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ThesisItem Restricted PERFORMANCE OF DIRECT SEEDED RICE (Oryza sativa L.) IN RELATION TO ESTABLISHMENT METHODS, PLANT DENSITIES AND HERBICIDES(PAU Ludhiana, 2012) Simerjeet Kaur; Surjit SinghThe investigation entitled “Performance of direct seeded rice (Oryza sativa L.) in relation to establishment methods, plant densities and herbicides” was conducted at Students’ Research Farm, Department of Agronomy, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana during kharif 2009 and 2010. The soil was loamy sand, normal in soil reaction & electrical conductivity, low in organic carbon &available nitrogen and medium in available phosphorus & potassium. Three experiments were sown on 6th June 2009 and 4th June 2010. Experiment I was laid out in Split Plot Design with 4 replications comprising 5 crop establishment methods {direct seeding with Zero Till Drill, Modified Drill, Conventional Drill, puddled broadcasted and puddled transplanted} in main plots and 4 weed control methods {pendimethalin 0.75 kg ha-1 pre-em. alone and integrated with bispyribac 0.025 kg & azimsulfuron 0.02 kg ha-1 at 30 DAS/T and weed free} in sub-plots. Experiment II and III were laid out in Randomised Block Design with 3 replications. Experiment II contained 16 combinations of 4 seed rates {20 kg, 30 kg, 40 kg and 50 kg ha-1} and 4 row spacings {15, 20, 25 and 30 cm}. Experiment III comprised 16 weed control treatments of pendimethalin 0.75 kg, butachlor 1.50 kg, thiobencarb 1.50 kg, anilofos 0.375 kg, pretilachlor 0.75 kg, oxadiargyl 0.09 kg and pyrazosulfuron ethyl 0.015 kg ha-1 as pre-em. alone and integrated with bispyribac 0.025 kg ha-1 at 30 DAS; two hand weedings and unweeded control. The results revealed that growth parameters, yield attributes and grain yield did not vary significantly among establishment methods, seed rates and row spacings. The effect of establishment methods on sheath blight incidence & severity, stem borer & leaf folder damage, root density, weed population & dry matter and residues of post-emergence herbicides were non-significant. In Experiment I, the maximum grain yield (71.06 q and 62.77 q ha-1) was recorded in weedfree treatment which was at par with integrated use of pendimethalin 0.75 kg ha-1 with bispyribac 0.025 kg or azimsulfuron 0.02 kg ha-1 during 2009 and 2010, respectively. In Experiment III, the maximum grain yield (59.96 q and 52.88 q ha-1) of direct seeded rice was recorded in two hand weedings treatment which was at par with integrated herbicidal treatments containing pendimethalin 0.75 kg ha-1 (59.09 q and 52.10 q ha-1), butachlor 1.50 kg ha-1 (53.05 q and 51.36 q ha-1), thiobencarb 1.50 kg ha-1 (54.16 q ha-1 and 51.65 q ha-1) and oxadiargyl 0.09 kg ha-1 (54.86 q and 49.59 q ha-1) with bispyribac 0.025 kg ha-1 during 2009 and 2010, respectively. Different herbicides used were safe to soil microbial population.ThesisItem Restricted DELINEATION OF CADMIUM CONTAMINATED SOILS AROUND BUDDAH NALLAH (LUDHIANA) AND REMEDIAL MEASURES OF AFFECTED SOILS(PAU Ludhiana, 2011) Dharamvir Singh Kambo; MPS., KHURANACadmium is potentially toxic metal and is highly carcinogenic that enters the food chain from the soil through crop uptake resulting from various anthropogenic activities. The surface sewage irrigated soils collected laterally around Buddah Nullah irrespective of the sites had DTPA extractable cadmium 5.2 times more than the adjoining tube well irrigated soils. Considering the threshold value of 3 mg Cd kg-1 soil, about 11.3 per cent soils have crossed this limit and needs cleanup operation. However management option to rehabilitate such soils depends on pools of Cd responsible for phyto-toxicity and use of amendments able to influence these pools. A screen house experiment was conducted to assess the effect of (0, 2.5, 5 10, 20 and 40 mg Cd kg-1 soil) and CaCO3 (2.5 and 5%), FYM (1 and 2 %) and Phosphorous (20 and 40 P2O5 mg kg-1 soil) on the growth of pigweed on soil having DTPA-Cd 0.36 mg kg-1 soil. Dry matter yields decreased as a consequence of phytotoxic effect of Cd emanating from increased availability of Cd in soils and plants. The rate at which significant declined occurred was 10 mg kg-1. However application of different amendments viz (Calcium carbonate, FYM, Phosphorus) exhibited variable behavior as far as their remediation potential was concerned. Application of CaCO3, FYM and phosphorous at their highest rate reduced DTPA- Cd by 52.6 percent, 37.1 percent and 45.1 percent respectively. Consequently maximum