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Role of Technology Attributes, Elements of Diffusion and Adopter Categories on Farmers‘ Decision of Adopting Agricultural Innovations
(Punjab Agricultural University, 2024) Deepika; Dr Manmeet Kaur
The present study was undertaken with the objectives to study the stages of adoption process, influence of elements of diffusion, attributes of innovations, adopter categories and farmers‘ preferences on their decision of adopting mechanical, biological, chemical, agronomic and informational innovations in Punjab, Haryana and Uttar Pradesh. This study comprised of farmers who were growing wheat and rice crops and were aware of at least one innovation in each category of innovations. A total of 600 farmers were selected from the twelve villages of the six selected districts from three states. Data were collected by personal interview method. Findings of the study revealed that amongst all categories of innovations, majority of the farmers across all three regions reached at interest, evaluation and trial stages of adoption process in biological innovations with highest in Punjab followed by Haryana and Uttar Pradesh. The study revealed that adoption rate was found higher for biological innovations among all categories with highest adoption were done by farmers of Punjab followed by Haryana and Uttar Pradesh.The data regarding farmers‘ preferences towards various aspects revealed that performance in mechanical innovations, disease & pest resistance in biological innovations, ease of availability in chemical innovations, soil health management in agronomic innovations and accessibility to information in informational innovations were mostly preferred by the farmers in across all three regions.Impersonal cosmopolite channels were frequently used channels during the awareness stage & interest stage across all three states in adopting innovations while personal localite and personal cosmopolite channels were both highly approached in the interest and evaluation stages by the farmers in all three states. The data regarding social system revealed that farmers‘ across all three regions had strong linkages with peer groups for adopting different categories of innovations.Observability attribute was found to have significant influence on farmers‘ decision of adopting mechanical as well as agronomic innovations across all three regions Mechanical innovations had the lengthiest adoption time across all regions with the total average time being highest in Uttar Pradesh while fastest adoption was seen in chemical innovations by farmers in all three regions. Early majority and late majority was the major adopter categories in Punjab and Haryana for different categories of innovations while in Uttar Pradesh majority of the adopters belonged to laggard category. Personal cosmopolite channels significantly influenced farmers‘ decision of adopting mechanical and biological innovations.The study suggested that the policy makers should give due consideration to the categories of innovation while planning the allocation of funds for extension activities and the extension functionaries should give due consideration to the categories of innovations and further the stages of adoption process while planning the extension approaches.
Embargo
Viewer Response and Content Analysis of Videos on YouTube Channel of Pau Ludhiana.
(Punjab Agricultural University, 2024) Davinder Singh; Dr. Davinder Singh
YouTube videos can be used in agriculture for a variety of purposes from increasing awareness to teaching about agricultural advances. The present study was conducted with the aim to analyze comprehensively the YouTube channel and to analyse the content and viewer response about the videos of Punjab Agricultural University Ludhiana. All the videos published on the YouTube channel were divided into two categories i.e., scripted or non scripted. A total of 501 scripted videos were selected for final analysis. For the content analysis, scripted videos were further categorized into four major areas i.e., crop management, water management, pest management and weed management. Selecting two from each area, a total of eight videos were selected for the content analysis. A total of 150 farmers and 64 Agriculture Development Officers (ADOs were included in the study for ascertaining viewer’s response regarding selected videos. The findings revealed that WhatsApp was the most frequently used communication channel for sharing videos of PAU channel. The total watch time of non-subscribed users was 63.18 per cent. Majority (85.23 %) of the videos are not included in any playlist. Videos on virtual kisan mela (5.75%), indicating a significant interest in online platforms. The majority of videos were on pest management followed by information given on varieties of different crops. Highest watch time per cent and impression were found on videos related to models on renewable energy. Highest thumbs up were given to videos related to weed management and highest number of comments was found on videos related to subsidiary occupation. Highest fraction of video watched per cent were found on crop management (miscellaneous) with 49.38 per cent. Kharif season videos have been consistently published over the years, with the highest count observed in the year 2021 due to COVID-19 period. Highest fraction video watched per cent were found on the videos time length of <1 min with 89.72 per cent, which indicating that viewers are more engaged with short content videos. Majority of respondents perceived that the video’s language was simple, duration of message were sufficient and they were highly satisfied. Majority (86 %) of the farmers and ADOs felt that the information was factual. Based on the findings it may be suggested that videos reach can be enhanced by using various necessary functions i.e., playlist, thumbnail, video tags, keywords, end screen etc. during uploading of the videos. There is a scope to prepare and publish videos related to entrepreneurship and subsidiary occupation on the channel.
