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2010 - 20125
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Subject: Agronomy × End date: 2012 × Start date: 2010 × Type: Thesis × Thesis Type: M.Sc ×
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    DELINEATION OF CADMIUM CONTAMINATED SOILS AROUND BUDDAH NALLAH (LUDHIANA) AND REMEDIAL MEASURES OF AFFECTED SOILS
    (PAU Ludhiana, 2011) Dharamvir Singh Kambo; MPS., KHURANA
    Cadmium is potentially toxic metal and is highly carcinogenic that enters the food chain from the soil through crop uptake resulting from various anthropogenic activities. The surface sewage irrigated soils collected laterally around Buddah Nullah irrespective of the sites had DTPA extractable cadmium 5.2 times more than the adjoining tube well irrigated soils. Considering the threshold value of 3 mg Cd kg-1 soil, about 11.3 per cent soils have crossed this limit and needs cleanup operation. However management option to rehabilitate such soils depends on pools of Cd responsible for phyto-toxicity and use of amendments able to influence these pools. A screen house experiment was conducted to assess the effect of (0, 2.5, 5 10, 20 and 40 mg Cd kg-1 soil) and CaCO3 (2.5 and 5%), FYM (1 and 2 %) and Phosphorous (20 and 40 P2O5 mg kg-1 soil) on the growth of pigweed on soil having DTPA-Cd 0.36 mg kg-1 soil. Dry matter yields decreased as a consequence of phytotoxic effect of Cd emanating from increased availability of Cd in soils and plants. The rate at which significant declined occurred was 10 mg kg-1. However application of different amendments viz (Calcium carbonate, FYM, Phosphorus) exhibited variable behavior as far as their remediation potential was concerned. Application of CaCO3, FYM and phosphorous at their highest rate reduced DTPA- Cd by 52.6 percent, 37.1 percent and 45.1 percent respectively. Consequently maximum enhancement in dry matter yields was observed with application of 5% CaCO3 among other amendments. The upper critical toxic level in soil and shoots of pig weed was found to be 4.38 mg kg-1 soil and 14.6 μg g-1 dry matter respectively. The interaction of Cd with Zn and Fe was found to be rate dependent. Cu and Mn in both shoots and roots was negatively correlated to the added Cd. All the fractions of Cd in soils increased significantly with cadmium application. Amendments decreased the EX+WS fraction, the maximum depressing effect observed with 5% CaCO3 because of concomitant increase in CARB fraction. FYM application decreased the CARB fraction where as it encouraged both OM-Cd and oxide bound fractions. Phosphorus application was effective in transforming Cd in to oxide bound fractions with little influence on carbonate and organic fractions.
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    RESPONSE OF SUMMER MAIZE FODDER TO NITROGEN AND FARMYARD MANURE
    (Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, 2012) Pal, Vajinder; Sharma, P K
    A field experiment entitled, “Response of summer Maize fodder to Nitrogen and Farmyard manure” was conducted at the Research Farm of the Department of Agronomy, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana during summer season of 2011. The soil was loamy sand in texture, slightly alkaline in soil reaction (8.0), low in organic carbon (0.33%) and available N (130 kg/ha), high in available P (28.5 kg/ha) and medium in available K (240 kg/ha). The experiment comprising of twelve treatment combinations viz; three main plots (farmyard manure at 0, 12.5 and 25 t/ha) and four nitrogen levels in sub plots (0, 40, 80 and 120 kg/ha) was laid out in split plot design with four replications. Green fodder yield of 369 q/ha was obtained with the application of 25 t of farm yard manure per hectare which was significantly higher than 344 and 293 q/ha with 12.5 t/ha and control plots, respectively. Dry matter yield, plant height, LAI and leaf stem ratio obtained with F25 and F12.5 were significantly higher than control, but statistically at par with one another. Quality parameters such as moisture content, crude protein, crude fibre, IVDMD and ash content also improved by F25 over F12.5 and control. Application of F25 produced fodder with highest micronutrient content and improved the available nitrogen in the soil after harvest, over lower levels. Nitrogen at 120 kg/ha gave significantly higher green fodder yield (406.28 q/ha) over lower levels. Dry matter yield, plant height, LAI and leaf stem ratio increased with increasing levels of nitrogen. Quality parameters such as moisture content, crude protein, crude fibre, ash content and IVDMD improved with increasing level on nitrogen up to the highest level (N120). Micronutrient content of the crop though decreased with increasing nitrogen levels, but the micronutrient yield increased. Though dry matter yield obtained with the application of nitrogen at 120 kg/ha alone but significantly higher than all the FYM levels without N, but poor in quality. Application of 80 kg N/ha in conjunction with F12.5 produced equivalent green fodder with 120 kg N/ha alone but better in quality. Crude protein yield, TDN and micronutrients yield was also observed to be higher with higher quantity of FYM and nitrogen levels.