enhancement in dry matter yields was observed with application of 5% CaCO3 among other amendments. The upper critical toxic level in soil and shoots of pig weed was found to be 4.38 mg kg-1 soil and 14.6 μg g-1 dry matter respectively. The interaction of Cd with Zn and Fe was found to be rate dependent. Cu and Mn in both shoots and roots was negatively correlated to the added Cd. All the fractions of Cd in soils increased significantly with cadmium application. Amendments decreased the EX+WS fraction, the maximum depressing effect observed with 5% CaCO3 because of concomitant increase in CARB fraction. FYM application decreased the CARB fraction where as it encouraged both OM-Cd and oxide bound fractions. Phosphorus application was effective in transforming Cd in to oxide bound fractions with little influence on carbonate and organic fractions.ThesisItem Restricted RESPONSE OF SUMMER MAIZE FODDER TO NITROGEN AND FARMYARD MANURE(Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, 2012) Pal, Vajinder; Sharma, P KA field experiment entitled, “Response of summer Maize fodder to Nitrogen and Farmyard manure” was conducted at the Research Farm of the Department of Agronomy, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana during summer season of 2011. The soil was loamy sand in texture, slightly alkaline in soil reaction (8.0), low in organic carbon (0.33%) and available N (130 kg/ha), high in available P (28.5 kg/ha) and medium in available K (240 kg/ha). The experiment comprising of twelve treatment combinations viz; three main plots (farmyard manure at 0, 12.5 and 25 t/ha) and four nitrogen levels in sub plots (0, 40, 80 and 120 kg/ha) was laid out in split plot design with four replications. Green fodder yield of 369 q/ha was obtained with the application of 25 t of farm yard manure per hectare which was significantly higher than 344 and 293 q/ha with 12.5 t/ha and control plots, respectively. Dry matter yield, plant height, LAI and leaf stem ratio obtained with F25 and F12.5 were significantly higher than control, but statistically at par with one another. Quality parameters such as moisture content, crude protein, crude fibre, IVDMD and ash content also improved by F25 over F12.5 and control. Application of F25 produced fodder with highest micronutrient content and improved the available nitrogen in the soil after harvest, over lower levels. Nitrogen at 120 kg/ha gave significantly higher green fodder yield (406.28 q/ha) over lower levels. Dry matter yield, plant height, LAI and leaf stem ratio increased with increasing levels of nitrogen. Quality parameters such as moisture content, crude protein, crude fibre, ash content and IVDMD improved with increasing level on nitrogen up to the highest level (N120). Micronutrient content of the crop though decreased with increasing nitrogen levels, but the micronutrient yield increased. Though dry matter yield obtained with the application of nitrogen at 120 kg/ha alone but significantly higher than all the FYM levels without N, but poor in quality. Application of 80 kg N/ha in conjunction with F12.5 produced equivalent green fodder with 120 kg N/ha alone but better in quality. Crude protein yield, TDN and micronutrients yield was also observed to be higher with higher quantity of FYM and nitrogen levels.ThesisItem Open Access GROWTH, YIELD AND QUALITY OF SOYBEAN (Glycine max L. Merrill) AS INFLUENCED BY ORGANIC, INORGANIC AND BIO-FERTILIZERS(2012) Simranjit SinghA field experiment entitled, "Growth, yield and quality of soybean (Glycine max L. Merrill) as influenced by organic, inorganic and bio-fertilizers" was conducted at Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana during Kharif 2011. The soil of experimental site was loamy sand in texture having pH 7.3, low organic carbon, low in available nitrogen, medium in available phosphorus and medium in available potassium. The experiment included five nitrogen management treatments as main plots comprising control, recommended nitrogen (31.25kg N/ha), recommended nitrogen with Rhizobium, recommended nitrogen with FYM (10 tonnes/ha) and recommended nitrogen with FYM and Rhizobium, while four phosphorus management treatments were kept in sub plots comprising control, recommended phosphorus (60 kg P2O5/ha), 75 per cent recommended phosphorus (45 kg P2O5/ha) with phosphate solubilizing bacteria and 50 per cent recommended phosphorus (30 kg P2O5/ha) with phosphorus solubilizing bacteria. The experiment was laid in split plot design with three replications. Application of recommended