Embargo
Status and Prospects of Migratory beekeeping in Punjab
(Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, 2024) Shiv Kumar
The study entitled “Status and Prospects of Migratory Beekeeping in Punjab” was conducted in the seven districts of Punjab: two from Majha (Amritsar and Gurdaspur), three from Malwa (Ludhiana, Sri Muktsar Sahib and Bathinda) and two from Doaba Region of Punjab (Hoshiarpur and Jalandhar). From each district, 30 migratory beekeepers were randomly selected, thus making a total of 210 migratory beekeepers. It was observed that till the data collection there were 5313 beekeepers in the state, out of which the maximum was falling in five districts of Punjab, namely Ludhiana, Shri Muktsar Sahib, Bathinda, Sangrur and Hoshiarpur, whereas minimum number were in Pathankot, Ropar, SAS Nagar and SBS Nagar districts. It was observed that the majority of the respondents started their beekeeping enterprise between the years 2010 and 2020. It was found that a large majority of the respondents had 100-200 and 200-300 colonies. The findings show that nearly half proportion of the respondents (48.57%) were able to harvest up to 10,000 Kg of honey annually from their migratory beekeeping units, and average honey produced per colony was found to be 36 Kg. For marketing of honey and other bee products, the majority of the respondents (56.67%) used a dual approach, selling their honey to both traders and consumers. It was observed that the majority (59.05%) of the respondents conducted between 5 and 7 migrations in a calendar year and on an average the beekeepers were spending 64 per cent of their time outside the state under migratory beekeeping. It was further found that on average, selected beekeepers traveled approximately 950±380Kilometers and incurred Rs. 412±85per colony on transport in a calendar year. It was observed that there were many "bee pasturages" in Punjab, with varying "honey flow periods" and "dearth periods" throughout the year. During the dearth of flora in the state, the bee keepers were migrating their bee colonies from the Punjab region to adjoining Rajasthan, Haryana, Himachal Pradesh, Jammu & Kashmir, and Madhya Pradesh states. The study found that mainly three routes map were followed by the selected beekeepers for bee flora. Various major bee floras tapped by the selected beekeepers (within or outside the state) were Mustard (Brassica juncea), Bajra (Pennisetum glaucum), Safeda (Eucalyptus), Shisham (Dalbergia sissoo), Beri (Zizphus sp.), Gobhi Saron (Brassica napus L.), Berseem (Trifolium alexandrinum), Litchi (Litchi chinensis), Ajwain (Trachyspermum ammi), Acacia (Robinia pseudoacacia), White clover (Trifolium repens), Amaltas (Cassia fistula), etc. The benefit cost ratio of the migratory beekeeping unit of 335 beehives was found to be 2.27. Challenges faced by beekeepers included issues like buyers' cartels, loss of colonies due to agrochemical use, reduction in bee flora, and various external factors. Despite these challenges, there was a notable willingness to upscale operations (40.95%) and establish processing units (31.90%), indicating the growth potential of migratory beekeeping in the state.
Open Access
Attitude and knowledge of farmers towards use of agrochemicals on selected crops in Punjab
(Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, 2020) Sharma, Priyanka; Riar, T.S.
The present study entitled “Attitude and knowledge of farmers towards use of agrochemicals on selected crops in Punjab” was entitled in the state of Punjab by selecting 100 rice growers from Ludhiana district, 100 cotton growers from Bathinda district and 50 vegetable growers from Sangrur district. The findings revealed that among the rice growers most of them were growing varieties which are recommended by Punjab Agricultural University. Among the cotton and vegetable growers farmers prefer to grow hybrid varieties which are developed by private companies. Most of the respondents were having low mass media exposure. Most of the farmers were getting information about agrochemicals from the private dealers whereas some of them also prefers to go to extension specialists for getting information about use of agrochemicals. Majority of the respondents purchase fertilizers from cooperative societies whereas for purchasing pesticides and other agrochemicals they prefer to go to private dealers. Most of the farmers were using high doses of agrochemicals as compared to the recommended doses. Some of the farmers were still using obsolete or banned pesticides. Most of the farmers were having low to medium level of knowledge about use of agrochemicals on all three crops. Most of the farmers were having moderately favorable attitude towards the use of agrochemicals. Among all the respondents very few farmers were getting their soil tested. Most of the respondents were not using recommended methods for disposing the empty containers of agrochemicals. Majority of the respondents were not using safety measures while preparing and spraying the spray fluid. Respondent’s age, education, training about agrochemicals and the mass media exposure were found significantly positively correlated with knowledge level of the respondents in case of paddy and vegetable crops whereas operational land holding and family size were having non- significant correlation with knowledge level of respondents. In case of cotton crop, only respondent’s education and the mass media exposure were reported to be significantly positively correlated with knowledge level of the farmers.
