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ThesisItem Restricted Assessment of rate of adoption of happy seeder technology by characterizing technological attributes and extension efforts(Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, 2020) Taranpreet Singh; Manmeet KaurThe study entitled,” Assessment of rate of adoption of Happy Seeder technology (HST) by characterizing technological attributes and extension efforts” was undertaken with the objectives to study the extent and rate of adoption of Happy Seeder technology among the farmers, to assess the factors affecting the rate of adoption of Happy Seeder technology and study the extension efforts done by the extension personnel (ADOs) for dissemination of Happy Seeder technology. The study was conducted in five agro climatic zones of Punjab. Two districts were selected on the basis of highest number of Happy Seeder owners. One hundred and eighty farmers, those who had adopted HST minimum two years ago, were selected purposively from the selected districts. Thirty extension personnel (ADOs) from the State Department of Agriculture and Farmer’s Welfare were also selected to study the extension efforts. The data were collected by personally interviewing the respondents. The findings of the study revealed that among the respondent farmers about half of the respondents were large farmers and about 35 per cent of them were educated up to senior secondary. Newspaper was the most used mass media source and ADOs were the most visited extension contacts of the farmers. Most of the farmers got aware about HST in 2015-16. Average area under HST by the farmers was about 58 per cent out of their total operational land holding. Maximum time was taken by the farmers to move from awareness stage of adoption process to interest stage of adoption process of the HST. Average forty months were taken by the farmers to complete the five stages of adoption process from awareness to adoption. It was found that factors such as attributes of the technology viz. relative advantages, trialability, observability and compatibility had positive effect whereas complexity of the technology had a negative effect on the rate of adoption. Extension activities, easy availability of HST and large operational land holding had a positive effect on the rate of adoption of HST. From the discussions and data analysis it was also found that non uniformity in rent and design of the machine, high initial cost, requirement of high power tractor, management of moisture and lack of specific agronomic recommendations for HST were major constraints in the adoption of HST. Agronomic practices such as seed rate, fertilizer doze and methods of application, weed management, irrigation etc. need to be validated through research for happy seeder sown wheat as compared to conventional wheat cultivation. Awareness and motivation among the farmers regarding environmental pollution and Happy Seeder technology should be increased as they are taking maximum time to reach interest stage from awareness stage.ThesisItem Open Access Analytical study of yield gaps in major pulses grown in Punjab(Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, 2020) Lovepreet Singh; Rampal, Vipan KumarPulses are an integral part of human diets across the globe and they have great potential to improve human health, conserve soil, protect the environment and contribute to global food security, besides serving as an important source of protein for a large portion of the global population. Pulses have been in focus in recent times due to the continuous upswing in their prices. Stagnant productivity coupled with declining availability has created substantial demand supply gaps and yield gaps at farmers’ field. Considering the importance of pulses in human diets above study has been undertaken. The study was conducted in the purposively selected districts (Ludhiana, Ferozepur, Tarn Taran Sahib and Gurdaspur) of Punjab state, considering the major pulses producing districts and falls under ‘high potential high yield gap’ on the basis of area potential gap matrix. From each district one major pulses growing block were selected purposively. From each block two villages were selected randomly. Twenty (20) respondents were drawn randomly from each of the selected eight villages. Thus, a total of 160 respondents constituted the sample for the study. The study revealed that the yield gaps in Ferozepur, Gurdaspur and Tarn Taran Sahib found that technology gaps (gap-I) was observed more than extension gap (gap-II). Whereas in Ludhiana district extension gap (gap-I) was observed more than technology gap (gap-II). The results of logistic regression analysis revealed that variety, herbicides, fungicides, and insecticides were found highly significant (at 1% level) to the adoption of pulse production technology. According to Department of Agriculture Punjab the area, production and productivity of pulses decreased except summer pulses (moong and mash). The major constraints responsible for