. The experiment comprised of twelve treatments viz straw mulch @ 4 t ha-1, straw mulch @ 4 t ha-1 followed by hand weeding at 6 weeks after sowing (WAS), straw mulch @ 6 t ha-1, straw mulch @ 6 t ha-1 followed by hand weeding at 6 WAS, cowpea intercropping (1:1) and harvesting at 6 WAS, cowpea intercropping (1:2) and harvesting at 6 WAS, cowpea intercropping (1:1) and its in-situ mulching at 6 WAS, cowpea intercropping (1:2) and its in-situ mulching at 6 WAS, hand weedings at 2, 5 and 8 WAS with weed biomass retained, hand weedings at 2, 5 and 8 WAS with weed biomass removed, weed free and unweeded control. The treatments were quadruplicated in a randomized complete block design. The crop was raised organically with green manuring of sunnhemp and 8 t ha-1 of FYM. The straw mulch was applied immediately after flat sowing of soybean cultivar SL 958. One or two rows of cowpea cultivar CL 367 were sown between the soybean rows as per the treatments. Trianthema portulacastrum was the predominant weed in the crop. The straw mulch and hand weeding treatments were superior in weed control and resulted in reduced weed population, weed dry matter accumulation and N, P and K uptake by weeds. The cowpea intercropping treatments were ineffective to control weeds during the initial period and cowpea harvesting at 6 weeks after sowing resulted in damage to soybean plants leading to its decreased plant population. However, cowpea (1:1) intercropping treatments were better in weed control than cowpea (1:2) treatments during the later crop growth stages. The crop growth parameters like plant height, dry matter accumulation, number and dry weight of root nodules, N, P and K uptake and yield attributes were higher with straw mulch and hand weeding treatments than cowpea intercropping. The microbial populations were higher with rice straw mulching except phosphorous solubilizing bacteria (PSB) which did not vary with weed control treatments. Straw mulch, hand weeding and cowpea (1:1) treatments gave significantly higher seed yield of soybean than unweeded control. Cowpea (1:1) treatments compensated damaged plant populations of soybean with more number of pods plant-1 and resulted in statistically similar seed yield to that with straw mulch and hand weedings. Both straw mulch treatments, SM 4 t ha-1 and SM 6 t ha-1 resulted in highest B:C (1.89, each). Thus, the application of straw mulch 4 to 6 t ha-1 was found to be more efficient for weed control, obtaining higher seed yield and more economic returns.
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Growth and productivity of menthol mint (Mentha arvensis L.) as influenced by drip irrigation and fertigation schedules
(Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, 2017) Mandeep Singh; Brar, Ajmer Singh
Menthol mint (Mentha arvensis L.) is an essential oil bearing plant, belongs to the family Lamiaceae. Drip irrigation played significant role in menthol mint production due high water demanding crop and season. The experiment was conducted in spring season of 2015 on sandy loam soil of Ludhiana, Punjab, with normal in soil reaction and EC, low in organic carbon and available nitrogen whereas medium in available soil phosphorous and potassium. The experiment was comprised of treatment combinations of four levels of drip irrigation (120 % ETC, 100 % ETC, 80 % ETC and 60 % ETC) and three levels of fertigation (100 % RDF, 80 % RDF and 60 % RDF) with an extra control in factorial randomized complete block design (RCBD) replicated thrice. Significantly higher plant height, dry matter accumulation and oil yield was recorded at 120 % ETC than 80 and 60 % ETC but statistically at par with 100 % ETC. Stool count and fresh herb yield was found to significantly higher at 120 % ETC than 100, 80 and 60 % ETC. However leaf to stem ratio was found to significantly higher at 60 % ETC than 80, 100 and 120 % ETC. Oil content was also found to be significantly higher at 60 % ETC than 100 and 120 % ETC but statistically at par with 80 % ETC. Plant height, dry matter accumulation, fresh herb yield and oil yield were found to be significantly higher in 100 % RDF than 60 % RDF but statistically at par with 80 % RDF. However leaf to stem ratio was found to be significantly higher at 60 % RDF than 100 % RDF but statistically at par with 80 % RDF.
