Thesis

Browse

Search Results

Now showing 1 - 9 of 24

Restricted
Crop-Weather-Pest Relationship for Yellow Rust Occurance and Aphid Incidence in Wheat
(College of Agriculture, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, 2006) Dutta, Indrani; Dhaliwal, LK
Restricted
Cotton growth and yield simulation under different sowing environments of Punjab
(Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, 2018) Varinderjit Kaur; Mishra, Sudhir Kumar
The investigation entitled “Cotton growth and yield simulation under different sowing environments of Punjab” has been carried out at Punjab Agricultural University, Regional Research Stations of Faridkot and Bathinda during kharif season of 2017. The experiment comprised of three sowing dates (April 20, May 10 and May 30) in main plots and four cotton cultivars (F 2228, F 1861, NCS 855 BGII and RCH 650 BGII) in subplots of split plot design replicated thrice. Pooled data revealed that cotton sown on April 20 recorded highest seed cotton yield (2946.8 kg/ha) which was higher by 8 % than May 10 (2727.0 kg/ha) and 29 % higher than May 30 (2090.9 kg/ha) sown crop owing to favorable weather parameters resulting in better growth, yield and yield attributes. Congenial weather conditions benefited the early sown (April 20) crop with an extended crop growth period by 20 % leading to 50 % higher bolls per plant and enhanced boll weight by 14 % as compared to late (May 30) sown crop. Among the cultivars, Bt hybrids i.e. NCS 855 BGII and RCH 650 BGII produced significantly better seed cotton yield of 2997.4 and 2883.7 kg/ha, respectively as compared to non Bt cultivars like F 2228 (2295.3 kg/ha) and F 1861 (2176.6 kg/ha). Pooled data further depicted that productivity of Bt hybrids was higher by ~25 % as compared to studied non Bt cultivars. Results of crop weather relationship indicated that weather variables viz. bright sunshine hours (0.82), GDD (0.73), HTU (0.86), PTU (0.73) and maximum (0.76) and minimum (0.81) relative humidity at square stage were most decisive to achieve better yield whereas, maximum (-0.50) and minimum temperature (-0.46) and evaporation (-0.82) were negatively associated and reduced seed cotton yield. The CROPGRO-cotton model of DSSAT (v. 4.6) was calibrated and validated with fair degree of accuracy having index of agreement (d-Stat) by 0.31-0.46 (emergence), 0.83-0.93 (anthesis), 0.89-0.98 (physiological maturity), 0.46-0.73 (leaf area index), 0.13-0.59 (plant height), 0.97-0.98 (seed cotton yield) and 0.72-0.97 (above ground biomass).
Restricted
Effect of heat and moisture stress on wheat genotypes and possible mitigation strategies using the DSSAT-CSM-CERES-Wheat model
(Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, 2018) Grover, Karanjot Singh; Raj Kumar Pal
The present study entitled “Effect of heat and moisture stress on wheat genotypes and possible mitigation strategies using the DSSAT-CSM-CERES-wheat model” was carried out at the two locations viz., Punjab Agricultural University (PAU) Regional Research Station, Bathinda, and Faridkot during the rabi season of the year 2016-17. The soil of both the experimental sites was sandy loam. The experiments were laid out with two wheat cultivars (PBW 725 and PBW 658), two sowing dates (21st November and 9th December) and 5 irrigation levels - I1 (recommended), I2 (skipped at CRI), I3 (skipped at flowering), I4 (skipped at dough stage) and I5(skipped at I2,I3 and I4 respectively) in strip-plot design with three replications. Crop growth, yield and yield attributing characters in terms of number of maximum tillers, effective tillers, LAI, grains spike-1, test weight, grain yield and biomass yield were recorded significantly higher under the normal sowing (21st November). The genotype PBW 725 performed better under normal sowing, while PBW 658 for late sowing at both the locations. The highest significant grain yield was recorded with crop sown on 21st November (3476 kg ha-1 and 3483 kg ha-1 at Bathinda and Faridkot respectively) than 9th December sown crop (3041 kg ha-1 and 2970 kg ha-1 at both the locations, respectively). The CERES-wheat model underestimated the days to attain emergence, grain yield and biomass, while overestimated in respect of anthesis and physiological maturity. Lesser variations were observed with recommended irrigation than rest of the irrigation levels at both the locations. About 0.5-14%, 3-22% and 5.7-33% reduction in grain yield were found with elevated mean temperature by 1, 2 and 3 °C respectively. However, yield was increased by 3-12%, 4-35% and 3-77% with decrease in mean temperature by 1, 2 and 3°C respectively. Among sowing windows, maximum grain yield was predicted on 11th November with the recommended irrigation at Bathinda, while, 40mm irrigation amount was found optimum for contributing maximum grain yield.
