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Open Access
Production and procurement scenario of cereals in major producing states of India
(Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, 2020) Jeevitha G. N.; Jitender Mohan Singh
Cereals are the staple food for the vast majority of the people in India and across the world. The present study was conducted to examine the production, procurement, and storage scenario of cereals in the country and to bring out the problems encountered during the procurement, storage and handling of cereals by the procurement agencies. The time-series data on area, production, and productivity of cereals like rice, wheat, maize and jower were collected for the period from 1960-61 to 2017-18, from the Ministry of Agriculture and Farmers Welfare, GOI. Data on cereals procurement for the period from 2000-01 to 2018-19 and on storage capacities for the period from 2005-06 to 2020-21 were collected from the Ministry of Consumer Affairs, Food and Public Distribution, GOI and the official website of Food Corporation of India. Information regarding the problems faced during the procurement, storage and handling of cereals was gathered through an e-survey of officials from agencies involved in the procurement and/or storage of food grains in India. The analysis of compound growth rate of area, production and productivity revealed that the cereals like rice, wheat and maize showed significant and consistent growth in the area, production and productivity while jower showed significant downturn in the area and production over the study period elucidating the poor status of jower cultivation in the country. The procurement scenario of rice, wheat and coarse grains revealed that the quantity of rice and wheat procured has more than doubled over the study period, and the procurement as a percentage of production has also improved at the national level. The quantity of coarse grains procured at the national level has declined to half of the quantity procured in the initial year of the study period. The share of state agencies in rice procurement increased to above 98 per cent at national level while increase in the share of state agencies was relatively lesser in case of wheat procurement over the study period. The storage capacity with the FCI increased over the years which was mainly due to the increase in the hired capacity. The results of the survey revealed that the main problem faced during the process of procurement and storage were; the low quality of the grains brought to the procurement centers by the farmers, risk of damage due to biotic factors like insects, pests, rodents and birds. The requirement of large capital to run the FCI, the labour scarcity, especially in the peak periods of procurement, lack of advanced storage structures were the main concerns from the institutional point of view. The study identified some policy measures such as; increasing coarse grains production by giving incentives to farmers, enhancing the storage capacity of the FCI by building advanced storage structures at the key locations and developing improved scientific methods to ensure the safe storage of grains.
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Protected cultivation of vegetables in Punjab-an economic analysis
(Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, 2020) Manpreet Kaur; Parminder Kaur
The present study was undertaken to assess the costs and returns in the production of major vegetable crops under protected cultivation vis-à-vis open field cultivation, to examine the economic viability of investment for the production of vegetables under protected cultivation and to identify the constraints in the production of vegetables under protected cultivation technique and making suggestions for streamlining the same. The primary data for the year 2018-19 were collected from 40 poly house and 40 open field farmers from Ludhiana and Jalandhar districts. The results revealed that the cost of establishment of polyhouse was to the tune of Rs.18,70,000/4000m2 with subsidy. The total per acre cost of production of capsicum, tomato and cucumber under polyhouse was higher by Rs.417233 (336.45%), Rs.420370 (328.73%) and Rs.398310 (343.02%) respectively than that of open field cultivation. The net returns under polyhouses were higher by Rs.280582.90 (510.50%), Rs.157269.84 (233.49%) and Rs.163925.05 (434.53%) respectively for the said crops in polyhouse cultivation. The huge differences in cost of production in polyhouse cultivation of vegetables were due to the use of more number of seedlings, costly seeds, high field and bed preparation cost and requirement of skilled labour while expenditure on weeding and irrigation was found less in polyhouse cultivation of vegetables. The yield of capsicum (111.05%), tomato (115.33%) and cucumber (109.14%) in polyhouse cultivation was found higher as compared to open field cultivation of vegetables. The cultivation of vegetables under polyhouse was found to be feasible as reflected in higher values of NPV i.e. Rs. 17,61,915.66, Rs. 8,18,623.31 and Rs. 6,17,997.35 per 4000m2 with benefit cost ratio (BCR) of 1.3, 1.1 and 1.5 and Internal rate of return (IRR) of 24%, 17% and 15% respectively for capsicum, tomato and cucumber. High investment cost, lack of technical guidance, costly seeds, non-availability of skilled labour and high cost of maintenance were the major constraints faced by polyhouse farmers. Despite these constraints, cultivation of vegetables under polyhouse emerges as a profitable venture to increase farmers‟ income.