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Assessment of rate of adoption of happy seeder technology by characterizing technological attributes and extension efforts
(Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, 2020) Taranpreet Singh; Manmeet Kaur
The study entitled,” Assessment of rate of adoption of Happy Seeder technology (HST) by characterizing technological attributes and extension efforts” was undertaken with the objectives to study the extent and rate of adoption of Happy Seeder technology among the farmers, to assess the factors affecting the rate of adoption of Happy Seeder technology and study the extension efforts done by the extension personnel (ADOs) for dissemination of Happy Seeder technology. The study was conducted in five agro climatic zones of Punjab. Two districts were selected on the basis of highest number of Happy Seeder owners. One hundred and eighty farmers, those who had adopted HST minimum two years ago, were selected purposively from the selected districts. Thirty extension personnel (ADOs) from the State Department of Agriculture and Farmer’s Welfare were also selected to study the extension efforts. The data were collected by personally interviewing the respondents. The findings of the study revealed that among the respondent farmers about half of the respondents were large farmers and about 35 per cent of them were educated up to senior secondary. Newspaper was the most used mass media source and ADOs were the most visited extension contacts of the farmers. Most of the farmers got aware about HST in 2015-16. Average area under HST by the farmers was about 58 per cent out of their total operational land holding. Maximum time was taken by the farmers to move from awareness stage of adoption process to interest stage of adoption process of the HST. Average forty months were taken by the farmers to complete the five stages of adoption process from awareness to adoption. It was found that factors such as attributes of the technology viz. relative advantages, trialability, observability and compatibility had positive effect whereas complexity of the technology had a negative effect on the rate of adoption. Extension activities, easy availability of HST and large operational land holding had a positive effect on the rate of adoption of HST. From the discussions and data analysis it was also found that non uniformity in rent and design of the machine, high initial cost, requirement of high power tractor, management of moisture and lack of specific agronomic recommendations for HST were major constraints in the adoption of HST. Agronomic practices such as seed rate, fertilizer doze and methods of application, weed management, irrigation etc. need to be validated through research for happy seeder sown wheat as compared to conventional wheat cultivation. Awareness and motivation among the farmers regarding environmental pollution and Happy Seeder technology should be increased as they are taking maximum time to reach interest stage from awareness stage.
Open Access
Attitude and knowledge of farmers towards use of agrochemicals on selected crops in Punjab
(Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, 2020) Sharma, Priyanka; Riar, T. S.
The present study entitled “Attitude and knowledge of farmers towards use of agrochemicals on selected crops in Punjab” was entitled in the state of Punjab by selecting 100 rice growers from Ludhiana district, 100 cotton growers from Bathinda district and 50 vegetable growers from Sangrur district. The findings revealed that among the rice growers most of them were growing varieties which are recommended by Punjab Agricultural University. Among the cotton and vegetable growers farmers prefer to grow hybrid varieties which are developed by private companies. Most of the respondents were having low mass media exposure. Most of the farmers were getting information about agrochemicals from the private dealers whereas some of them also prefers to go to extension specialists for getting information about use of agrochemicals. Majority of the respondents purchase fertilizers from cooperative societies whereas for purchasing pesticides and other agrochemicals they prefer to go to private dealers. Most of the farmers were using high doses of agrochemicals as compared to the recommended doses. Some of the farmers were still using obsolete or banned pesticides. Most of the farmers were having low to medium level of knowledge about use of agrochemicals on all three crops. Most of the farmers were having moderately favorable attitude towards the use of agrochemicals. Among all the respondents very few farmers were getting their soil tested. Most of the respondents were not using recommended methods for disposing the empty containers of agrochemicals. Majority of the respondents were not using safety measures while preparing and spraying the spray fluid. Respondent’s age, education, training about agrochemicals and the mass media exposure were found significantly positively correlated with knowledge level of the respondents in case of paddy and vegetable crops whereas operational land holding and family size were having non- significant correlation with knowledge level of respondents. In case of cotton crop, only respondent’s education and the mass media exposure were reported to be significantly positively correlated with knowledge level of the farmers.