nitrogen (31.25 kg N/ha) along with FYM and Rhizobium resulted in significantly higher seed yield of 21.4 q/ha but was statistically at par with treatments where nitrogen was applied along with either Rhizobium (19.6 q/ha) or FYM (19.2 q/ha). Among phosphorus management treatments, application of recommended phosphorus (60 kg P2O5/ha) recorded highest seed yield (20.5 q/ha) which was statistically at par with application of 75 per cent recommended phosphorus along with application phosphate solubilizing bacteria (20.1 q/ha), thereby resulting in 25 per cent saving of phosphorus. The nitrogen and phosphorus management treatments utilized higher amount of nitrogen and phosphorus recorded higher nodule count and weight, better growth (plant height, dry matter accumulation and leaf area index) and yield attributes (pods/plant) which was reflected in higher seed yield. The combined use of organic, inorganic and bio-fertilizers increased the microbial count and nutrient status of the soil. However, quality parameters like oil and protein content in seed were not affected significantly by any of nitrogen and phosphorus treatments. Interaction among different nitrogen and phosphorus treatments was also found to be significant for seed yield. Combination of recommended nitrogen along with Rhizobium and FYM and recommended phosphorus resulted in higher seed yield but remained statistically at par with application of recommended nitrogen with FYM, Rhizobium and 75 per cent recommended phosphorus along with phosphate solubilizing bacteria.ThesisItem Restricted COMPETITIVE ABILITY OF DIFFERENT WHEAT VARIETIES AGAINST Phalaris minor (Retz.) IN RELATION TO CROP GEOMETRY(Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, 2011) Neeraj SharmaA field investigation was conducted at Students’ Research Farm, Deptt. of Agronomy, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana during rabi 2010-11 to study the competitive ability of different wheat varieties against Phalaris minor (Retz.) in relation to crop geometry. The experiment was conducted using Split Plot Design with four replications. Three spacings (15cm, 22.5cm and 22.5cm × 22.5cm) and two weed control methods (sprayed and unsprayed) were kept in main plots and four wheat varieties viz: PBW 550, DBW 17, PBW 621 and WH 542 were kept in sub plots. The weed count (118 and 130/m2) and weed dry weight (22.6 and 24.0q/ha) was found to be significantly less at harvest under bi-directional (22.5cm × 22.5cm) sowing and closer (15cm) sowing, respectively as compared to normal 22.5cm sowing which resulted in increased grain yield i.e. 56.5q/ha and 52.5q/ha in bidirectional and closer sowing respectively. The plots sprayed with herbicide showed significantly less weed count (112/m2) and weed dry matter (21.5q/ha) at harvest which resulted in increased grain yield in sprayed plots (57.9 q/ha) as compared to unsprayed plots (45.3q/ha). Among four wheat varieties, PBW 621 and PBW 550 were at par with each other in terms of grain (57.1 and 55.4 q/ha) and straw (86.5 and 78.8 q/ha) yield due to more number of effective tillers/m2 (445 and 416), ear length (8.7 and 7.7cm), numbers of grains per ear (53.7 and 50.5) and thousand grain weight (39.1 and 38.2 g) respectively. The weed count (120 and 126/m2) and weed dry matter (22.4 and 23.2 q/ha) was found to be significantly less at harvest for wheat variety PBW 621 and PBW 550, respectively due to more leaf area index and number of tillers/m2 recorded at different growth stages of wheat and proved more competitive against Phalaris minor as compared to DBW 17 and WH 542.ThesisItem Restricted Integrated weed management in bed sown soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merrill)(Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, 2010) Mandeep SinghThe field experiment entitled, “Integrated weed management in bed sown soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merrill)” was conducted at Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana during kharif 2009. The soil was loamy sand in texture with normal reaction, low in organic carbon and available N and medium in available P & K. The experiment was laid out in Randomized Block Design with four replications and twelve weed control treatments; imazethapyr 0.050 kg ha-1 and 0.075 kg ha-1 (30 DAS), imazethapyr 0.050 kg ha-1 (30 DAS) followed by HW (60 DAS), straw mulch 5 t ha-1 (2-3 DAS) followed by imazethapyr 0.050 kg ha-1 (30 DAS), oxyfluorfen 0.20 kg ha-1 and 0.30 kg ha-1 (2-3 DAS), oxyfluorfen 0.20 kg ha-1 (2-3 DAS) integrated with