Open Access
Growth and yield of pigeonpea [Cajanus cajan (L.) Millsp.] as influenced by growth retardants and sowing dates
(Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, 2017) Amandeep Kaur; Harmeet Singh
The present study entitled “Growth and yield of pigeonpea [Cajanus cajan (L.) Millsp.] as influenced by growth retardants and sowing dates” was carried out at Student’s Research Farm, Department of Agronomy, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana during kharif 2016. The field experiment comprising of sixteen treatments viz., control, water spray, MH @ 200, 250 and 300 ppm and TIBA @ 25, 50 and 75 ppm and two sowing dates (May 15 and May 30) was conducted in a Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) with three replications on sandy loam soil which was normal in pH (7.57-7.59) and electrical conductivity (0.139-0.117 dsm-1), low in organic carbon (0.23-0.26%), and available nitrogen (112.4-129.2 kg ha-1), medium in available phosphorus (18.50-21.70 kg ha-1) and available potassium (298.2-310.6 kg ha-1). May 15 sown crop produced significantly higher dry matter, LAI, number of branches, pods and grain yield than May 30 sown crop. May 15 sown produced significantly taller plants and significantly influenced CGR, RGR and LAD. Quality parameters such as N, P, K and protein content in grain and stover remained unaffected by growth retardants and sowing dates. Nodule count and weight of nodule plant-1 were not significantly affected by growth retardants and sowing dates. No effect on phenology of crop and chlorophyll content was observed by either sowing dates and growth retardant treatments. Various growth and yield parameters viz., Crop Growth Rate, Relative Growth Rate, Leaf Area Duration, dry matter, Leaf Area Index, secondary branches plant-1 and pods plant-1 were statistically higher with application of TIBA @ 75 ppm than all other growth retardant treatments and control but was statistically at par with TIBA applied @ 50 ppm. As a result, highest seed yield of pigeonpea (14.4 q ha-1) was recorded with application of TIBA @ 75 ppm although at par with foliar application of TIBA @ 50 ppm but was 22.9 per cent higher than control. Similar increase in stover yield and harvest index was also observed. No significant effect of different growth retardant sprays was found on various quality parameters like nitrogen, phosphorous, potassium and protein content of seed and stover.
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Growth and productivity of spring sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) hybrids as influenced by sulphur nutrition in drip and furrow irrigation
(Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, 2017) Sahoo, Priyanka; Brar, Ajmer Singh
A field experiment was conducted to find out the effect of methods of irrigation and sulphur nutrition on productivity of sunflower hybrids at Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana during spring season of 2016 and 2017. The experiment was laid out in randomized complete block design, keeping combination of two hybrids (PSH-1962 and PSH-996), two methods of irrigation (drip and furrow irrigation) and four sulphur levels (0, 20, 40 and 60 kg S ha-1). Elemental sulphur was applied in drip and gypsum was the source of sulphur in furrow irrigated crop. Results revealed that growth, yield attributes, seed yield, oil content and oil yield were found to be significantly higher in PSH-1962 than PSH-996. PSH-1962 resulted in 15.9, 13.2 and 14.4 per cent higher oil content and 36.9, 22.0 and 29.5 per cent higher oil yield than PSH-996 during 2016, 2017 and in pooled data. PSH-1962 recorded 9392.9 Rs/ha higher net return and benefit cost ratio (B:C) than PSH-996 in pooled data. Drip irrigated crop recorded significantly higher growth attributes, yield attributes, seed yield, oil content and oil yield as compared to furrow irrigated crop. Drip irrigation resulted in 18.9, 19.1 and 18.9 per cent higher oil yield than furrow irrigated crop with saving of 30.5 per cent irrigation water, which resulted in 81.1, 53.6 and 67.9 per cent higher apparent water productivity (AWP) during 2016, 2017 and in pooled data, respectively. The net return and B:C was higher in drip irrigation than furrow irrigation. With each increment in sulphur levels growth attributes, yield attributes, seed yield, oil content and oil yield was increased progressively. Sulphur application at 60 kg ha-1 produced significantly higher seed and oil yield than lower levels of sulphur (40, 20 and 0 kg S ha-1). However, the oil content remained statistically at par between 60 and 40 kg S ha-1. Application of 60 kg S ha-1 recorded 4166.8, 7866.4 and 11184 Rs ha-1 higher net return than 40, 20 and 0 kg S ha-1 in pooled mean, respectively. Thus, sunflower hybrids PSH-1962 should be fertigated with 60 kg S ha-1.
Open Access
Productivity and quality of dual purpose oats (Avena sativa L.) in relation to sowing and cutting dates
(Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, 2017) Harpreet Singh; Sharma, P.K.