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Assessing the Impact of Preservation of Sub Soil Water Act, 2009 on groundwater levels in Punjab
(Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, 2020) Sharma, Yogita; Sidana, Baljinder Kaur
The present study was conducted to study the groundwater table behaviour and the impact of Punjab Preservation of Sub Soil Water Act, 2009 on groundwater levels in Punjab. Secondary data from various sources for the time period from 1996 to 2018 was retrieved to accomplish the objectives of the study. The state has witnessed a fall in water table @ 0.43 metres per year during the last 22 years; with a serious fall @ 0.59 metres per year in Central zone. Only 2.62 per cent of wells were under water table depth of 20-40 m in 1996, which has increased to 41.88 per cent; thereby showing an increase of 16 times. A complete swap over of the area of the region under water table depth from non-critical stage to critical stage has been observed as only 10 per cent of the state area is now under water table depth of 0-5 m, 51 per cent of area under 5-10 m and 34 per cent of the area under the water table depth of more than 10 m. The groundwater balance has decreased from 0.027 m ha m in 1997 to -1.063 m ha m in 2017; turning the net groundwater availability to -14.58 bcm in 2017. The percentage of over-exploited blocks has increased to 79 per cent with only 16 per cent safe blocks. To study the impact of the Act, the time frame was divided into two periods viz. pre-act (1999 to 2008) and post-act (2009 to 2018). Difference-in-Difference (DiD) approach was employed to study the impact. The DiD estimates showed that even after the enactment of the Preservation of Sub Soil Water Act, 2009; the annual groundwater depth lowered by 1.48 metres in high rice growing areas. Addition of new crops in cropping pattern along with water use restrictions and placing of maximum limit on cultivation of water intensive crops can be adopted to check the declining groundwater levels.
Open Access
Production and Trade Performance of organic farming in India
(Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, 2020) Shafiqullah; Kataria, Poonam
The present study entitled “Production and Trade Performance of Organic Farming in India” was envisaged to examine the status of India in global organic production and to have an overview of the regional spread of India’s organic production and export thereof. The formulations of the present study have been based on the secondary data starting from 2012-13 to the latest available ie 2018-19. The information on variables pertinent for the accomplishment of the stipulated objectives of the study has been extracted from various issues of the assessment reports of the programs/organizations entrusted with the task of overseeing the activities related to organic farming at the global and country level. In order to study the state-wise organic production performance, the seven top-ranking states in terms of organic production in TE2018-19 (Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra, Karnataka, Uttar Pradesh, Rajasthan, Odisha, and Gujarat) along with Sikkim (well-acclaimed organic state/having the remarkable distinction of being fully organic state) and Punjab (agriculturally the most advanced state) were selected. The selected states together accounted for 82 percent of India’s organic area and 90.05 percent production. India’s organic area increased nearly four-fold from 0.5 million ha in 2012 to 1.96 million ha by 2018. As of now, it accounts for 30 percent of the organic area in Asia and nearly three percent of the global organic area. Asia accounts for close to half (47%) of the world’s organic producers with 87 percent of Asian organic producers being Indian. The organic producers in India have increased from 0.6 million in 2012 to 1.1 million by 2018 with each cultivating 1.7 ha up from 0.8 ha recorded during 2012. India’s organic production has doubled (2.6 million MT) by 2018-19 from 1.3 million MT in 2012-13. Nearly 90 percent of organic production comes from seven major organic states of the country. Punjab accounts for only 0.3 percent of organic production from half a percent of India’s organic area. Sikkim, winning accolades for being a fully organic state accounts for 3.3 percent of India’s organic area and contributes only 0.02 % to the country’s total organic output. As high as 99.7 percent of India’s organic produce is certified organic. The organic exports to the tune of 6.14 lakh MT from India translated into a realization of Rs 5151 crore in the recent fiscal ending 2019 up from Rs 1156 crore in 2012-13. India’s major export products are oil and oilseed products, cereals and millets, and sugar crops. Key markets for Indian organic exports include developed countries such as the United States of America, the European Union, and Canada, which together account for 96 percent of the country’s organic exports. The foregoing analysis points towards the ample scope for propagating organic agriculture, given the large land base in the country. It has been estimated that if the top four states viz. Rajasthan, Maharashtra, Uttar Pradesh, and Madhya Pradesh, together accounting for 48 percent of the country’s cultivated area allocate additional one percent to the existing organic area, the absolute addition would be to the tune of 0.67 million ha, which is equivalent to 8.6 times that in Sikkim alone. The competitive strength of the states in producing a particular organic crop highlighted by the study can well be exploited to make the most of the opportunities thrown open by the ever increasing organic trade.
