Thesis

Browse

Search Results

Now showing 1 - 9 of 23

Restricted
AN ECONOMIC ANALYSIS OF FARM PRODUCE PROMOTION SOCIETY (FAPRO)-A CASE STUDY
(PAU Ludhiana, 2013) Udeshna Talukdar; Kamal, Vatta
The present study was conducted to examine the economics of value addition and to estimate the extent of employment generation through value addition activities of FAPRO (Farm Produce Promotion Society). The study was based on both primary and secondary data. The secondary data were collected from audit reports and accounts maintained by the organization. The primary data were also collected from 40 turmeric growers and 10 beekeepers who were the members of FAPRO. Apart from the economics of cultivation at the farm level, the data were also collected on various activities being undertaken by FAPRO. The processing of turmeric gave net profits of Rs 2838/q with the resulting benefit-cost ratio of 1:1.31. The processing of honey gave net profits of Rs 4310/q with the benefit-cost ratio of 1:1.32. The capacity utilization of FAPRO was very low at 4.67 per cent for turmeric and 3.50 per cent for honey processing. Approximately 2300 man days of employment was generated at the FAPRO premises for processing of turmeric and honey. In addition, turmeric cultivation generated the demand for 33 man days per acre for its cultivation. A colony of 100 boxes also resulted into 162 man days of labour requirement. The lack of modern machines and equipment, under-utilization of installed capacity and problems of marketing were the major constraints of FAPRO. Improvement in the quality, increased expenditure on advertisement and publicity, improved packaging and increase in capacity utilization are necessary for improving the economic performance of FAPRO in future.
Open Access
PERFORMANCE APPRAISAL OF PUNJAB MANDI BOARD IN HANDLING OF FRUITS AND VEGETABLES
(PAU Ludhiana, 2013) Kamala; S S, Chahal
The present study was conducted to assess the financial, managerial and organizational efficiency of Punjab Mandi Board in handling of fruits and vegetables. The stratified random sampling technique was used to select markets based on volume of market arrivals. The farmers, intermediaries and market labourer were selected randomly from each sample market. The secondary data were collected on various parameters such as market arrivals, market fee, income, expenditure, etc were collected from the headquarters of Punjab Mandi Board and the selected market committees. The primary data were collected from the sample respondents through personal interview method pertaining to facilities, problems, etc. faced by them in the disposal and handling of fruits and vegetables. The data were analysed using compound growth rate and relative changes in real term, etc. There was a significant growth in both the share of fruits and vegetables to total market arrivals and per quintal market fee. A decline was seen in both real investment of Punjab Mandi Board on developmental activities and investment at current price, though, in the case of link roads and grading, the real investment has increased over time. The financial, managerial and organization performance of the Mandi Board and sample market committees was up to mark. As far as the market committees were concerned, the large markets were working more efficiently as compared to small and medium markets. The result pertaining to adequacy of various facilities revealed that the farmers, commission agents and market labourers were not fully satisfied. So, there is need to improve the working of the market committees in respect of physical facilities to fine tune up the present marketing system.
Restricted
AN ECONOMIC ANALYSIS OF TURMERIC CULTIVATION IN PUNJAB
(PAU Ludhiana, 2014) Devendra Kumar Mahawar; D. K., Grover
The present study was carried out to estimate the relative profitability of turmeric and its major competing crops/rotations along with marketing problems. The returns over variable cost per hectare were found to be the highest for the paddy-wheat (`87381) followed by turmeric-green gram (`84724), turmeric-fodder (`55983) and turmeric-fallow (`45380) crop rotations on the sample farms. The benefit-cost ratio was highest for the paddy-wheat crop rotation (2.78) followed by turmeric-green gram (1.72), turmeric-fodder (1.48) and turmeric-fallow (1.40). The returns from turmeric-green gram crop rotation were almost at par with paddy-wheat crop rotation. Thus farmers can go for this option to diversify their cropping pattern away from paddy-wheat rotation. Regression analysis has highlighted to increase expenditure on seed and weeding in order to further enhance the productivity/ profitability of turmeric. Weed management and scarcity of labour were the major biotic and abiotic constraints as reported by the sample farmers. Price variability and inadequate marketing facilities were the other constraints inhibiting the farmers to expand turmeric acreage. Such constraints need to be addressed properly to promote turmeric cultivation in the state.