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    GROWTH, YIELD AND QUALITY OF SOYBEAN (Glycine max L. Merrill) AS INFLUENCED BY ORGANIC, INORGANIC AND BIO-FERTILIZERS
    (2012) Simranjit Singh
    A field experiment entitled, "Growth, yield and quality of soybean (Glycine max L. Merrill) as influenced by organic, inorganic and bio-fertilizers" was conducted at Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana during Kharif 2011. The soil of experimental site was loamy sand in texture having pH 7.3, low organic carbon, low in available nitrogen, medium in available phosphorus and medium in available potassium. The experiment included five nitrogen management treatments as main plots comprising control, recommended nitrogen (31.25kg N/ha), recommended nitrogen with Rhizobium, recommended nitrogen with FYM (10 tonnes/ha) and recommended nitrogen with FYM and Rhizobium, while four phosphorus management treatments were kept in sub plots comprising control, recommended phosphorus (60 kg P2O5/ha), 75 per cent recommended phosphorus (45 kg P2O5/ha) with phosphate solubilizing bacteria and 50 per cent recommended phosphorus (30 kg P2O5/ha) with phosphorus solubilizing bacteria. The experiment was laid in split plot design with three replications. Application of recommended nitrogen (31.25 kg N/ha) along with FYM and Rhizobium resulted in significantly higher seed yield of 21.4 q/ha but was statistically at par with treatments where nitrogen was applied along with either Rhizobium (19.6 q/ha) or FYM (19.2 q/ha). Among phosphorus management treatments, application of recommended phosphorus (60 kg P2O5/ha) recorded highest seed yield (20.5 q/ha) which was statistically at par with application of 75 per cent recommended phosphorus along with application phosphate solubilizing bacteria (20.1 q/ha), thereby resulting in 25 per cent saving of phosphorus. The nitrogen and phosphorus management treatments utilized higher amount of nitrogen and phosphorus recorded higher nodule count and weight, better growth (plant height, dry matter accumulation and leaf area index) and yield attributes (pods/plant) which was reflected in higher seed yield. The combined use of organic, inorganic and bio-fertilizers increased the microbial count and nutrient status of the soil. However, quality parameters like oil and protein content in seed were not affected significantly by any of nitrogen and phosphorus treatments. Interaction among different nitrogen and phosphorus treatments was also found to be significant for seed yield. Combination of recommended nitrogen along with Rhizobium and FYM and recommended phosphorus resulted in higher seed yield but remained statistically at par with application of recommended nitrogen with FYM, Rhizobium and 75 per cent recommended phosphorus along with phosphate solubilizing bacteria.
