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ThesisItem Open Access Study of the economic effects of the Punjab canal colonies(University of Leeds, 1925) Bajwa, Kapur SinghTo readers interested in the material progress of the Province, no introduction seems necessary for so fascinating, a subject as the "Enonomic effects of the Punjab Canal Colonies. The origin, growth and development of the Canal colonies is an interesting and surprising miracle of the 20th century -a miracle which has given rise to an important trading city like Lyallpur, the capital of the Lower Chonab Colony. The development of the Lower Bari Doab Colony has an importance of its own as it is the youngest of all its sister colonies and as most of us have seen the change that has come over the new Bar. One can see what it was like less than ten years ago as one passes in the Karachi mail through the desert skirting the youngest Canal Colony, not a vestige of cultivation on either side: only sand hills and a barren plain, dreariness unreclaimed save by the vivid mirage of water and trees. How this blight and hideousness of land, was redeemed by the miracle of the 20th century and what are the consequences of this change form the scope of my thesis. I have chosen what appears to me to be the notable features and grouped round them the circumstances which led to them and the consequences which came from them. It has not been possible, however, to mention all the noteworthy points in the development of different colonies and my apologies are, therefore, due for any partiality or neglect which I may appear to have done. I have deliberately given much attention and large space to Chapter LV (on means of communications) as the prosperity of colonies very much depends upon the progress and improvements effected in their means of communication and I feel therefore no hesitation in quoting A. Smith, that "improvement in the means of transport is the greatest of all the agricultural improvements". Chapter V (on population is meant to indicate the relation between migration of population and canal irrigation. Chapters VL & VII (dealing with depressed classes and the janglis respectively) are important both from social and economic point of view. The importance of Chapter VIII (unrocognised assets of the Canal Irrigation) lies in its exposition or a few important effects which are generally overlooked by a superficial observer. Chapters XI (experiment of co-operative sale) is very important from the present day stand point and the Chapter XIII dealing with the problem or indebtedness has much bearing upon the Chapter XI. The latter is a remedy of the economic ills of indebtedness diagnosed in the former. As for my appendices, I may submit that they form an integral part of my thesis and therefore deserve a careful perusal. Appendix "A" is based on an inductive enquiry into the village No. 369 near Cora, district Lyallpur. The usefulness of Appendix "B" lies in its reference to sufferings and hardships undergone by early colonists and also in its real story of a Sufaid Posh grantee.ThesisItem Open Access An Empirical Study of the Efficiency of Indian Stock Market(College of Agriculture, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, 2007) Harmeet, Chadha; Sachdeva, YPThesisItem Open Access Study on potentials of farm income in Punjab(Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, 2011) Sachdeva, Jatinder; Sharma, J. L.The study was undertaken with a view to identify the potentials of increasing farm income in Punjab. The study was conducted in all the three agro-climatic zones of Punjab to make it representative for the state. The primary data were collected from a sample of 300 farmers pertaining to the agricultural year 2008-09. The techniques of multiple regression analysis and linear programming were used to analyze the data. The production function analysis revealed that human labour employed, availability of irrigation machinery and farm size were the most important determinants of the gross value of produce from crop production. Whereas, in the case of dairy farming quantity of concentrates fed and expenditure on veterinary care emerged as important determinants of the gross value of milk produced. The technical efficiency of the farms of Central Plain Zone (Zone-II) was the highest followed by South-western Zone (Zone-III) and Sub-mountainous Zone (Zone-I). This can be attributed to favourable soil, water and climatic conditions and better access to research and extension agencies in Zone-II. The improved plans developed at two levels of technology increased the returns to fixed farm resources ranging from 2.19 to 3.86 per cent in Improved Plan-I and 13.95 to 17.06 per cent in Improved Plan-II on farms of different size categories in the state. The findings of the study revealed that by developing irrigation facilities, providing training for vegetable cultivation and short term credit facilities will help in increasing farm income especially in Sub-mountainous Zone. The development of short duration varieties of oilseeds and pulses which can easily fit in the paddy-wheat rotation will also help in increasing the income of farmers. The rational use of inputs like fertilizers and insecticides-pesticides helps in decreasing variable cost and ultimately increases the farm income. To make the agricultural system competitive and to increase the income of farmers, efforts should be made by all the interest groups involved in the farm sector.ThesisItem Open Access Resource use, employment and income among marginal and small farm households in Punjab(PAU, 2013) Sharma, Richa; Garg, B.R.The present study was undertaken to study the resource use and income on the marginal and small farms in Punjab, to develop optimum product-mix for these farms and compare it with existing ones, to find out credit requirements and access to institutional finance on these farms, to study the nature and extent of employment of these farm households and to identify factors determining income for the marginal and small farm households. The primary data related to availability and use of various resources on the marginal and the small farms, access to credit of the farmers, nature and extent of employment and sources of income of the marginal and small farm households were collected through personal interview method from the sample of 320 farmers in Punjab pertaining to the year 2009-10. The results brought out that the