one HW 45 DAS and followed by straw mulch 5 t ha-1 (2-3 DAS), pendimethalin 0.45 kg ha-1 (2-3 DAS) integrated with one HW (40 DAS), straw mulch 5 t ha-1 (2-3 DAS), weed free and unweeded control. The highest seed yield (22.16 q ha-1) was recorded with combined application of straw mulch 5 t ha-1 followed by imazethapyr 0.050 kg ha-1 applied at 30 DAS which was statistically at par with combined application of oxyfluorfen 0.20 kg ha-1 followed by straw mulch 5 t ha-1, weed free and integration of one HW with application of the herbicides (oxyfluorfen 0.20 kg, imazethapyr 0.050 kg & pendimethalin 0.45 kg ha-1). Crop dry matter, plant height, LAI, PAR interception, leghaemoglobin content, branches per plant, pods per plant and 1000 seed weight were significantly higher with application of straw mulch 5 t ha-1 followed by imazethapyr 0.050 kg ha-1 applied at 30 DAS, application of oxyfluorfen 0.20 kg ha-1 followed by straw mulch 5 t ha-1, weed free and integration of one HW with application of the herbicides (oxyfluorfen 0.20 kg, imazethapyr 0.050 kg & pendimethalin 0.45 kg ha-1). Weed count, weed dry matter and nutrient removal by the weeds at harvest were significantly lower with application of straw mulch 5 t ha-1 followed by imazethapyr 0.050 kg ha-1 applied at 30 DAS, application of oxyfluorfen 0.20 kg ha-1 followed by straw mulch 5 t ha-1, weed free and integration of one HW with application of the herbicides (oxyfluorfen 0.20 kg, imazethapyr 0.050 kg & pendimethalin 0.45 kg ha-1). Significantly lower bacterial and fungal counts were obtained with the application of herbicides (oxyfluorfen, pendimethalin and imazethapyr). But actinomycetes showed resistance to oxyfluorfen at 0.20 kg ha-1. The antimicrobial effect of oxyfluorfen decreased at 45 DAS.ThesisItem Restricted GROWTH, QUALITY AND WATER PRODUCTIVITY OF AUGUST SOWN MAIZE AS AFFECTED BY PLANTING METHOD, MULCH AND IRRIGATION REGIMES(Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, 2011) Manvir KaurThe field experiment entitled “Growth, quality and water productivity of August sown maize as affected by planting method, mulch and irrigation regimes” was conducted at Students’ Research Farm, Department of Agronomy, Punjab Agricultural University Ludhiana, during late kharif 2010-11. The crop was sown on August 27, 2010 and harvested on January 7, 2011. The soil was loamy sand with 0-180 cm soil profile’s field capacity and 15 bar values of 43.9 and 10.48 cm, respectively, normal in reaction, low in organic carbon and available N, medium in available P and K. The field experiment comprised of 18 treatment combinations from six combinations from method of sowing (flat, ridge and bed) and mulch (no mulch and mulch @6t ha-1) as main plot treatments and three irrigation levels as sub plot treatments (irrigation at IW/CPE ratio 0.50, 0.75 and 1.00). The experiment was laid out in split plot design with four replications. The grain yield for bed planting was 78.2 q ha-1 which was significantly higher than ridge (74.8 q ha-1) and flat (70.6 q ha-1) planting while the water-use-efficiency (was higher for bed (215.4 kg ha-cm-1) planting as compared to ridge (204.5 kg ha-cm-1) and flat (190.4 kg ha-cm-1) treatment. Various growth parameters and nutrient uptake was higher for bed planting compared to flat and ridge planting. Crop took more days to attain dough stage and physiological maturity under flat (114.3 & 125.7 days) planting in comparison to ridge (111.1 & 122.0 days) and bed (108.0 & 119.8 days) planting. Mulch application had no significant effect on various growth and yield attributing characters viz. plant height, number of leaves per plant, LAI, DMA, root density, number of grains per cob, test weight, cob length etc. Higher water-use-efficiency (208.0 kg hacm -1) was observed for mulch @6 ha-1 than no mulch treatment (197.94 kg ha-cm-1). Quality parameters such as oil, starch and total sugars content remained unaffected under different mulch levels. The grain yield under irrigation regime I1.00 (7 irrigations) was 80.3 q ha-1 which was significantly higher than the grain yield observed under I0.75 (5 irrigations) and I0.50 (3 irrigations). However, water-use-efficiency and water-expense-efficiency were found to be higher under I0.50 (228.6 kg ha-cm-1 & 165.7) and I0.75 (209.1 kg ha-cm-1 &148.9) in comparison to higher irrigation regimes of I1.00 (179.3 kg ha-cm-1 &129.4). Protein content (%) of grains increased while starch and total sugars content (%) decreased with increase in irrigation frequency. Nutrient uptake by crop