Open Access
AN ECONOMIC ANALYSIS OF CHILD LABOUR IN AGRICULTURAL TOOL MAKING UNITS IN MANDI AHMEDGARH OF SANGRUR DISTRICT OF PUNJAB
(PAU Ludhiana, 2013) Navjot Kaur; Mini, Goyal
The present study was conducted to examine the socio – economic and work profile of child labour in agricultural tool making units in Mandi Ahmedgarh of Sangrur district of Punjab. Different factors affecting their employment and the contribution towards their family income was also analyzed. A total number of 31 sickle making units were found in Mandi Ahmedgarh. The primary data were collected from 102 children working in these units. The study revealed that all the children employed in sickle making units were male and their mean age was found to be twelve years. Nearly ninety per cent of the working children were migrants and were from lower social strata of the society. Nearly half of the respondents were illiterate and the parents of majority of working children were also illiterate. The working children were found engaged in the activities like iron moulding, assembling and nailing in the sickle making. Per day mean wages of the child labour were about rupees eighty three only. The main reason which forced the children to join the work force was poverty and lack of their interest in the studies. The working conditions were not good and the behaviour of employer was bad. The employment of children helped the parents to take loan from the employer and gave the freedom to the children to spend their pocket money at their own will. The working children were found indulged in bad habits like smoking, consuming liquor, gutka, gambling etc. Though a social evil, child labour was found helpful in removing the poverty of the family to some extent. The children wanted to be educated and to be successful in their life. The study suggested the provision of night classes for those who wanted to study along with their work so that they may become literate and contribute in the nation’s development.
Restricted
AN ECONOMIC ANALYSIS OF MUSHROOM PRODUCTION IN PUNJAB
(2013) Rajdeep Singh; J.M. Singh
Punjab predominantly being an agrarian economy resulted in ushering an era of green revolution during seventies of previous century. However, during last decades, the stagnating farm incomes prompted Punjab’s peasantry for undertaking subsidiary occupations of farming such as mushroom growing. Keeping this in view, the present study was planned to examine the costreturn structure of white button mushroom (Agaricus bisporus), factors affecting its value productivity and marketing mechanism in the Punjab state. Two districts, namely Amritsar and Gurdaspur, were selected which were having maximum concentration of mushroom growers and a sample of 80 mushroom growers were interviewed for the study. Also, to examine the marketing structure of mushrooms, equal number of wholesalers and retailers were randomly selected from Amritsar and Gurdaspur markets. Mushroom growers were divided into three categories on the basis of bed area spawned using cumulative cube root frequency method. The results revealed that majority of the mushroom growers were medium category farmers who took up mushroom growing to supplement their family income. Economic analysis brought out that non-recurring and recurring expenditure per square metre of bed area spawned declined with increase in mushroom farm size due to the economies of scale. Labor use pattern inferred that picking, packing and composting were labour intensive operations utilizing about 80 per cent of the total labour force employed. Gross returns were higher on medium mushroom farms due to comparatively higher average price realized by the growers while net returns were higher on large mushroom farms due to lower total cost. Input-output ratio was highest (1.80) on large mushroom farms while lower on medium (1.47) and small (1.35) mushroom farm categories. The regression analysis inferred that factors augmenting value productivity of mushroom were; judicious use of pesticides, labour use in picking, packing and casing operations. Marketing pattern revealed that the net price received by the growers was highest in producer-consumer channel while the marketing agency through which major chunk of produce transected was wholesaler. The production and marketing problems faced by mushroom growers were; inadequate and poor quality of spawn, lack of assured market, price fluctuation, lack of canning and processing units and refrigerated storage. The study emphasized the need of creating awareness regarding availability of crop loan for mushroom growing among marginal and small farmers, training needs of growers for disinfection of mushroom growing sheds, need of mechanized compost preparation plant, canning and refrigeration facility and creating awareness among masses about nutritional importance of mushrooms to increase its consumption.
