Loading...
Thesis
Browse
10 results
Search Results
ThesisItem Open Access ECONOMIC ANALYSIS OF MUSTARD CULTIVATION IN BAREILLY DISTRICT OF UTTAR PRADESH(SARDAR VALLABHBHAI PATEL UNIVERSITY OF AGRICULTURE AND TECHNOLOGY, MEERUT- 250110 (U.P.),, 2021-10) SATENDRA PAL; H. L. SinghABSTRACT Name of the student : SATENDRA PAL Id. No. : 4802 Degree : M.Sc. (Ag.) in Agricultural Economics Year of Admission : 2019-20 Title : ECONOMIC ANALYSIS OF MUSTARD CULTIVATION IN BAREILLY DISTRICT OF UTTAR PRADESH The study was conducted in the year 2020-21 on “Economic Analysis of Mustard cultivation in Bareilly District of Uttar Pradesh” with a sample of 60 mustard growers. Suitable statistical tools were employed to meet the objectives. Major socio-economic factors identified were family size, size of holding, education level, income level, cropping pattern and farm assets. The condition of large farmers found better than other category of farmers because of greater land holding, higher qualification, more assets and more number of income source, than that of medium following by small and marginal. It revealed that per hectare cost of cultivation of mustard for marginal, small, medium and large farms groups were Rs. 52270.00, Rs. 53092.87, Rs. 52928.02 and Rs. 52002.76 respectively. Overall farm size groups, the cost of cultivation was Rs. 52492.04/ha. Cost A1 and Cost A2 were same among all size of farm because there was no leased in land activity in the study area. Cost A1 /A2 and Cost B1 were higher on medium farms (Rs.21300.22 /ha) followed by large (Rs. 21266.75 /ha), small farms (Rs. 18491.92/ha) and marginal farms (Rs. 17927.80/ha) respectively. But Cost B2 were accounted more in case of large (Rs. 44413.91/ha) followed by medium (Rs. 44285.59/ha), small (Rs. 41315.50/ha) and marginal (Rs. 40589.59/ha). Per hectare Cost C1, Cost C2 and Cost C3 had gradually declined as the size of farm increases. Gross returns per hectare accounted to be Rs. 70949.33, 72218.15, 71470.89 and 70910.33 on marginal, small, medium and large farms, respectively. The net profit per hectare of mustard production on respective categories was Rs. 18679.33, 19125.28, 18542.87 and 18907.57. The net profit per hectare for small farms was greater than large, medium, and marginal farms. It was observed from the study that benefit cost ratio was highest (1.36) under the small and large size farms followed by marginal and medium (1.35 and 1.35). Overall benefit cost ratio observed to be 1.35. It indicated that on per rupee investment return is 1.35 rupee. Three marketing channels were identified in the marketing of mustard in the study area. Channel-1 (Producer – Village trader – Wholesaler – Processor) , Channel II (Producer – Wholesaler – Processor) and followed by Channel-III (Producer – processor). Producer's share in consumer's rupee was found to be 93.40, 94.31 and 98.91, in channel - I, channel -II and channel - Ill, respectively. Costly HYV seeds and lack of disease resistance varieties were the major problems faced by the mustard growers in production of mustard whereas lack of government purchase centers and insufficient knowledge of marketing were the major problems faced by mustard growers in marketing of mustard. (H.L. Singh) Satendra Pal Advisor AuthorThesisItem Open Access Effect of micronutrients application on moong bean (Vigna radiata L.) in western U.P(SARDAR VALLABHBHAI PATEL UNIVERSITY OF AGRICULTURE AND TECHNOLOGY, MEERUT- 250110 (U.P.),, 2021-09) SATYA PRAKASH GUPTA; Dr. P.K. SinghABSTRACT Name: Satya Prakash Gupta Id. No.: 4811 Department: Agronomy Degree: M.Sc. (Ag.) Major: Agronomy Minor: Soil Science and Agriculture Chemistry Thesis Title: “Effect of micronutrients application on moong bean (Vigna radiata L.) in western U.P.” A field experiment was conducted to assess effect of micronutrients treatments on nutrient uptake and productivity at Crop Research Centre of Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel University of Agriculture & Technology, Meerut (U.P.), during kharif season of 2020. In the nine treatments consistent application of Rhizobium inoculation viz., Control, RDF (20:40:20) kg ha-1, RDF + Zn @ 5 kg ha-1, RDF + B @ 2.5 kg ha-1, RDF + Mo @ 1 kg ha-1, RDF + Zn @ 5 kg ha-1 + B @ 2.5 kg ha-1, RDF + Zn @ 5 kg ha-1 + Mo @ 1 kg ha-1, RDF + B @ 2.5 kg ha-1 + Mo @ 1 kg ha-1 and RDF + Zn @ 5 kg ha-1 + B @ 2.5 kg ha-1 + Mo @ 1 kg ha-1 were tested in RBD with three replications. SML-1827 was grown as a test variety. The results revealed that the combined application of micronutrients along with RDF exhibited significant influence on the growth, yield attributes and yields of moong bean as compared to control during year of experimentation. Significant improvement in growth parameters viz. plant height, number of branches plant-1, number of trifoliate leaf plant-1, dry matter accumulation (g plant-1), number of root nodules plant-1, dry weight of nodules (mg plant-1), protein content, 1000-grain weight, nutrient content and grain yield was recorded with the application of RDF + Zn @ 5 kg ha-1 + B @ 2.5 kg ha-1 + Mo @ 1 kg ha-1, which established its superiority over rest of the micronutrients treatments. The total nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, zinc, boron and molybdenum uptake (96.62, 6.727, 47.217 kg ha-1, 4784.40, 1071.94 and 14.23 g ha-1 respectively) by moong bean crop was also highest with the application of RDF + Zn @ 5 kg ha-1 + B @ 2.5 kg ha-1 + Mo @ 1 kg ha-1 and 138.59 and 117.55% increase in grains and straw yield of moong bean was recorded in the same treatment. The application of RDF + Zn @ 5 kg ha-1 + B @ 2.5 kg ha-1 + Mo @ 1 kg ha-1 resulted in higher protein yield (325.0 kg ha-1). Thus the application of RDF + Zn @ 5 kg ha-1 + B @ 2.5 kg ha-1 + Mo @ 1 kg ha-1 was found better for sustainability of moong bean. (P.K. Singh) (Satya Prakash Gupta) Advisor AuthorThesisItem Open Access Effect of planting methods and seed priming on mung bean (Vigna radiata L.) in western U.P(SARDAR VALLABHBHAI PATEL UNIVERSITY OF AGRICULTURE AND TECHNOLOGY, MEERUT- 250110 (U.P.),, 2021-10) DURGESH KUMAR MAURYA; Dr. K.G. YadavName: Mr. Durgesh Kumar Maurya Id No: 3174 Year of admission: 2019-20 Degree: M.Sc. (Ag.) Major: Agronomy with minor in Soil Science and Agricultural Chemistry Department: Agronomy Thesis title: “Effect of planting methods and seed priming on mung bean (Vigna radiata L.) in western U.P.” Advisor: Dr. K. G. Yadav ABSTRACT The field experiment entitled “Effect of planting methods and seed priming on mung bean (Vigna radiata L.)” was carried out at Crop Research Center, Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel University of Agriculture and Technology, Modipuram, Meerut- 250110 (U.P.), India., during kharif, 2020. The soil of the experimental field was well drained, sandy loam in texture and slightly alkaline in reaction. It was low in organic carbon, low in available nitrogen, medium in available phosphorus and potassium, respectively. Total sixteen treatment combinations comprised of four levels of planting methods (P1: conventional, P2: Zero tillage P3: Narrow raised bed and P4: Wide raised bed) in main plot and four levels of seed priming (T1: Control, T2: Hydro priming, T3: Molybednum, T4: Phosphorus) in sub plot were treated in split plot design with three replications. The results revealed that plant population, growth, yield attributes and yields of mung bean as influenced by planting method treatments. P4 treatment of planting method was significantly improved most of the growth parameters like plant height (at 25 and 50 DAS and at harvest) and number of trifoliate leaves/plant, number of branches/plant, number of nodules/plant, dry weight of nodules/plant and yield attributes viz., number of pods/plant, number of grains/pod and grain weight/plant followed by narrow raised bed sowing treatment (P2). In the same way, grain yield (1084 kg/ha), straw yield (2466 q/ha), biological yield (3550 q/ha) and harvest index (31.02 %) of green gram were