Restricted
Sugarcane growth and yield simulation using DSSAT-CANEGRO model
(Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, 2018) Jashandeep Singh; Mishra, Sudhir Kumar
The present investigation entitled “Sugarcane growth and yield simulation using DSSAT-CANEGRO model” has been carried out at Punjab Agricultural University, Regional Research Station, Faridkot and Gurdaspur during 2017-18. The experiment was consisted with three planting dates (25th February, 25th March and 25th April) in main plots and four sugarcane cultivars (CoPb 91, CoJ 88, Co 118 and Co 238) in subplots of split plot design with three replications. To attain maturity, 25th February planted crop took 28-29 days and 56-60 days more duration than 25th March and 25th April planted crop, respectively. Delay in planting from 25th February to 25th March, decreased cane yield by 18.4% at Faridkot and 15.5% at Gurdaspur, yield reduction was more drastic 36.9 % and 31.2% with further delay in planting until 25th April, respectively. At both places, the higher cane yield in 25th February planted crop was mainly attributed by higher plant height, cane girth, dry matter accumulation, tillers population, cane weight, millable canes as well as juice extraction and sucrose per cent as compared to later crop. Among the cultivars, cane yield (117.19 and 131.03 t/ha) of CoPb 91 was 4.3 and 8.9 % higher than CoJ 88, 20.4 and 25.9 % than Co 118, 18.0 and 14.0 % than Co 238, respectively at Faridkot and Gurdaspur. Among various planting environments, Co 238 at Gurdaspur and CoJ 88 at Faridkot exhibited consistent cane yield contrary to Co 118, which exhibited unstable performance, at both locations. For planting between 25th February and 25th March, CoJ 88 at Faridkot and Co 118 at Gurdaspur were preferable but for planting between 25th March and 25th April, CoPb 91 was more suitable for cultivation, at both locations. Agroclimatic indices like GDD, HTU and PTU were considerably higher in early crop. Weather variables viz. maximum and minimum temperature, evaporation, rainfall, relative humidity morning and evening, GDD, HTU and PTU affected plant height, number of millable canes and cane yield. The DSSAT-CANEGRO model (v. 4.6) was calibrated and validated for each sugarcane cultivar having fair accuracy with index of agreement (d-Stat) by 0.88-0.94 for days taken to peak tiller population, 0.80-0.96 for days taken to physiological maturity, 0.94-0.98 for canopy height, 0.92-0.98 for leaf area index, 0.89-0.97 for sucrose dry mass, 0.86-0.94 for stalk dry mass, 0.94-0.98 for fresh cane yield and 0.81-0.94 for aerial dry bio mass.
Restricted
Performance of WOFOST and DSSAT models in predicting effect of climate change on wheat under different RCP emission pathways
(Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, 2018) Jatinderpal Singh; Biswas, Barun
The Field experiment to achieve objectives of the present research entitled "Performance of WOFOST and DSSAT models in predicting effect of climate change on wheat under different RCP emission pathways” was conducted at the Research Farm, Department of Climate Change and Agricultural Meteorology, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana during rabi season 2016-17. The experiment consisted of three sowing dates (5th November (D1), 20th November (D2) and 5th December (D3)) and two cultivars (PBW¬ 725 and PBW 677). The crop performance, in terms of growth parameters and yield, was highest under D1, followed by D2 and D3. Significantly higher yield attributing characters (tiller number per m-2, ear length (cm), number of grain per ear, grain weight per ear, 1000 grain weight) may be the reason of higher grain yield and harvest index of PBW-725 sown on 5th November as compare to cultivar PBW-677 and later sowing dates. The data generated during the field experiment was used for calibration and validation of the DSSAT and WOFOST model. The calibration and validation showed good agreement between observed