Open Access
IMPACT OF PRICE INCENTIVES ON PRODUCTION AND PROCUREMENT OF PADDY IN PUNJAB
(Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, 2013) Sikitu Anyosisye; Chahal, S.S.
The minimum support price (MSP) is fixed at incentive level, so as to induce the farmers to make capital investment for the improvement of their farm and to motivate them to adopt improved technologies to step up their production and thereby, their net income. In the absence of such a guaranteed price, there is a concerned that farmers may shift to other crops causing shortage in these commodities such as rice. The aim of the present study was to investigate the impact of MSP on production and procurement of paddy in Punjab. The study was entirely based on the secondary data pertaining to paddy area, production, productivity, market arrivals, procurement and minimum support prices for the period 1950-51 to 2011-12 which were collected from various issues of Statistical Abstract of Punjab, Agricultural Statistics At A Glance, Economic Surveys and www.indiastat.com. The Karl-Pearson coefficient of correlation (r) was computed to examine the degree and the direction of the relationship between MSPs and production/procurement. The results revealed positive relationship between MSP and production as well as MSP and procurement. As the results of assured price and public purchase of paddy over years, farmers have been motivated to expand the area under the same crop and adopted modern agricultural technology and consequently the increase in production. The highest compound growth rate (16.35 percent per annum) of paddy production was recorded during Green Revolution as a result of high growth rates of area and yield, 10.59 and 5.21 percent per annum, respectively. Also, the results indicate that, Punjab is still the major contributor of rice to the Central Pool in the country. Punjab contributed 34.41 percent during 1985-86 to 2010-11. However, its contribution has been declining over years because of the increased contribution of rice to the Central Pool from other states. Overall the study conclude that MSP as an incentive price has contributed to the increase in production and procurement of paddy in Punjab.
Open Access
Agricultural labour employment in Punjab
(Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, 2011) Yendrembam Latika Devi
The study was undertaken with aim (i) to examine the pattern and change in agricultural labour employment in Punjab, (ii) to decompose change in agricultural labour employment among different components, and (iii) to study the impact of different factors on labour employment in agriculture. To meet objectives, the cross-section data for year 1985-86 and 2006-07 were collected from the “Comprehensive scheme to study the cost of cultivation of principal crops in Punjab”. The study revealed that on sample farms, the overall cropping intensity increased from 184 per cent in 1985-86 to about 199 per cent in 2006-07. Wheat and paddy were the major crops, together occupying about 53 per cent of gross cropped area in 1985-86, which further increased to about 73 per cent in 2006-07. Cotton and fodder were the other main crops, but percent area under these declined overtime. Over the study period, per hectare use of human labour in state agriculture declined by about 23 per cent i.e. from 1089 man hours in 1985-86 to 839 man hours during 2006-07. Use of family labour and total hired labour declined by about 38 per cent and 10 per cent, respectively and the magnitude of decline was relatively more on the large size farm categories as compared to smaller ones. Among individual crops, the substantial fall in use of human labour in wheat, paddy and potato indicated overtime large scale mechanization along with increased use of weedicides in these crops. During the same time period the human labour use has been gone up in cotton, sugarcane, maize and basmati, thus indicating relative low pace of mechanization for some cultural operations of these crops, whereas the productivity had been increased significantly. Overtime change in technology of crop production had strong negative effect on human labour use and contributed maximum towards its decline in the per hectare crop cultivation. Among various factors the value of agricultural output, use of bullock labour, tractor, fertilizers and irrigation had shown positive impact on human labour employment. Whereas farm size, use of weedicide, combine harvester and increase of wage rate in state affect the agricultural labour employment adversely.
Open Access
FINANCIAL INCLUSION OF FARMERS AND AGRICULTURAL LABOURERS IN BATHINDA DISTRICT OF PUNJAB
(Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, 2013) Hanish Sharma
The study entitled "financial inclusion of farmers and agricultural labourers in Bathinda District of Punjab" aimed at studying the growth in formal agricultural credit, extent of banking facilities and reasons for financial exclusion by the respondents. Simple random sampling technique was used to select the block and two villages i.e. one banked village and one unbanked village. Total enumeration of farmers and agricultural labourers was done in both the villages. The study indicated a significant increase in the total deposits and advances in Punjab State and as well as in Bathinda District also. The level of income was found to be low thus expenditure and savings level were also low. 67% of farmers and agricultural labourers reported low income as the main discouragement factor from having a frequent and healthy links with formal credit system. Majority of the farmers took crop loan. Financial exclusion was still existed in the study area. The analysis brought out that the number of respondents financially inclusive up to the extent of one level were more in Poohli village than in Bibiwala village while up to the extent of level of two was also more in the Poohli village than in Bibiwala village. Non-institutional credit was also prevalent in the study area. The selected respondents of Poohli village were more aware and had better access to credit institutions than the Bibiwala village. Low income illiteracy, bribes to Patwari and agents, unawareness, high rate of interest, easy access to non-institutional credit sources complicated and time consuming procedures, absence of rural branches and hostile staff behavior were reported as the major constraints of financial inclusion by the respondents.
Open Access
FINANCIAL INCLUSION AMONG THE MARGINAL AND SMALL FARMERS IN LUDHIANA DISTRICT OF PUNJAB
(Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, 2011) Sitang, Nanung
The study entitled „Financial Inclusion among marginal and small farmers in Ludhiana district of Punjab‟ aimed at studying the over time flow of formal agricultural credit, extent of formal credit facilities and reasons for financial inclusion/exclusion by the respondents in the district. Two stage stratified sampling technique was used with block as first stage sampling unit and village as second unit. Two farm categories were considered based on their operational holdings, i.e. marginal and small farmers. From each village, 50 marginal and small farmers were randomly selected, thus forming a sample of 100 farmers. The study indicated a significant increase in the institutional agricultural flow in the district during the last ten years. However, the total and per holding agricultural credit advances at constant prices were lower as compared to the current prices. Only 2.40 per cent and 5.74 per cent was the share of formal credit system in the creation of farm assets and purchase of farm livestock of the respondents, respectively. The average operational holding of the respondents was 3.96 acres. Only the marginal farmers were found leasing out their land due to considerably small land holding with comparatively high operational costs. The level of income was found to be low thus; expenditure level and level of savings were also low. Seventy five per cent of the farmers reported low income as the main discouragement factor from having a frequent and healthy links with formal credit systems. Majority of the farmers were found taking short-term loans, few medium term loans, while none of them took long term loans. Ten per cent of the respondents were found to be financially excluded from the various formal credit sources, in the study area. The analysis brought out that the number of respondents financially inclusive up to the extent of one level were more in the Mangat block than in Pakhowal block while up to the extent of level two was more in the Pakhowal than in Mangat block. Overall, about 85 per cent was the share of institutional credit and about 15 per cent was the share of non-institutional credit in total credit. Majority of these farmers were account holders in co-operative banks, while few had savings accounts in the commercial banks. The selected farmers of Pakhowal block were more aware and had better access to credit institutions than the Mangat block. Only 58 per cent of the selected farmers had KCC. Low income, complicated and time consuming procedures, bribes to patwaris and agents, unawareness, high rate of interest, easy access to non-institutional credit sources, illiteracy, poor and difficult physical access, absence of rural branches and hostile staff behavior were reported as the major constraints of financial inclusion by the respondents.

Thesis

Browse

Thesis Type

Type

Author

Date

Subject

Search Results