remarkably increased under treatment P4, but it remained statistically at par with treatment P3. Different seed priming treatments also showed discernible influence on plant stand, growth and yield parameters of green gram viz., plant height at 25, 50 DAS and at harvest, number of branches/plant, number of pods/plant, number of grains/pod and grain weight/plant. All the above attributes were found remarkably higher under the application of T4 followed by treatment T3. Similarly, application of T4 significantly increased grain, straw and biological yields as well as harvest index of green gram as compared to treatment T1.On the basis of analysis, plant population at initial as well as at harvest, plant height, number of branches/plant and 1000-grain weight of green gram were not affected significantly due to interactive effect of A × B. However, positive interaction was observed between planting methods and seed priming treatments with respect to number of pods/plant, number of grains/pod, grain weight/plant and grain, straw and biological yields. Sowing of green gram on P4 along with Phosphorus (T4) turned out to be significantly superior for grain yield over rest of the treatment combinations.P4 sowing treatment significantly increased protein yield as well as nutrients i.e., N, P and K uptake by green gram crop over conventional (P1), but it was statistically at par with raised bed sowing (P3) while, protein content in grain did not influence significantly due to planting methods treatments. Significantly, the highest protein content in grain, protein yield, nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium uptake by green gram crop were recorded under application of Phosphorus (T4). On the other hand, uptake of N, P and K in straw by green gram were not affected significantly due to interaction effect of A x B. Planting method treatments failed to produce significant effect on organic carbon. However the application of P4 and T4 was appreciably improved the organic carbon. Likewise, treatment T4 significantly improved available nitrogen and phosphorus status of soil followed by treatment T3. While, available potassium in soil remained unaffected due to seed priming treatments but, numerically higher in treatment T4. All the physicochemical properties of soil did not influence significantly due to interaction effect of P x T. Sowing of green gram on P4 obtained the highest gross returns (₹ 78888/ha), highest net returns (₹ 53373/ha) with BCR value of (3.0) followed by Narrow raised bed method (P3) and Zero till (P2), whereas, the lowest gross returns (₹ 64139/ha), lowest net returns (₹ 39904/ha) and BCR (2.6) were noted under conventional sowing treatment (P1).In the same way, the lowest gross returns (₹ 50190/ha), lowest net returns (₹ 25332/ha) with BCR (2.0) was noticed under treatment T1 [control ] and the highest gross returns (₹ 85318/ha), highest net returns (₹ 59818/ha) with BCR (3.3) were registered under treatment T4 followed by treatment T3. Thus, it can be concluded from the results of present investigation that to obtain economical yield of mung bean (cv. SML-1827) and sustain soil health, the crop should be grown by adopting P4 or P3 along with seed priming combination@ phosphorus or Molybednum under well drained, sandy loam alkaline soils of western U.P. (K.G. Yadav) (Durgesh Kumar Maurya) Advisor AuthorThesisItem Open Access AN IMPACT STUDY ON QUALITY PARAMETERS OF BASMATI RICE CULTIVATION IN SHAHJAHANPUR DISTRICT OF UTTAR PRADESH(SARDAR VALLABHBHAI PATEL UNIVERSITY OF AGRICULTURE AND TECHNOLOGY, MEERUT- 250110 (U.P.),, 2021-10) MOHIT KUMAR PANDEY; Dr. Dan SinghDEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURAL EXTENSION AND COMMUNICATION S.V.P. University of Agriculture and Technology Meerut-250110 (U.P.) INDIA Name of student : Mohit Kumar Pandey Id. No. : 4806 Admission : 2019-2020 Degree : M. Sc. (Ag.) Major : Agricultural Extension & Communication Minor : Agronomy S.V.P.U.A&T., Meerut 250110 Advisor : Dr. Dan