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ThesisItem Restricted An Economic Analysis of Winter Vegetables in Punjab(College of Basic Science and Humanities, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, 2005) Singh, Harmeet; Joshi, ASThesisItem Restricted An Analytical Assesment of Utilization Pattern of Income of Ludhiana Farmers - A Sociological Perspective(College of Basic Sciences and Humanities, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, 2006) Bhagat, Vipal; Sidhu, MSThesisItem Open Access An Economic Analysis of Litchi Cultivation in Punjab(College of Basic Sciences and Humanities, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, 2005) Anchal, Deepak; VK, SharmaThesisItem Restricted AGRICULTURAL LAND MARKET IN GURDASPUR DISTRICT OF PUNJAB(Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, 2011) Manpreet KaurThe study was conducted to know the present scenario of agricultural land market in Gurdaspur district of Punjab. The data pertained to the agricultural year 2008-09. Three blocks were selected i.e. Dhariwal, Kadian and Shri Hargobindpur. Out of these selected blocks, two villages from each block were selected randomly i.e, Kaler Kalan and Khunda from Dhariwal, Leel Kalan and Kahlawan from Kadian and Sandhawan Kalan and Attepur from Shri Hargobindpur. A sample of all the farmer households who had made any land transaction during the study period was taken. In this way, a total number of 137 farmers were selected, out of which 33 (24.08%) farmers leased-in, 46 (33.57%) leased-out, 41 (29.93%) sold and 17 (12.41%) farmers purchased land. In order to achieve the stipulated objectives, tabular and functional analyses were used. The proportion of farmers who sold, leased-in and leased-out land was the highest among small farmers and the lowest among medium farmers. However, the proportion of farmers who purchased land was the highest among small farmers (35.29%) and the lowest among the large farmers (5.88%). The study revealed that the small farmers were the main players of land market in the area. The expenditure on foreign migration and expenditure on purchase of land had positively and significantly influenced agricultural land sale market. However, in land purchase market, the contribution of factors like salary income, agricultural income, income from abroad was positive and significant. The factors like, less returns from the small farm holdings and division of land made positive and significant contribution in the land lease-in market. Similarly, the factors like irrigation problem, no earner in the family and old age had positively and significantly influenced the agricultural land leased-out market.ThesisItem Open Access Analytical study of production and marketing of rapeseed and mustard in Bathinda District (Punjab)(Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, 2016) Kamalpreet Kaur; Parminder KaurThe present study was conducted to estimate the costs and returns structure in the production of rapeseed and mustard, to identify the marketing channels, to analyze the price spread in the marketing of rapeseed and mustard and to identify the constraints in the production and marketing of rapeseed and mustard in Bathinda district of Punjab during 2015-16. Primary data were collected from 80 farmers comprised of 27 small, 47 medium and 6 large farmers from four villages of Talwandi Sabo and Sangat blocks of Bathinda district. To study the marketing aspects data were collected from various intermediaries in Raman and Sangat markets of Bathinda district. The results revealed that the average size of operational holding in case of small, medium and large farmers was 3.99, 11.85 and 29.50 acres, respectively. The area under rapeseed and mustard on the said categories of farms was 0.94, 2.97 and 7.65 acres, respectively. The total fixed costs per acre were estimated to be Rs.7277.90, Rs.7312.94 and Rs.4974.27 while per acre total variable costs came out to be Rs.7612.87, Rs.7311.01 and Rs.7138.11, respectively on the small, medium and large farms. The returns over variable costs were found highest on large farms (Rs.15545.05) as compared to medium (Rs.12951.18) and small (Rs.11908.51) farms. Total cost per quintal of output was estimated to be the lowest on the large farms which might be due to operation of economies of scale. The per cent profit margin was estimated to be 23.72, 27.82 and 46.60 per cent on small, medium and large farms, respectively. The results of productivity analysis showed that at overall level the actual yield was found less than the yield of PAU recommended variety (PBR 357) by 3.50 quintal per acre. This gap could be narrowed down by making available better quality farm inputs, pesticides and insecticides, weed control and disease management. The marketed surplus on large farms came out to be 95.09 per cent followed by small (90.53%) and medium (89.67%) farms. The price spread in Sangat market (Rs.8008.90) was found to be more than that Raman market (Rs.7953.90) in Channel-I (Producer-Processor-Oil wholesalers-Oil retailers-Consumers). Producer’s share in consumer rupee in channel-II was found more as compared to both the markets in channel I as none of intermediaries were involved in this channel. High cost of inputs, shortage of labour, non-availability of quality inputs particularly plant protection chemicals, production and price risks, incidence of pests and diseases, lack of suitable varieties, exploitation by middlemen and lack of processing facilities were important production and marketing constraints and overcoming these constraints is critical for improving production and productivity of rapeseed and mustard in the district. Major avenues for future increase in rapeseed and mustard production are expected to come from enhancement in productivity of this crop. A combination of high yielding varieties and hybrids and efficient crop management needs to be adopted.ThesisItem Restricted AN ECONOMIC ANALYSIS OF FARM PRODUCE PROMOTION SOCIETY (FAPRO)-A CASE STUDY(PAU Ludhiana, 2013) Udeshna Talukdar; Kamal, VattaThe present study was conducted to examine the economics of value addition and to estimate the extent of employment generation through value addition activities of FAPRO (Farm Produce Promotion Society). The study was based on both primary and secondary data. The