marginal and the small farmers not only had a small size of operational holding but also suffered from lack of various resources in farm production. There existed a scope to increase income on their farm provided new high yielding crop and other alternative activities were introduced to them along with provision of sufficient capital and technical knowhow for their production. The industry of agriculture was the main source of employment for the household members of the marginal and the small farmers. Only a few persons from these farm households could find employment in the other industries. There was felt an urgent need to strengthen non-farm sector in Punjab in order to siphon off unemployed or disguisedly employed household members of the marginal and small farmers from the industry of agriculture.ThesisItem Open Access Sustainable Normative Farm Plans For North Semi Hilly Tracks In India(Punjab Agricultural University; Ludhiana, 2005) Thusoo, Ramesh Kumar; Khattra, P.SThesisItem Open Access Optimum Combination Of Farm Enterprises To Improve The Income Of Punjab Farmers(Punjab Agricultural University ;Ludhiana, 2001) Gurpreet Kaur; Joshi, A. S.ThesisItem Restricted Etiology And Management Of Bud Necrosis In Groundnut(Punjab Agricultural University ;Ludhiana, 2003) Sarbjeet Kaur; Cheema , S. S.ThesisItem Open Access Changing pattern of consumption and its implications for food security in India(PAU, 2015) Chopra, Shruti; Toor, M.S.The issue of household food security has been one of the major concerns in India which depends upon several factors such as growth trends in population, per capita income, urbanization, changes in taste in the era of globalization and future growth of the bottom-most section of the population. The present study is attempted to highlight the long-term changes in consumption pattern in India from 1993-94 to 2009-10. The consumption pattern of agricultural commodities was analyzed temporally, spatially and across the income classes using household consumption data from consumption expenditure survey conducted by National Sample Survey Organization (NSSO). The sharp decline in cereal consumption scrutinised by the study can be attributed to changes in tastes and preferences of the consumer within the food group from ‘cereals’ to ‘non-cereal’ food items and from ‘coarse’ to ‘fine’ cereals and in general from, ‘food’ to ‘non-food items’. The results of the study revealed a structural shift in consumption pattern over the past two ecades. Diminishing share of essential food commodities (cereals, pulses, edible oil, vegetables) and increasing share of high value agricultural commodities (milk and its products, egg, fish, meat and fruits), with rise in income empiricallyconfirms Bennet’s law of consumption. The results further, were also in conformity with the Engel’s Law of consumption. The study also investigated the relationship of change in household consumption with household income, socio-economic development and other development indicators of the major states. The study brought out that the states (Kerala, Maharashtra and Tamil Nadu) with highest female literacy percent have low share of consumption expenditure on cereals, pulses, edible oil, vegetables and total food and high share of consumption expenditure on egg, fish, meat , fruits and non-food items. Looking into the supply and demand balance for cereals, it appeared that demand will be met in future with a surplus of cereals till 2025-26. However, it is highly likely that the pulses grains would be short in supply of demand in the coming years underthe third and fourth scenarios (8 and 9 per cent rowth rate) of the study. The study suggested knowledge based agriculture, innovations and policies, which could provide local solutions by global experiences as a prerequisite in this changing scenario.ThesisItem Open Access An economic analysis of sugar industry in Punjab(PAU, 2013) Ambujam, Anuradha Devi; Chahal, S.S.The present study was carried out to ascertain the performance of sugar industry in Punjab. The study was carried out by selecting two sugar mills based on highest TCD each from cooperative and private sectors. So as to examine the causes of failures of sugar mills, the Zira Cooperative Sugar mill was selected purposively. In order to achieve the stipulated objectives both secondary and primary data were used. The data were analyzed by using various statistical tools such as compound growth analysis, regression analysis, ratio analysis, tabular analysis, etc. The major findings of the study revealed that the area, production and productivi21ty of sugarcane have declined both at state and national level. The state have lower growth rate of area under sugarcane and production than the national level while the growth of sugarcane yield was higher in the state level. Similarly, growth of sugar production, recovery of sugar and total cane crushed by the mills has been declining through time. The results indicate that there has been wide variation in area and production of sugarcane in the state as well as the national level. The production of sugarcane was affected by area and interaction effect of yield and area. The total cane crushed by the mills was found to be an important factor for production of sugar both at state and national level. The acreage under sugarcane was affected by both price and non-price factors. The farmers rapidly adjust the area under sugarcane both in short-run and long-run. The profitability, operational performance, solvency and liquidity of the mills were not satisfactory in both the sectors. Comparatively, the private sector had better physical and financial performance than the cooperative sector. The study identified various technological, socio-economic, infrastructural, financial and marketing problems faced by the cane growers. Further, the important constraints of the sugar industry such as low sugar recovery, shortage of sugarcane supply, inability to pay arrear to the cane growers in time, low level of profitability and non-viability of sugar mills were also identified. The case study of Zira Cooperative Sugar Mill revealed that the mill has been under financial stress right from its inception. The prevailing production, processing and marketing of sugarcane and sugar as well as the financial position of the sugar mills were not conducive to the various stakeholders. This calls for pragmatic policy which could benefit both the farmers and sugar mills.