Singh ABSTRACT Thesis title : “An impact study on quality parameters of basmati rice cultivation in Shahjahanpur district of Uttar Pradesh.” The present study was carried out during the year 2020-2021, in Shahjahanpur districts of Uttar Pradesh. It was observed that 72.50 per cent basmati rice growers were observed in the middle age category with their ages ranging between 25 to 50 years, most of the basmati rice growers were educated, 65.83 per cent other backward caste, 88.33 per cent married, 74.16 per cent living in joint family system, 60.83 per cent having medium size of family, 90.00 per cent having pucca house, most of basmati rice growers were belonged to small and marginal farmers category, 91.66 per cent basmati rice growers possessed main occupation was farming, 18.34 per cent had membership in one organization, 50.00 per cent basmati rice growers having private electric tube well, 40.83 per cent were belonging to income group of Rs. 1,00,001 to 2,00,000, The maximum basmati rice growers were having medium knowledge about recommended package of practices in basmati rice production, these were higher in land preparation and use of green manures in basmati rice production. The maximum basmati rice growers had moderate level of adoption of recommended package of practices in basmati rice production. These were, however, higher in case of use of balanced fertilizers and selection of improved varieties. Wide gap was found between knowledge and adoption in use of green manures in basmati rice cultivation, while lowest technological gap was found in use of recommended soil in basmati rice cultivation Most important reasons behind the non-adaptation of recommended package of practices of basmati rice were high cost of seeds and chemicals, lack of guidance about recommended doses of chemicals and their application. (Dr. Dan Singh) (Mohit Kumar Pandey) Advisor Student VITAEThesisItem Open Access A STUDY ON KNOWLEDGE AND ADOPTION LEVEL OF IMPROVED CULTIVATION PRACTICES AMONG THE POTATO GROWERS IN MEERUT DISTRICT OF UTTAR PRADESH(SARDAR VALLABHBHAI PATEL UNIVERSITY OF AGRICULTURE AND TECHNOLOGY, MEERUT- 250110 (U.P.),, 2021-09) SUMIT KUMAR MISHRA; Dr. V. K. SinghDEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURAL EXTENSION AND COMMUNICATION S.V.P. University of Agriculture and TechnologyMeerut-250110 (U.P.) INDIA Name of student : Sumit Kumar Mishra Id. No. : PG /A- 2751/19 Admission : 2019-2020 Degree : M. Sc. (Ag.) Major : Agricultural Extension & Communication, Minor : Agronomy Thesis Title: “A study on knowledge and adoption level of improved cultivation practices among the potato growers in Meerut district of Uttar Pradesh” Advisor : Dr. V. K. Singh ABSTRACT The present study was carried out during the year 2020-2021, in Meerut districts of Uttar Pradesh. It was observed that 44.17 per cent potato growers were observed in the middle age category between 31 to 50 years, most of the 34.16 per cent potato growers were educated high school level, 74.16 percent belonging other backward caste, 86.66 per cent married, 74.16 per cent living in joint family system, 51.66 percent having large size of family, 84.16 per cent having pucca house, 34.16 per cent potato growers were belonged to medium and 30.83 per cent potato growers small land category, 75.83 percent potato growers possessed main occupation as farming, 30.83 per cent had membership in one organization, 75.00 per cent potato growers having private electric tube well, 45.83 per cent were belonging annual income group Rs. 1,00,001 to 2,00,000, 65.00 per cent potato grower mostly information from neighbors and relatives about new agricultural practices, maximum potato growers were always using a newspaper as a source of mass media contact. The maximum potato growers were having medium knowledge about recommended package of practices in potato production; these were higher knowledge in land preparation and use of recommended soil in potato production. The maximum potato growers had moderate