secondary data were collected from audit reports and accounts maintained by the organization. The primary data were also collected from 40 turmeric growers and 10 beekeepers who were the members of FAPRO. Apart from the economics of cultivation at the farm level, the data were also collected on various activities being undertaken by FAPRO. The processing of turmeric gave net profits of Rs 2838/q with the resulting benefit-cost ratio of 1:1.31. The processing of honey gave net profits of Rs 4310/q with the benefit-cost ratio of 1:1.32. The capacity utilization of FAPRO was very low at 4.67 per cent for turmeric and 3.50 per cent for honey processing. Approximately 2300 man days of employment was generated at the FAPRO premises for processing of turmeric and honey. In addition, turmeric cultivation generated the demand for 33 man days per acre for its cultivation. A colony of 100 boxes also resulted into 162 man days of labour requirement. The lack of modern machines and equipment, under-utilization of installed capacity and problems of marketing were the major constraints of FAPRO. Improvement in the quality, increased expenditure on advertisement and publicity, improved packaging and increase in capacity utilization are necessary for improving the economic performance of FAPRO in future.ThesisItem Open Access PERFORMANCE APPRAISAL OF PUNJAB MANDI BOARD IN HANDLING OF FRUITS AND VEGETABLES(PAU Ludhiana, 2013) Kamala; S S, ChahalThe present study was conducted to assess the financial, managerial and organizational efficiency of Punjab Mandi Board in handling of fruits and vegetables. The stratified random sampling technique was used to select markets based on volume of market arrivals. The farmers, intermediaries and market labourer were selected randomly from each sample market. The secondary data were collected on various parameters such as market arrivals, market fee, income, expenditure, etc were collected from the headquarters of Punjab Mandi Board and the selected market committees. The primary data were collected from the sample respondents through personal interview method pertaining to facilities, problems, etc. faced by them in the disposal and handling of fruits and vegetables. The data were analysed using compound growth rate and relative changes in real term, etc. There was a significant growth in both the share of fruits and vegetables to total market arrivals and per quintal market fee. A decline was seen in both real investment of Punjab Mandi Board on developmental activities and investment at current price, though, in the case of link roads and grading, the real investment has increased over time. The financial, managerial and organization performance of the Mandi Board and sample market committees was up to mark. As far as the market committees were concerned, the large markets were working more efficiently as compared to small and medium markets. The result pertaining to adequacy of various facilities revealed that the farmers, commission agents and market labourers were not fully satisfied. So, there is need to improve the working of the market committees in respect of physical facilities to fine tune up the present marketing system.ThesisItem Restricted AN ECONOMIC ANALYSIS OF TURMERIC CULTIVATION IN PUNJAB(PAU Ludhiana, 2014) Devendra Kumar Mahawar; D. K., GroverThe present study was carried out to estimate the relative profitability of turmeric and its major competing crops/rotations along with marketing problems. The returns over variable cost per hectare were found to be the highest for the paddy-wheat (`87381) followed by turmeric-green gram (`84724), turmeric-fodder (`55983) and turmeric-fallow (`45380) crop rotations on the sample farms. The benefit-cost ratio was highest for the paddy-wheat crop rotation (2.78) followed by turmeric-green gram (1.72), turmeric-fodder (1.48) and turmeric-fallow (1.40). The returns from turmeric-green gram crop rotation were almost at par with paddy-wheat crop rotation. Thus farmers can go for this option to diversify their cropping pattern away from paddy-wheat rotation. Regression analysis has highlighted to increase expenditure on seed and weeding in order to further enhance the productivity/ profitability of turmeric. Weed management and scarcity of labour were the major biotic and abiotic constraints as reported by the sample farmers. Price variability and inadequate marketing facilities were the other constraints inhibiting the farmers to expand turmeric acreage. Such constraints need to be addressed properly to promote turmeric cultivation in the state.ThesisItem Restricted PRODUCTION AND MARKETING OF WINTER VEGETABLES IN LUDHIANA DISTRICT(PAU Ludhiana, 2013) Gurbir Singh; V.K., SharmaThe present study was conducted in Ludhiana district of Punjab state with a view to examine the costs and returns structure, factor affecting productivity and marketing channels for winter vegetables. Primary data of 100 vegetable growers of different size categories was collected for the agriculture year 2011-12. Four major vegetables viz. peas, cauliflower, radish and cabbage were selected for the detailed economic analysis. The results of the study showed that the highest expenditure in growing peas was incurred to the tune of Rs. 51761.35 per hectare. The returns over total variable cost was highest among the radish crop with Rs. 80255.39 per hectare. Whereas cabbage received minimum returns of Rs. 45519.90 per hectare. Fertilizer was found to be significant variable affecting the productivity of peas and radish crop. The cost incurred on hired labour was significant in all vegetables selected for study. The value of R2 was the highest in cabbage (0.86) followed by cauliflower, peas and radish with 0.84, 0.79 and 0.71 respectively. The pattern of human labour employment showed that peas were more labour intensive. With respect to total human labour used, the share of male workers were higher in comparison to female workers. Cabbage crop turned out to be least employment oriented amongst the winter vegetables. The study found that the price spread in winter vegetables were higher while marketing through wholesaler and retailer and lowest while marketing directly to consumer by the producer. In whole, the radish crop was providing maximum remunerative among the winter vegetables in Punjab state.