i.e. N, P and K was also higher at higher irrigation regimes.ThesisItem Open Access GROWTH AND YIELD OF DIRECT SEEDED RICE (ORYZA SATIVA L.) AS AFFECTED BY SEED RATE AND SEED TREATMENT WITH PLANT GROWTH REGULATORS(Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, 2010) Kulbir SinghThe field experiment entitled “Growth and yield of direct seeded rice (Oryza sativa L.) as affected by seed rate and seed treatment with plant growth regulators” was conducted at Research Farm, Department of Agronomy, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, during kharif 2009. The soil of experimental field was loamy sand, slightly alkaline in reaction, low in organic carbon and available N, medium in available P and K. The field experiment was conducted in split plot design with 24 treatment combinations viz. three seed rates in main plots (30, 40 and 50 kg ha-1) and eight seed treatments in sub-plots (dry seeding, water soaked seeding, GA3 50 ppm, GA3 100 ppm, Kinetin 20 ppm, Kinetin 40 ppm, NAA 20 ppm and NAA 40 ppm seed soaking) with three replications using the cultivar PR115. Emergence count increased significantly with the increase in seed rate and majority of the seedlings emerged by 13 DAS. Tillers recorded at 30 DAS were significantly higher with 50 kg ha-1 seed rate as compared to 30 kg ha-1. However, at subsequent stages the effect was non-significant. Leaf area index (LAI) and dry matter accumulation with 50 kg ha-1 seed rate were significantly higher as compared to 30 kg ha-1 at 30, 60 and 90 DAS. At harvest, effect of seed rate on dry matter accumulation was non-significant. Yield attributes (viz. effective tillers, panicle length, grains per panicle, filled grains per panicle and thousand grain weight) were non-significantly influenced by seed rate. Thus, effect of seed rate on grain and straw yield also remained non-significant. Effect of seed treatment with different plant growth regulators on emergence count, periodic plant height, number of tillers, crop dry matter accumulation, LAI, weed count and weed dry weight, root density, yield attributes, grain and straw yield was not significant. It is concluded that seed rate of 30 kg ha-1 is sufficient for direct seeded rice and seed treatment with different plant growth regulators (GA3, kinetin and NAA) at these concentrations and 8 hours soaking period was not beneficial.ThesisItem Restricted Influence of nitrogen levels and its split application on the productivity of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) planted with happy seeder(2011) Khushwant SinghThe field experiment entitled “Influence of nitrogen levels and its split application on the productivity of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) planted with happy seeder” was conducted at Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana during 2009-10. The different levels of nitrogen did not affect significantly on grain yield of happy seeder sown wheat. However, the higher grain yield was recorded with 150 kg N ha-1 which was 5.2 and 12.1 per cent higher than 125 and 100 kg N ha-1, respectively. The treatment T3 produced significantly higher grain yield which was at par with T7 and T8 as compared to other treatments comprising of two or three splits. The interaction effects on grain yields were found significant due to nitrogen levels and split application of nitrogen. The nitrogen application at 125 kg ha-1 with 1/4 nitrogen at sowing, 1/4 nitrogen after 1st irrigation and 1/2 nitrogen after 2nd irrigation (T8) gave higher grain yield which was at par with 100 kg N ha-1 x 1/3 nitrogen at sowing, 1/3 nitrogen before 1st irrigation and1/3rd nitrogen before 2nd irrigation (T3), 125 kg N ha-1 x 1/3 nitrogen at sowing, 1/3 nitrogen before 1st irrigation and1/3rd nitrogen before 2nd irrigation (T3), 150 kg N ha-1 x 1/3 nitrogen at sowing, 1/3 nitrogen before 1st irrigation and1/3rd nitrogen before 2nd irrigation (T3), 150 kg N ha-1 x 1/2 nitrogen at sowing, 1/4 nitrogen before 1st irrigation and 1/4 nitrogen before 2nd irrigation (T5), 125 kg N ha-1 x 1/2 nitrogen at sowing, 1/4 nitrogen after 1st irrigation and 1/4 nitrogen after 2nd irrigation (T6), 125 kg N ha-1 x 1/4 nitrogen at sowing 1/4 nitrogen before 1st irrigation and 1/2 nitrogen before 2nd irrigation (T7), 150 kg N ha-1 x 1/4 nitrogen at sowing 1/4 nitrogen before 1st irrigation and 1/2 nitrogen before 2nd irrigation (T7) and 150 kg N ha-1 , 1/4 nitrogen at sowing 1/4 nitrogen after 1st irrigation and 1/2 nitrogen after 2nd irrigation ( T8) than the other treatment combinations.