level of adoption of recommended package of practices in potato production. These were higher in case of land preparation, selection of improved varieties and time of sowing. Most of the potato growers faced constraints in adaptation of recommended package of practices in potato production were high wage and non-availability of labours, lack of proper training and lack of knowledge about plant protection chemicals. (Dr. V. K. Singh) (Sumit Kumar Mishra) Advisor Author VITAEThesisItem Open Access ECONOMIC ANALYSIS OF MUSTARD CULTIVATION IN BAREILLY DISTRICT OF UTTAR PRADESH(SARDAR VALLABHBHAI PATEL UNIVERSITY OF AGRICULTURE AND TECHNOLOGY, MEERUT- 250110 (U.P.),, 2021-10) SATENDRA PAL; (H. L. Singh)ABSTRACT Name of the student : SATENDRA PAL Id. No. : 4802 Degree : M.Sc. (Ag.) in Agricultural Economics Year of Admission : 2019-20 Title : ECONOMIC ANALYSIS OF MUSTARD CULTIVATION IN BAREILLY DISTRICT OF UTTAR PRADESH The study was conducted in the year 2020-21 on “Economic Analysis of Mustard cultivation in Bareilly District of Uttar Pradesh” with a sample of 60 mustard growers. Suitable statistical tools were employed to meet the objectives. Major socio-economic factors identified were family size, size of holding, education level, income level, cropping pattern and farm assets. The condition of large farmers found better than other category of farmers because of greater land holding, higher qualification, more assets and more number of income source, than that of medium following by small and marginal. It revealed that per hectare cost of cultivation of mustard for marginal, small, medium and large farms groups were Rs. 52270.00, Rs. 53092.87, Rs. 52928.02 and Rs. 52002.76 respectively. Overall farm size groups, the cost of cultivation was Rs. 52492.04/ha. Cost A1 and Cost A2 were same among all size of farm because there was no leased in land activity in the study area. Cost A1 /A2 and Cost B1 were higher on medium farms (Rs.21300.22 /ha) followed by large (Rs. 21266.75 /ha), small farms (Rs. 18491.92/ha) and marginal farms (Rs. 17927.80/ha) respectively. But Cost B2 were accounted more in case of large (Rs. 44413.91/ha) followed by medium (Rs. 44285.59/ha), small (Rs. 41315.50/ha) and marginal (Rs. 40589.59/ha). Per hectare Cost C1, Cost C2 and Cost C3 had gradually declined as the size of farm increases. Gross returns per hectare accounted to be Rs. 70949.33, 72218.15, 71470.89 and 70910.33 on marginal, small, medium and large farms, respectively. The net profit per hectare of mustard production on respective categories was Rs. 18679.33, 19125.28, 18542.87 and 18907.57. The net profit per hectare for small farms was greater than large, medium, and marginal farms. It was observed from the study that benefit cost ratio was highest (1.36) under the small and large size farms followed by marginal and medium (1.35 and 1.35). Overall benefit cost ratio observed to be 1.35. It indicated that on per rupee investment return is 1.35 rupee. Three marketing channels were identified in the marketing of mustard in the study area. Channel-1 (Producer – Village trader – Wholesaler – Processor) , Channel II (Producer – Wholesaler – Processor) and followed by Channel-III (Producer – processor). Producer's share in consumer's rupee was found to be 93.40, 94.31 and 98.91, in channel - I, channel -II and channel - Ill, respectively. Costly HYV seeds and lack of disease resistance varieties were the major problems faced by the mustard growers in production of mustard whereas lack of government purchase centers and insufficient knowledge of marketing were the major problems faced by mustard growers in marketing of mustard. (H.L. Singh) Satendra Pal Advisor Author VITAEThesisItem Open Access “Study on regional growth analysis of sugarcane production in Uttar Pradesh.