Open Access
Energy Potential of Agricultural Biomass in Punjab
(Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, 2020) Rajinder Kaur; Kataria, Poonam
The secondary data based study entitled “Energy Potential of Agricultural Biomass in Punjab” was envisioned to assess the availability of agricultural biomass in Punjab and to estimate the energy potential thereof. The district-wise analysis for all the major and minor crops has been carried out for the triennium ending (TE) 2017-18, except for cotton, wherein the average corresponds to two years i.e. 2016-17 and 2017-18 to omit the influence of the abnormal year 2015-16 with a substantial crop loss due to whitefly attack. The data on the requisite variables have been culled from various web and published sources and verified from certain research papers, wherever deemed necessary. The annual agricultural biomass potential from all the major and minor crops in the state has been estimated at 56.4 million t in TE 2017-18, the on-farm, and the processing level biomass being in the ratio of 83.6:16.4. It comprised 54.8 per cent of wheat, 38.0 per cent of paddy, 4.5 per cent of cotton, and 1.8 per cent of maize residue. The quantity of surplus biomass available for power generation has been estimated at 27.4 million t, out of which 22.9 million t (83.5%) is the quantity rendered surplus out of the field-based residue generated. The crop-wise analysis of biomass surplus highlighted the prominence of paddy with a contribution in total available biomass recorded at 63.1 per cent followed by wheat (28.2%), cotton (5.1%), and maize (2.8%), together accounting for 99.2 per cent of the biomass availability. The study of district wise spread of annual availability of biomass recorded at 27.4 million t at the state level highlighted that district Sangrur was at the top with a share of 9.6 per cent followed by Ludhiana (8.3%), Bathinda (7.4%), Patiala (6.8%) and Sri Muktsar Sahib (5.8%) collectively accounting for 37.9 per cent. A total of five districts namely, Fatehgarh Sahib, S.B.S. Nagar, Rupnagar, S.A.S. Nagar and Pathankot at the bottom ebb of the contribution scale together contributed 8.7 per cent. It was estimated that 22.9 million t of on-farm biomass available in Punjab had the energy potential of 358 PJ, out of which as high as 92 per cent is accounted for by paddy and wheat alone. Of all the districts, Sangrur had the maximum energy potential (34.8PJ) accounting for 9.7 per cent of the state total, followed by Ludhiana (8.5%), Patiala (6.9%), Bathinda (6.6%) and Moga (5.8%) together contributing 38 per cent to the energy potential of the state. The district-wise energy potential per unit of cropped area ranged from 36.9 GJ/ha in the case of district Pathankot to as high as 60.1 GJ/ha in Sangrur, with the state average recorded at 50.5 GJ/ha. The present study conclusively establishes the immense potential of Punjab agriculture in terms of conversion of agricultural biomass to energy. However, the effective use of this potential calls for a reorientation of the policy priorities to make use of this potential judiciously.
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Impact assessment of organized retail chains on vegetable growers of Punjab
(Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, 2020) Pratishtha; Sharma, V. K.
India is the second highest vegetable producing nation which contributes 12.22 percent in the total vegetable production and the retail sector accounts for about 10 percent of the country's GDP. Although unorganized market dominates the vegetable retail sector but since 2010, organized retailers also started functioning in the vegetable retail sector of Punjab. The present study was undertaken in the Ludhiana district due to the presence of both traditional and organized vegetable retail chains. Four major winter vegetables were considered viz. green peas, cauliflower, cabbage and radish for detailed analysis. The primary data were collected from 120 vegetable growers out of which 60 growers were supplying vegetables to the traditional retail chains and 60 growers directly to the organized vegetable retail chains. The results of the study indicated that the higher returns were received by the farmers supplying vegetables to the organized retail chains. The study identified three traditional marketing channels and one organized marketing channel. The producer’s share in consumer’s rupee and marketing efficiency was highest in channel III followed by organized retail channel, channel II and channel I of traditional retail chain. It was highest in channel III due to direct sale of the produce to consumer and in organized retail channel due to fewer intermediaries in the retail chain. The major constraint faced by the vegetable growers with the traditional retail chains was high commission charges of intermediaries, whereas, in case of organized retail chain is the rejection of produce over the requisite quality standards was the major drawback. This study will serve as a guideline for vegetable growers to diversify the supply in the retail chains of Punjab.