pulses yield gaps and technology adoption perceived by the farmers were lack of marketing knowledge, lack of bio fertilizer, lack of storage facilities lack of regulated market, low market price/low profit and lack of subsidy for inputs.ThesisItem Open Access Assessment of rate of adoption of happy seeder technology by characterizing technological attributes and extension efforts(Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, 2020) Taranpreet Singh; Manmeet KaurThe study entitled,” Assessment of rate of adoption of Happy Seeder technology (HST) by characterizing technological attributes and extension efforts” was undertaken with the objectives to study the extent and rate of adoption of Happy Seeder technology among the farmers, to assess the factors affecting the rate of adoption of Happy Seeder technology and study the extension efforts done by the extension personnel (ADOs) for dissemination of Happy Seeder technology. The study was conducted in five agro climatic zones of Punjab. Two districts were selected on the basis of highest number of Happy Seeder owners. One hundred and eighty farmers, those who had adopted HST minimum two years ago, were selected purposively from the selected districts. Thirty extension personnel (ADOs) from the State Department of Agriculture and Farmer’s Welfare were also selected to study the extension efforts. The data were collected by personally interviewing the respondents. The findings of the study revealed that among the respondent farmers about half of the respondents were large farmers and about 35 per cent of them were educated up to senior secondary. Newspaper was the most used mass media source and ADOs were the most visited extension contacts of the farmers. Most of the farmers got aware about HST in 2015-16. Average area under HST by the farmers was about 58 per cent out of their total operational land holding. Maximum time was taken by the farmers to move from awareness stage of adoption process to interest stage of adoption process of the HST. Average forty months were taken by the farmers to complete the five stages of adoption process from awareness to adoption. It was found that factors such as attributes of the technology viz. relative advantages, trialability, observability and compatibility had positive effect whereas complexity of the technology had a negative effect on the rate of adoption. Extension activities, easy availability of HST and large operational land holding had a positive effect on the rate of adoption of HST. From the discussions and data analysis it was also found that non uniformity in rent and design of the machine, high initial cost, requirement of high power tractor, management of moisture and lack of specific agronomic recommendations for HST were major constraints in the adoption of HST. Agronomic practices such as seed rate, fertilizer doze and methods of application, weed management, irrigation etc. need to be validated through research for happy seeder sown wheat as compared to conventional wheat cultivation. Awareness and motivation among the farmers regarding environmental pollution and Happy Seeder technology should be increased as they are taking maximum time to reach interest stage from awareness stage.ThesisItem Open Access Impact analysis of protected vegetable cultivation trained by KVK Jalandhar(Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, 2020) Lovepreet Singh; Kuldeep SinghThe present study entitled “Impact analysis of protected vegetable cultivation trained by KVK Jalandhar” was undertaken to study the adoption level of different practices of protected cultivation by farmers, factors affecting the adoption of protected cultivation, economic benefits and the problems faced by vegetable growers in adoption of protected cultivation. A total sample of 200 respondents practicing protected vegetable cultivation were selected from Jalandhar district from which 150 respondents were trained by KVK Jalandhar and remaining 50 respondents were non trainees. Study concludes that trainees had medium level of adoption in capsicum and cucumber crop, high in tomato crop under poly or net house while non trainees had low level of adoption in capsicum, medium in tomato and low-medium in cucumber crop. In case of low tunnel technology, trainees had high in capsicum and cucumber and medium level of adoption in tomato while non trainees had low level in all selected crops. It was found that land holding, social media and training had positively correlated with adoption of protected cultivation whereas age had negatively correlated. Regression analysis revealed that training and land was positively while age was negatively affecting the adoption of protected cultivation. Economic returns and yield of trainees had higher in all selected crops (capsicum, tomato and cucumber) as compared to non trainees. Majority of trainees and non trainees faced the problem of remunerative prices of produce in all structures, whereas problems of repair, maintenances and disease infestation were