Open Access
Analytical study of yield gaps in major pulses grown in Punjab
(Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, 2020) Lovepreet Singh; Rampal, Vipan Kumar
Pulses are an integral part of human diets across the globe and they have great potential to improve human health, conserve soil, protect the environment and contribute to global food security, besides serving as an important source of protein for a large portion of the global population. Pulses have been in focus in recent times due to the continuous upswing in their prices. Stagnant productivity coupled with declining availability has created substantial demand supply gaps and yield gaps at farmers’ field. Considering the importance of pulses in human diets above study has been undertaken. The study was conducted in the purposively selected districts (Ludhiana, Ferozepur, Tarn Taran Sahib and Gurdaspur) of Punjab state, considering the major pulses producing districts and falls under ‘high potential high yield gap’ on the basis of area potential gap matrix. From each district one major pulses growing block were selected purposively. From each block two villages were selected randomly. Twenty (20) respondents were drawn randomly from each of the selected eight villages. Thus, a total of 160 respondents constituted the sample for the study. The study revealed that the yield gaps in Ferozepur, Gurdaspur and Tarn Taran Sahib found that technology gaps (gap-I) was observed more than extension gap (gap-II). Whereas in Ludhiana district extension gap (gap-I) was observed more than technology gap (gap-II). The results of logistic regression analysis revealed that variety, herbicides, fungicides, and insecticides were found highly significant (at 1% level) to the adoption of pulse production technology. According to Department of Agriculture Punjab the area, production and productivity of pulses decreased except summer pulses (moong and mash). The major constraints responsible for pulses yield gaps and technology adoption perceived by the farmers were lack of marketing knowledge, lack of bio fertilizer, lack of storage facilities lack of regulated market, low market price/low profit and lack of subsidy for inputs.
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Comparative analysis of drip and conventional irrigation systems in kinnow cultivation of Punjab
(Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, 2020) Shachi Singh; Rupinder Kaur
The present study entitled ‘A comparative analysis of drip and conventional irrigation systems in kinnow cultivation of Punjab’ was undertaken with the objectives to determine the knowledge level of kinnow growers about drip irrigation system, to study the extent of adoption of drip irrigation system amongst kinnow growers, to analyze water use pattern under drip irrigation system in kinnow cultivation, to assess the comparative economics of drip and conventional irrigation systems, to identify the constraints faced by the farmers in adoption of drip irrigation system and their suggestions and to develop technical bulletin based on the results of the study. The study was conducted in four districts of Punjab i.e. Bathinda, Fazilka, Hoshiarpur and Sri Muktsar Sahib/ Faridkot which were selected purposively. From each district 25 farmers were selected randomly who had adopted drip irrigation system while 25 non-adopters were selected from the same area or the adjoining area of adopter farmers which constituted a sample of 200 farmers for the study. Findings of the study revealed that majority of the respondents had medium level of knowledge regarding drip irrigation system. A positive and significant relationship was found between age, education, mass media exposure and extension contacts with the knowledge level of respondents. Adoption of proportional area under drip irrigation system was highest in Fazilka district. A positive and significant relationship was found between operational land holdings, annual income, mass media exposure, extension contacts, economic motivation and innovativeness with extent of adoption of respondents. A significant difference was found between drip irrigation system and conventional irrigation system in terms of economics of fertilizer and pesticides application, weeding and intercultural operation, productivity of kinnow etc. Uncertainty of power supply, delay in sanction of subsidy were some of the major constraints cited by the respondents. Facility of regular power supply, flexible subsidy providing system, low initial cost for purchasing drip irrigation system were suggested by the respondents.
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Impact analysis of protected vegetable cultivation trained by KVK Jalandhar
(Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, 2020) Lovepreet Singh; Kuldeep Singh
The present study entitled “Impact analysis of protected vegetable cultivation trained by KVK Jalandhar” was undertaken to study the adoption level of different practices of protected cultivation by farmers, factors affecting the adoption of protected cultivation, economic benefits and the problems faced by vegetable growers in adoption of protected cultivation. A total sample of 200 respondents practicing protected vegetable cultivation were selected from Jalandhar district from which 150 respondents were trained by KVK Jalandhar and remaining 50 respondents were non trainees. Study concludes that trainees had medium level of adoption in capsicum and cucumber crop, high in tomato crop under poly or net house while non trainees had low level of adoption in capsicum, medium in tomato and low-medium in cucumber crop. In case of low tunnel technology, trainees had high in capsicum and cucumber and medium level of adoption in tomato while non trainees had low level in all selected crops. It was found that land holding, social media and training had positively correlated with adoption of protected cultivation whereas age had negatively correlated. Regression analysis revealed that training and land was positively while age was negatively affecting the adoption of protected cultivation. Economic returns and yield of trainees had higher in all selected crops (capsicum, tomato and cucumber) as compared to non trainees. Majority of trainees and non trainees faced the problem of remunerative prices of produce in all structures, whereas problems of repair, maintenances and disease infestation were more in poly or net house .While in case of low tunnel, non availability of subsidy was major problem among respondents.

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