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Cotton price behaviour and forecasting in major producing states of India
(Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, 2020) Nagishetty, Lokesh; Sekhon, M K
The present study has been undertaken to work out the trends in the area, production and productivity of cotton in India, to examine the behaviour of prices, volatility and their forecasting in major cotton markets. The study is based on secondary data. To meet the objectives of the study, major cotton-producing states of India were selected based on their percentage share in total cotton production. From each of the selected state, one important market was taken for the study. Time series data regarding monthly wholesale cotton prices and arrivals in the major markets were collected from various secondary sources. Various statistical/econometric tools like CAGR, trend, seasonal indices, Auto-Regressive Integrated Moving Average (ARIMA), and Auto-Regressive Conditional Heteroscedasticity and Generalised Auto-Regressive Conditional Heteroscedasticity (ARCH-GARCH) models were employed to analyze the data. The analysis revealed that the production and productivity of cotton were consistently increasing significantly over the years. India was leading among all the cotton-growing countries in the world both in area and production. The variability, both in area and productivity of cotton contributed towards variability of cotton output in the country. In all the study markets, a strong positive trend was observed in the prices of cotton during the given study period (2008 – 2018). The peak period for arrivals of cotton consisted the months of November, December, January and February and the lean period of the `arrivals were observed in June, July, August and September. The prices during the lean period remained relatively higher with few exceptions. The Augmented Dickey-Fuller for unit root test showed that cotton price series were stationary on first order integration. SAS 9.3 software is used in identifying parameter estimates of the model. The adequacy of the fitted model was tested by various measures of goodness of fit viz., AIC, BIC, Standard error and MAPE. The best model was selected based on the relatively lower value of AIC and MAPE. The forecast results revealed that market prices of cotton, possibly ruling in the range of Rs. 4939– 5611 per quintal in Adoni, Rs. 5238 – 5395 per quintal in Adilabad, Rs. 5527 – 5517 per quintal in Akot and Rs. 4827 – 4876 per quintal during November to March in 2019-20. The sum of alpha and beta is 0.34 for both Adoni and Adilabad market while it is 0.36, 0.37 for Akot and Rajkot markets respectively. Hence farmers and traders can use the price forecasting information to minimize speculation and can take advantage of the same for additional net returns.
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Production and Export Performance of Tea in India
(Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, 2020) Tandane, Hercidio; Manjeet Kaur
The study was carried out with the objective to examine the production and export performance of tea in India. The study was based on secondary data pertaining to the period 1990 to 2018. The different analytical techniques applied in the study were Growth analysis, Revealed Comparative Advantage, Revealed Symmetric Comparative Advantage, Nominal Protection Coefficient, Augmented Dickey Fuller test, and multiple linear regression analysis. The Compound Annual Growth Rate (CAGR) of area, production and yield of tea in major tea producing states of India namely Assam, West Bengal, and Karnataka were observed to be significant during the period 1990-2018 except in Tamil Nadu and Kerala. The major importing countries of tea export from India are Russian Federation, United Arab, United Kingdom, Iran and United States of America. The CAGR in terms of value of tea to major importing countries were positive and significant in Russia, Iran, United States of America, and United Kingdom. The instability index was found to be more in United Kingdom (23.78%), followed by United Arab Emirates (22.86%), Russia (15.35%), United States of America (7.89%) and Iran (6.26%). NPC, RCA, and RSCA techniques indicated that tea was an export competitive product from India, but trend was decreasing. The estimated regression model of determinants of tea export has shown positive and significant relationship with international price and export price. Other variables such as exchange rate, lagged production and domestic consumption were non-significant.
Open Access
Deras (Cults) issue in Punjab – Causes and Consequences
(Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, 2020) Hardish Kaur; Sukhdev Singh
The present study was conducted in Ludhiana and Jalandhar districts to analyze the Deras (cults) issue in Punjab and their causes and consequences with the following objectives : (i) to assess the socio-economic characteristic of Dera followers (ii) to identify the factors responsible for rising Deras in the state (iii) to examine the implications of emergence of Deras in Punjabi Society. The random sample technique was used foe sample selection. Based on 150 respondents, consisting Dera followers of the two big Deras of Punjab i.e DSS, Sirsa and DJJS, Nurmahal from Ludhiana and Jalandhar districts, study led to conclusion that more than half of the respondents were between 40 to 60 years of age, mostly married and females. Nearly half of the respondents (48.67%) belonged to schedule caste and 35 per cent of the respondents were housewives. About 4500 followers of DJJS, Numahal and 14000 from DSS, Sirsa were providing various services in the Deras. Total followers of DJJS, Numahal were estimated upto 10 lacs whereas DSS, Sirsa is having more than 46 lacs followers. The study highlights the factors of joining Deras, results revealed that 68.67 per cent of the respondents opined that insecurity in life was prime factor of joining the Deras. Further less reputation in village (44.67%), segregation (38%) and dominance of some castes (42%) in village are important reasons for joining Dera. Disturbance of smooth life in village (75.33%), rising conflict (49.33%) and strengthening of caste lines (29%) etc were the major implications of the Deras. However, most respondents felt satisfied and more secure after joining Deras.

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