more in poly or net house .While in case of low tunnel, non availability of subsidy was major problem among respondents.ThesisItem Open Access Knowledge, attitude and perceived prospects of agroforestry in Punjab(Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, 2020) Pawar, Honey Avtar; Rampal, Vipan KumarThe study entitled “Knowledge, attitude and perceived prospects of agroforestry in Punjab” was undertaken with the objectives to study the knowledge and adoption of package and practices of agroforestry by the farmers/respondents, attitude of respondents towards agroforestry, prospects of agroforestry and also problems encountered by respondents in agroforestry. Study was conducted in Hoshiarpur, Roopnagar and Shaheed Bhagat Singh Nagar districts of Punjab state. Two blocks from these districts were selected and from each block further two villages were selected. From each village 15 farmers were selected randomly. Hence, a total of 180 farmers were selected for the study. Data were collected by personally visiting the study area and interviewing the farmers. The study revealed that most of the respondents were in the age group of 40-52 years, educated up to matric, had semi-medium land holdings (5.1-10 acres) and more than 2/3rd of the farmers (84.44 percent) were growing poplar trees on land ranging from 1-9 acres.Majority of the respondents had medium level of risk orientation, innovativeness and economic motivation. It was reported that farmers were having maximum knowledge and adoption about recommended time for planting saplings. On the other hand, they had least knowledge and adoption for recommended wheat variety for intercropping with poplar.Half of the farmers were having favourable attitude (50 %) regarding agroforestry. Only a few were having unfavourable attitude towards agroforestry. All the farmers perceived medium (85.56%) to high (14.44 %) level of prospects, which depicts that future of agroforestry, is bright. Majority of the farmers faced medium level (84.44) of problems and a few (16.56%) reported high level of problem. There were no serious problems reported by them but some problems faced were „low market price of poplar wood‟, „reduction of yield under shade of poplar‟ and „difficulty in getting land on rent for planting poplar‟.Majority of the respondents (60 %) were having high level of awareness regarding various benefits of agroforestry.ThesisItem Open Access Adoption status of food preservation practices disseminated through vocational training courses of Krishi Vigyan Kendras(Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, 2019) Gagandeep Kaur; Kanwaljit KaurThe study was conducted to assess the adoption status of food preservation practices disseminated through vocational training courses of Krishi Vigyan Kendras in Punjab. Nine Krishi Vigyan Kendras i.e. Amritsar, Bathinda, Hoshiarpur, Patiala, Fatehgarh Sahib, Mukatsar Sahib, Jalandhar, Moga and Ludhiana were selected to conduct the study. These Krishi Vigyan Kendras had organized twenty three short duration courses from year 2011 to 2013. Out of 582 women trainees who had attended the vocational training courses of Krishi Vigyan Kendras, 179 trainees constituted the sample of study. Data were collected through self structured interview schedule. Majority of trainees were belonged to schedule caste category. Large majority of trainees had low level of mass media exposure. Vocational training was assessed in terms of adoption status, extent of adoption and level of use of training. Training on pappad and vadian, chawanparash and preserves/Murabha had achieved the highest adoption status. Lowest adoption status was observed in sun drying of vegetable, pickle making and preparation of squashes. Adoption status of majority of practices in terms of its use at household level was high. But practices related to recommended quantity of food preservator were either not adopted or discontinued. Extent of adoption of different practices on food preservation training course was also observed high. Only one percent of trainees had established an enterprise after receiving training and two percent were using training for income generation purpose. Major constraint for non-establishment of an enterprise was weak financial position. It can be concluded that awareness regarding financial assistance provided by the government to start an enterprise should be created to trainees. The trainees also suggested that transport facility should be provided to them for attending on-campus training course.ThesisItem Open Access Perception and adoption of kitchen gardening by the farmers trained by KVK Jalandhar(Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, 2018) Iqbal Kaur; Kuldeep SinghThe study entitled “Perception and adoption of Kitchen Gardening by the farmers trained by KVK Jalandhar” was undertaken with the objective to study the Perception and adoption of the farmers regarding Kitchen Gardening. The study was conducted purposively in Jalandhar district of Punjab. A list of 348 