and simulated value with lower Normalized RMSE value by both models. DSSAT model underestimate the days to emergence, anthesis, leaf area index but overestimate the days to physiological maturity and WOFOST model underestimated the days to anthesis and physiological maturity and overestimated emergence days and leaf area index. The grain yield was overpredicted by DSSAT model and underpredicted by WOFOST model with NRMSE value less than 3q/ha-1. The high resolution GCM data for projected climate under four RCPs (RCP2.6, RCP4.5, RCP6, and RCP8.5) used to simulate effect of climate change on wheat. The simulation result under projected climate change scenarios showed the decreasing trend for days to anthesis, maturity and grain yield during 2021-80s period. The result showed the highest significant effect on days to anthesis, maturity and grain yield on using RCP8.5 followed by RCP4.5, RCP6.0 and RCP2.6 in different future time periods. The higher temperature under the RCP8.5 scenario may resulted in more grain yield reduction as compare to other scenarios as the physiology of crop adversely affected under high temperature condition. These finding may provide a useful insight into potential effect of climate change on phenology and yield of wheat crop in 21st century and help the researchers in planning appropriate mitigation techniques.
Restricted
Impacts of climate change on spatio-temporal variability in cropping patterns over trans-gangatic plains
(Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, 2018) Baljeet Kaur; Som Pal Singh
In the present study, analysis of spatial and temporal variation in climatic parameters and cropping patterns in trans-gangetic plains was carried out. The historical climatic data and data pertaining to area and productivity of wheat, rice and maize crops for the period 1971-72 to 2015-16 were employed for the investigation. The climatic data was analysed on the basis of decades, years and season using Mann Kendall and Sen’s slope statistics to examine the variability and trends over the study area. Spatial and temporal interpolations using Inverse Distance Weighted (IDW) method were used to develop the gradient of the data. Relative change in area of wheat, rice and maize was determined decade-wise. Step-wise regression was used to study the impact of climate change on wheat, rice and maize productivity. Under future climatic scenario RCP8.5, InfoCrop model was evaluated to project the wheat, rice and maize yields. During rabi season, higher rate of maximum and minimum temperature was observed for Haryana and central zone of Punjab. No trend was observed in rainfall in trans-gangetic plains. Rate of increase in maximum temperature was 0.063 oC for Haryana, 0.04 oC for northern Rajasthan and 0.049 oC for Delhi. Rate of increase in minimum temperature was 0.031oC for Punjab and 0.045 oC for Haryana. Area under wheat over TGP increased at the rate of 468 ha per decade significantly (R2 =0.92). It has increased by 24.68%, 80.93%, 9.39% and 39.80% in Punjab, Haryana, northern Rajasthan and TGP; respectively whereas area under wheat in Delhi decreased by 57.78% as compared with 1971-80. The analysis of area under rice and maize revealed that area under maize declined over the trans-gangetic plain region by 70.7% in 2016 compared with 1980. Per cent change in rice area was 157.6 in TGP. Wheat and maize productivity was affected negatively mostly by minimum temperature alone. Rice productivity showed positive relationship with increasing trends of temperature. Future projection of wheat, rice and maize showed that wheat productivity will decrease more in Punjab (R2=0.76) followed by Delhi (R2=0.72) and Haryana (R2=0.66). Decline in rice yield will be more in northern Rajasthan (R2=0.62) followed by Delhi (R2=0.58). More declines in maize will be in Haryana (R2= 0.77) under future climatic scenario.
Restricted
Assessment and management of climatic variability impact on evapotranspiration and water productivity of Maize (Zea mays L.) in Punjab
(Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, 2018) Harleen Kaur; Kingra, P.K.