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    GROWTH AND YIELD OF DIRECT SEEDED RICE (ORYZA SATIVA L.) AS AFFECTED BY SEED RATE AND SEED TREATMENT WITH PLANT GROWTH REGULATORS
    (Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, 2010) Kulbir Singh
    The field experiment entitled “Growth and yield of direct seeded rice (Oryza sativa L.) as affected by seed rate and seed treatment with plant growth regulators” was conducted at Research Farm, Department of Agronomy, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, during kharif 2009. The soil of experimental field was loamy sand, slightly alkaline in reaction, low in organic carbon and available N, medium in available P and K. The field experiment was conducted in split plot design with 24 treatment combinations viz. three seed rates in main plots (30, 40 and 50 kg ha-1) and eight seed treatments in sub-plots (dry seeding, water soaked seeding, GA3 50 ppm, GA3 100 ppm, Kinetin 20 ppm, Kinetin 40 ppm, NAA 20 ppm and NAA 40 ppm seed soaking) with three replications using the cultivar PR115. Emergence count increased significantly with the increase in seed rate and majority of the seedlings emerged by 13 DAS. Tillers recorded at 30 DAS were significantly higher with 50 kg ha-1 seed rate as compared to 30 kg ha-1. However, at subsequent stages the effect was non-significant. Leaf area index (LAI) and dry matter accumulation with 50 kg ha-1 seed rate were significantly higher as compared to 30 kg ha-1 at 30, 60 and 90 DAS. At harvest, effect of seed rate on dry matter accumulation was non-significant. Yield attributes (viz. effective tillers, panicle length, grains per panicle, filled grains per panicle and thousand grain weight) were non-significantly influenced by seed rate. Thus, effect of seed rate on grain and straw yield also remained non-significant. Effect of seed treatment with different plant growth regulators on emergence count, periodic plant height, number of tillers, crop dry matter accumulation, LAI, weed count and weed dry weight, root density, yield attributes, grain and straw yield was not significant. It is concluded that seed rate of 30 kg ha-1 is sufficient for direct seeded rice and seed treatment with different plant growth regulators (GA3, kinetin and NAA) at these concentrations and 8 hours soaking period was not beneficial.
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    PERFORMANCE OF KHARIF MAIZE UNDER DIFFERENT LEVELS OF FARMYARD MANURE AND NITROGEN
    (Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, 2011) Bhadra Parija
    The field experiment entitled “Performance of kharif maize under different levels of farmyard manure and nitrogen” was carried out at Research Farm, Department of Plant Breeding and Genetics, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana during kharif 2010. The crop was sown on June 25, 2010 and harvested on October 8, 2010. The soil was loamy sand, normal in reaction, low in organic carbon and available N, medium in available P and K. The field experiment comprised of 20 treatment combinations from four main plot treatments (farmyard manure @ 0, 10, 15 and 20 tonnes/ha) and five nitrogen levels as sub plot treatments (0, 75, 100, 125 and 150 kg N/ha). The experiment was laid out in split plot design with four replications. The grain yield under farmyard manure level FYM20 (20 tonnes/ha) and FYM15 (15 tonnes/ha) was observed to the tune of 62.1 and 58.3 q/ha, respectively, which were statistically at par with each other but significantly higher than the grain yield observed under FYM10 (10 tonnes/ha) and control.. The days taken to dough stage and physiological maturity were more under higher farmyard manure levels (FYM20 and FYM15) as compared to lower farmyard manure level and control. Protein content (%) of grains was increased while starch and total sugars content (%) decreased with increase in farmyard manure level. Nutrient uptake by crop i.e. N, P and K was also higher at higher level of farmyard manure. Among nitrogen levels, N150 gave significantly higher grain yield over N125, N100, N75 and control. Similar trend was also observed for growth and yield attributing characters viz; plant height, number of leaves per plant, LAI, DMA, leaf chlorophyll content, number of grains per cob,1000 grain weight, cob length etc. Quality parameters such as oil, tryptophan, mineral matter, starch and total sugars content (%) remained unaffected under different nitrogen levels whereas protein content (%) was increased with increase in nitrogen level. Crop took more days to attain dough stage and physiological maturity under higher nitrogen level in comparison to lower nitrogen levels. Total N, P and K uptake was also maximum at N150 which was significantly higher than other nitrogen levels.