(SARDARVALLABH BHAI PATEL UNIVERSITY OF AGRICULTURE MEERUT 250110, 2019) Gababolokwe, Aobakwe; SINGH, H.L.Considerable work has been done in Uttar Pradesh and elsewhere in the country on incidence of sugarcane crop and its production, studies under growth analysis of sugarcane crop in Uttar Pradesh are very limited, as such the present study is undertaken for growth analysis of sugarcane crop on different four regions of the state and the state as whole to examine the trends, growth rate in area, production andproductivity of sugarcane in the state, its impact on change in cropping pattern and identifying the constraints responsible for slow growth of sugarcane in Uttar Pradesh. The study is based on secondary data of area, production and productivity of sugarcane crop grown in four regions of different agro economic region of the state and was conducted from the period of 1985-86 to 2015-16. It is evident from the study,that the linear and compound growth rates of area under sugarcane increased by 1.11and1.12 percent in the state during phase I. The growth rate in area was estimated at 1.71 and 1.37 percent in phase II. In phase III, both models recorded growth rate of 0.41 and 0.31 percent. The overall compound growth rate of area in the state stood at 1.14 percent per annum. Across the regions highest growth rate was found in central region (2.47 %) followed by Bundelkhand, Eastern and western region. The linear growth rate of sugarcane production in U.P. was highest (3.84 %) in phase I and lowest in second phase (0.92%).The overall compound growth rate in sugarcane production of the state was 1.71 percent per annum. The highest growth rate (3.46 %) was observed in phase I and lowest (0.62 %) in phase II. Across regions highest growth rate was found in Central and lowest in Western region. The linear and compound growth ratesin productivity of state were positively increased in all phases except phase II in which they were negatively increased by (-0.87) and (-0.74) percent per annum. The overall compound growth rate was observed highest in Eastern and lowest in Bundelkhand region. The relative contribution of change in cropping pattern in state level in area shows that area under sugarcane was increasing but at a decreasing rate, in phase I the area increased by 29.37 percent, phase II was 10.17 percent and phase III was 7.91 percent. The decomposition analysis showed positive area increase in all the regions and state as whole in the first phase. The interaction effect was observed positive in all the regions in phase I except for Bundelkhand region. The variability in area, production and productivity of sugarcane in a state as a whole was highest in phase I and II, recording 5.94, 11.13 and 7.30 percent, respectively.Lastlyopinion survey was conducted with sugarcane growers, number of constraints viz., fertility of the soil, lack of labour and high wages, delayed payments, delayed harvesting etc. were observed. Lackof labour and high wages was the most prominent problem among production constraints and delayed payment among the marketing constraints.ThesisItem Open Access Economic Analysis of Fish Farming Practices in Western Uttar Pradesh(SARDARVALLABH BHAI PATEL UNIVERSITY OF AGRICULTURE MEERUT 250110, 2019) Tomer, Gaurav; Singh, H. L.Fish and fish products have presently emerged as the largest group in agricultural exports from India, with 13.77 lakh tonnes in terms of quantity and Rs. 45,106.89 crore in value.The present study was conducted during the period of years (2018-19).It was found thatthe estimated per hectare total cost of fish production was Rupees 139956.00, 86018.94 and 44720.58 on small, medium and large farms respectively, indicating highest cost incurred in small followed by medium and large category. The average fish production was 3449.35 kg. per hectare in the study area and 4651.70, 2668.18 and 1989.47 kg. per hectare were in small, medium and large category respectively. The average net profit was Rupees 140666.05 per hectare in the study area. The average net profit was Rupees 140666.05 per hectare in the study area. The estimated total cost of production of fish under extensive practices was Rupees 99145.41 per hectare