ABSTRACT The field experiment entitled, “Assessment and management of climatic variability impact on evapotranspiration and water productivity of maize (Zea mays L.) in Punjab” was carried out at the Research Farm of the Department of Climate Change and Agricultural Meteorology, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana for two consecutive kharif seasons of 2016 and 2017. The field experiment comprising of 12 treatments was carried out in split plot design with 3 replications having three dates of sowing (D1-Third week of May, D2-Second week of June and D3- First week of July) in main plots and two irrigation levels i.e. irrigation at IW: CPE of 1.00 (I1) and 0.75 (I2) and two mulch levels viz. mulch @ 5 t ha-1 (M1) and no mulch (M2) in the sub-plots. The soil of the experimental site was loamy sand in texture with normal pH and electrical conductivity and low in organic carbon. PAR interception and relative humidity was highest in D2 as compared to D1 and D3 and among irrigation and mulch treatments in I2 and M1. The canopy temperature was highest in D3 as compared to D1 and D2 and among irrigation and mulch in I1 and M2 treatments at reproductive stage of crop. Higher plant height, dry matter and LAI was observed in the crop sown during second week of June and among irrigation and mulch treatments in I2 and M1. The total water use was more in D1 (540.5 and 477.5 mm) as compared to the D2 (493.3 and 399.0 mm) and D3 (415.1 and 316.3 mm) in 2016 and 2017, respectively. Among mulch and irrigation levels, the total water use was more in non-mulched crop (M2) and under IW/CPE=1.00 (I1).The yield attributing characters under D2 were statistically at par with D1 and significantly higher than D3 and among mulch and irrigation treatments in M1 and I2. During 2016, difference in grain yield under different dates of sowing was found to be non-significant. During 2017, the grain yield under D2 (52.37 q/ha) was at par with D1 (50.86 q/ha) but was significantly higher than D3 (41.04 q/ha). During 2017, among mulch levels, the grain yield was significantly higher in mulch applied crop (50.71 q/ha) as compared to non-mulched crop (46.14 q/ha). The water, heat and radiation use efficiency of maize was also found to be higher under D2, I2 and M1, during both the years. The priestley-taylor method gave higher ETo in all three dates of sowing and was closer to open-pan evaporation except in first date of sowing during 2016, in which ETo was higher in FAO-56 (602.4 mm). The crop coefficients calculated by Papadakis method were comparatively higher as compared to that calculated by other methods. Good agreement was observed between actual and simulated yield (R2=0.77 each) and water productivity (R2= 0.43 and 0.44) during both the crop growing seasons. Simulation results showed that water productivity of maize increased with increase in CO2 concentration and decreased with increase in temperature, but this decrease could be compensated by simultaneous increase in CO2 concentration.
Restricted
Comparative testing of CERES-Rice and InfoCrop models to predict and optimize rice yields in Punjab
(Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, 2018) Kuldeep Kaur; Sidhu, Prabhjyot Kaur
The anthesis and physiological maturity of rice cultivars was predicted within -7 to +11 days and -22 to +7 days, respectively by CERES-Rice and -2 to +13 and -5 to +10 days, respectively by InfoCrop-Rice model. The calibration and validation of the CERES-Rice showed good agreement between the observed and simulated values with RMSE value of 5.11 and 8.11 for anthesis and maturity respectively and InfoCrop model 4.59 and 7.65 for anthesis and maturity respectively. The calibration and validation of the CERES-Rice and InfoCrop showed good agreement between the observed and simulated values with RMSE value 277.10 kg/ha and 328.31 kg/ha for grain yield respectively. Keeping in view the observed trends in climate variability, phenology and yield of rice were simulated under climatic scenarios of changes in temperature (0.5, 1.0, 1.5, 2.0, 2.5, 3.0 oC from normal) and solar radiation (2.5, 5.0, 10.0, 12.5, 15.0 20.0 % from normal) and their combined interactive effects during whole season, vegetative phase, grain filling phase, 0-30 days after transplanting (DAT), 30-60 DAT, 60-90 DAT. In general, with an increase in temperature above normal, the CERES-Rice model predicted advancement in phenological development in rice and vice versa. However, contrary to general observation by several studies InfoCrop-Rice model predicted delay in phenological development in rice and vice versa. Among the two models, the unexpected results simulated by the InfoCrop-Rice model