trained farmers on Kitchen Gardening during the period of 2011-2015 was obtained from KVK, Jalandhar. Out of procured list, a total sample of 200 respondents was selected on based of probability proportional to the number of trainees in each year from 2011-2015. The data was collected with the help of interview schedule method. The findings of the study revealed that majority of the respondents were in the age group of above 50 years were matriculates and had high (48.50%) experience level in Kitchen Gardening and had large (<10 ha) operational land holding because most of the farmers (47.00%) had leased in land. Majority of the respondents (55.00%) had medium level of Mass media exposure. Mera Pind Mere Khet was the most popular TV programme among the farmers for agricultural information and (44.00%) high level of extension contacts and participation in extension activities. Majority of the farmers preferred to seek their advice from scientists of PAU/ KVK. It was found that all the respondents perceived that all the vegetables produced at home were chemical free and easy available round the year to their kitchen. The findings revealed that area under Kitchen Gardening was low (56.00%) and moreover, site of location of Kitchen Garden was at farm. All the respondents used organic methods of vegetable production using farm yard manure, cow urine and roughing operations to protect the vegetables from insect-pest and diseases. Majority of the respondents (95.50%) obtained the seed from PAU/KVK and grew own nursery. The main problem faced by them, was from stray animals and overflow water during rainy season.ThesisItem Restricted Reactions of farmers regarding Kisan Mela organised at Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana(Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, 2017) Talwar, Amandeep; Rupinder KaurThe study entitled “Reactions of farmers regarding Kisan Mela organised at Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana” was undertaken with the objectives to study the reactions of the farmers regarding various components of PAU Kisan Mela and to study the problems faced by the farmers during PAU Kisan Mela. The study also focused on suggestions given by the farmers regarding various components of PAU Kisan Mela for making improvements. Sixty farmers were selected purposively during each of the Melas i.e. March and September who visited the Kisan Mela at least twice before. Thus a total of 120 farmers were taken as sample of the study. Data were collected personally by interviewing them. It was observed that majority of the farmers were of the young age group (22-37 years), had gained education upto graduation, had annual income between 2.5-5.0 lakhs and fell in the category of semi-medium (5-10 acres) operational land holding. Majority of the respondents were having high extension contacts and extension participation. It was also found that majority of the farmers visited Kisan Mela with a purpose to purchase good quality seed/nursery plants. Most of the farmers were fully satisfied with the visit to Museum of Social History of Rural Punjab, parking facility, information gain about innovations and duration of question-answer session and clarification of queries at the demonstrations. Majority of the respondents faced problems regarding issue of the chits for seed and urinal & toilet facilities during PAU Kisan Mela. A large number of the respondents suggested to increase number of stalls for issuing of the chits for seed and to improve urinals and toilet in number and cleanliness.ThesisItem Restricted Adoption of PAU recommended varieties of wheat and paddy in Ludhiana district of Punjab(Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, 2017) Savtinder Kaur; Bhalla, Jaswinder SinghThe present study was conducted to determine the adoption of PAU recommended varieties of wheat and paddy in Ludhiana district of Punjab. There were twelve blocks in the district. Out of twelve blocks, four blocks were selected randomly, and then three villages from each block were selected randomly. A list of farmers in each 12 villages (who were growing wheat and rice for last 5 years) was prepared and then from this list, 15 farmers from each village were selected randomly. Thus, the sample comprised of 180 farmers from all 12 villages. The data was collected through interview schedule by personal interview. It was observed 47.78 per cent of the respondents belonged to middle age category, were educated and had semi medium operational land holding. Cent per cent were aware of PAU recommended variety of Paddy i.e. PR111 and unrecommended variety Pusa 44 respectively. Cent per cent were aware of recommended HD 2967 variety of wheat. Majority of the farmers adopted Pusa 44 variety of paddy but it is unrecommended by PAU. The extent of adoption was high in case of HD 2967. Most of the farmers gave the reason of high yield of HD 2967, HD 3086 for adoption of wheat varieties. Most of the farmers suggested to release high yielding varieties of paddy.