The field experiment entitled “Productivity and quality of dual purpose oats (Avena sativa L.) in relation to sowing and cutting dates” was laid out at two locations viz. Ludhiana and Gurdaspur in randomized complete block design with twelve treatment combination i.e. four dates of sowing October 10 (D1), October 25 (D2), November 10 (D3) and November 25 (D4) with three cutting treatments uncut (C0), cut at 50 DAS (C50) and cut at 65 DAS (C65). Soil of experimental field at Ludhiana was normal in soil reaction and electrical conductivity, low in organic carbon and available nitrogen, high in available phosphorus and low in available potassium. At Gurdaspur normal in soil reaction and electrical conductivity, medium in organic carbon and medium in available nitrogen, high in available phosphorus and low in available potassium. Crop sown on October 10 took minimum days for initiation and completion of emergence at both the locations. Crop sown on October 10 (D1) and cut at 50 DAS (C50) attained significantly higher plant height at maturity at both the locations. D1 uncut crop accumulates significantly higher dry matter at all days of observation at both the locations. The highest green and dry fodder yield was obtained from the early sown crop cut at 65 DAS than the 50 DAS. Crop cut at 50 DAS for fodder took minimum number of days for regeneration than cut at 65 DAS at both the locations. Crop cut at 50 days after sowing had better fodder quality parameters in terms of crude protein, total ash, leaf stem ratio and digestibility (in-vitro) than that cut at 65 DAS at both the locations.The highest grain yield was obtained from D4C0 which is at par with D1C50 at both the locations.The highest straw yield was recorded in October 10 and October 25 sown than other dates of sowing. Seed viability, germination, seedling length, vigour index I, vigour index II, seedling dry weight was significantly higher in October 10 sowing crop and in uncut treatment at both the locations. Taking fodder cutting 65 DAS from sown on October 10 generated highest additional income at Ludhiana however at Gurdaspur taking fodder cutting 50 DAS from October 10 sown crop.
Open Access
Growth and productivity of soybean (Glycine max L. Merrill) as influenced by growth retardant and defoliants
(Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, 2017) Brar, Ajaypal Singh; Deol, J.S.
A field study entitled ‘Growth and productivity of soybean (Glycine max L. Merrill) as influenced by growth retardant and defoliants’ was conducted at two locations viz. Research farm, Department of Agronomy, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana and Research farm, Research Station, Faridkot during kharif season of 2016. The experiments were conducted in a randomized complete block design comprising nine treatments with three replications. The treatments comprised of mepiquat chloride @ 200 ppm and 250 ppm (50-55 and 65-70 DAS), ethrel @ 250 ppm (110-115 DAS), thidiazuron @ 200 g ha-1 (110-115 DAS), mepiquat chloride @ 200 and 250 ppm (50-55 and 65-70 DAS) + ethrel @ 250 ppm (110- 115 DAS), mepiquat chloride @ 200 and 250 ppm (50-55 and 65-70 DAS) + thidiazuron @ 200 g ha-1 (110-115 DAS) and control. Results showed that soyabean phenology was not affected at all with the application of various growth retardants and defoliants used in the study. Plant height at harvest was not significantly affected by the growth retardant and defoliants. Dry matter accumulation at harvest was significantly higher with the mepiquat chloride @ 200, 250 ppm and ethrel @ 250 ppm either applied individually or in combination. Specific leaf weight increased significantly with the application of mepiquat chloride at both the locations. Abscission of flowers and pods was significantly less with application of growth retardant and defoliant. Highest seed yield (18.6 q ha-1 at Ludhiana and 16.7 q ha-1 at Faridkot) was recorded with the mepiquat chloride @ 250 ppm + ethrel @ 250 ppm which was statistically at par with mepiquat chloride @ 200 ppm (16.7 q ha-1 at Ludhiana and 14.8 q ha-1 at Faridkot), mepiquat chloride @ 250 ppm (18.3 q ha-1 at Ludhiana and 15.0 q ha-1 at Faridkot), ethrel @ 250 ppm (18.1 q ha-1 at Ludhiana and 14.6 q ha-1 at Faridkot) and mepiquat chloride @ 200 ppm + ethrel @ 250 ppm (18.3 q ha-1 at Ludhiana and 15.3 q ha-1 at Faridkot). However, the B:C was highest with ethrel @ 250 ppm.

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