indicate that the programming logic in case of InfoCrop model needs further scrutiny and appropriate refinement. The yield of rice cultivars, in general, under different transplanting dates was decreased with increase in temperature and decrease in radiation and vice-versa. When the temperature and solar radiation were increased from normal, the grain yield of rice using CERES-Rice and InfoCrop-Rice model decreased maximum in whole season change followed by grain filling phase change and vegetative phase change in decreasing order. Amongst the growth periods maximum decrease in yield was observed in 0-30 DAT followed by 30-60 DAT and 60-90 DAT in decreasing order. The CERES-Rice model predictions showed that rice cv PR 118 (long duration cultivar) was more tolerant to heat and radiative stress than cv.PR 115 (short duration cultivar) and hence may be recommended for cultivation due to its tolerant traits towards maintaining its yield as well as harvest index. The InfoCrop-Rice model predicted the transplantation on 15 June with urea application of 135 to145 kg/ha is best option for optimizing rice yield but InfoCrop-Rice model did not respond to change in plant population. Hence as is indicative from several unexpected results simulated by the InfoCrop-Rice model, the present version 2.1 of the model needs further scrutiny and refinement. The CERES-Rice model predicted that among the growing windows, transplantation of rice on June 15 with plant population of 44.4 m-2 and urea application of 125 to130 kg/ha is the best for optimizing rice yield in the state.
Open Access
Retrieval of temperature from satellite remote sensing and its effect on rice and wheat productivity in different agro-climatic regions of Punjab
(Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, 2018) Majumder, Atin; Kingra, P.K.
Land surface temperature is an important indicator of the earth's environmental analysis which is significantly affected by changes in land use/land cover (LULC). The Landsat 5, 7 and 8 satellite data of January and September of the years 1991, 2001, 2011 and 2016 was used to study the impact of LULC changes on LST and its affect on crop yield (rice and wheat) in SBS Nagar, Ludhiana and Bathinda districts representing different agroclimatic zones of Punjab (India). The urban heat island (UHI) intensities were also modelled in one major city (Balachaur in SBS Nagar district, Ludhiana city in Ludhiana district and Bathinda city in district) of each district. The Landsat satellite imageries were classified for the major LULC classes (vegetation (including agriculture and forest), water, built-up and bare soil) in each district using different spectral indices. Normalised Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) was used for extracting vegetation, Modified Normalised Difference Water Index (MNDWI) for extracting water, Normalized Difference Built-Up Index (NDBI) for extracting built-up and Normalized Difference Bareness Index (NDBaI) for extracting bare soil. The results showed that vegetation is the key land provider for built-up development in SBS Nagar and Ludhiana districts, whereas bare soil and water bodies were the main contributor of land for expansion of built-up and vegetation over the years in Bathinda district.Compared with 1991, the land surface temperature has increased in these districts over the years, but the rate of increase was highest in Ludhiana district. The relationships between air temperature and LST showed that air temperature can be predicted from LST using equation Ta = 0.86 Ts (where Ta is air temperature and Ts is land surface temperature). NDVI was significantly positively correlated with rice and wheat yield, but significantly negatively correlated with LST. Compared with 1991, there was an increase in temperature of built-up over the years in all the cities, but the degree of increase was highest from 1991 to 2001. The temperature of urban areas around vegetation and water bodies was lower than the urban areas devoid of these features. The UHI effect was mainly in the range between 2 and 4oC for Balachaur city, between 4 and 6oC for Bathinda city and between 2 and 6oC for Ludhiana city. The area under worst thermal condition (UTFVI > 0.020) was highest in Bathinda city (46.1% area) followed by Ludhiana and Balachaur cities (31.6% each).

Thesis

Browse

Thesis Type

Type

Author

Date

Subject

Search Results