and in semi-intensive the total cost was Rupees 98907.97 per hectare. The average net profit under extensive fish practices was estimated to be Rupees 109942.77 per hectare but in case of semi-intensive practices the average net profit was more (Rupees 150906.47 per hectare) as compared to extensive practices. The average total fish production was found to be more in case of semi-intensive fish practices as compared to extensive (3043.58 kg. per hectare) and it was 3587.60 kg. per hectare. The total estimated cost of production of fish practices was Rupees 98966.82 and 91946.82 per hectare under poly-culture and monoculture. The average total production under poly-culture and monoculture was estimated to be 3449.35 and 3333.89 kg. per hectare. The average total return under poly-culture and monoculture was estimated to be Rupees 239632.87 and 212624.00 per hectare and net revenue was Rupees 140666.05 and 120677.18 per quintal under poly-culture and monoculture respectively. There were five marketing channels identified in the study area. Channel I – (Producer – Consumer) was found more efficient than channel – II (Producer – Retailer – Consumer) in comparison to Channel – III (Producer- Trader – Wholesaler – Consumer), Channel – IV (Producer – Wholesaler – Retailer – Consumer) and Channel – V (Producer – Trader – Wholesaler – Retailer – Consumer), respectively. Minimum marketing cost was found to be Rupees 85.00 and 300.00 per quintal in channel II and I the share of producer in consumer’s rupee was found to be 86.09 and 96.15 per centThesisItem Open Access “ECONOMIC ANALYSIS OF RICE BASED CROPPING SYSTEM IN MEERUT DISTRICT OF WESTERN UTTAR PRADESH”(Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel University of Agriculture and Technology, Meerut, 2019) CHAUDHARY, ROHIT; Singh, Dr. H. L.The study was conduct in the year 2018-19 on “ECONOMIC ANALYSIS OF RICE BASED CROPPING SYSTEM IN MEERUT DISTRICT OF WESTERN UTTAR PRADESH” with the following objectives (i) To study the socio-economic profile of the respondents in the study area. (ii) To identify the cropping system in the study area. (iii) To work out the costs and returns of rice based cropping system. (iv) To identify the major constraints related to rice based cropping system in the study area. From the purposively selected district, two blocks were selected purposively on the basis of highest area under the crop. A total four village were selected randomly and then from the list of the farmer of the selected village, total 100 farmers, 43 marginal (less than 1 hectare), 27 small (1-2 hectare), 20 medium (2-4 hectare), 10 large (up to 4 hectare) were selected for the collection of data. To meet the objective suitable statistical tool were employed. Present study indicated, that mostly respondents were of middle age group and literate and belongs to other backward class with an average family size 6 members. The average size of holding found to be 1.81 hectare. The annual income in the study area was more than 2 lacs and having liabilities of Rs. 75750.00. Results revealed that overall average cost of cultivation of Rice-Potato cropping system were Rs. 215354.00 per hectare, followed by Rice-Wheat cropping system Rs. 184983.00 per hectare and Rice-Mustard cropping system Rs. 171541.00 per hectare. The overall average gross returns obtained from Rice-Potato were more expansive (Rs. 318813.00) as compared to Rice-Wheat Rs. 230221.00 and Rice-Mustard Rs. 214004.00. The overall average net returns per hectare were the highest in case of Rice-Potato (Rs. 103460.00) followed by Rice-Wheat and Rice-Mustard cropping system. The benefit-cost ratio was the measure of profitability of the cropping system from the study it was highest in case of Rice-Potato than the other. Besides that the farmers reported high cost and ultimately availability of credit and the problem like wild animal and crisis of labour during the crop season. Price fluctuations were also reported as one of the important problem.
