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ThesisItem Open Access DAIRY EXTENSION SERVICES DELIVERY IN KARNATAKA STATE: AN EVALUATION STUDY(ICAR-SRS, NDRI, KARNAL, 2020) GIRISH. V; SUBASH, S.Dairy extension services delivery system providing the access to critical inputs and services plays a significant role in adoption of technologies by the farmers for improved livestock productivity. The existing dairy extension service providers in Karnataka State include, Department of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Service, KMF-Dairy Cooperatives Societies, NARES institutions, NGO’s and Private Agencies. In this context, the present study was carried out with the objective of assessing role performance of different dairy extension service providers in Karnataka. The study was conducted in four districts of Karnataka State selected through randomly sampling technique representing north zone, south zone, central zone and coastal & malnad zone, viz., Belagavi, Bangalore Rural, Davangere and Udupi districts, respectively. From each district two blocks were selected randomly and from each block 20 farmers were selected through random selection, comprising a total sample size of 160 farmer-respondents. A structured interview schedule was developed for primary data collection and data was analyzed with suitable statistical tools. The study revealed that department of animal husbandry and veterinary services of the state plays a predominant role in providing breeding services (98.75% A.I & P.D), preventive services (100% vaccination & deworming, 71.00% disease surveillance) and curative services (97.5%). Whereas the dairy co-operatives plays a vital role in providing input services (90.00% mineral mixture & fodder seeds, 70.00% feed resources), implementation of dairy schemes (90.00% in schemes implementation and 48.00% in providing insurance) and provides assured marketing services (90.00%). The performance of various service providers were analyzed in terms of frequency, quality, adequacy, cost of services and timeliness and were ranked using weighted score. The DAH&VS was perceived by the respondents, providing good quality (258.86) breeding services with least cost (268.99). While cooperatives provided regular (267.67) and on time (178.95) breeding services. Private input dealers provided good quality (279.35) inputs with adequate quantity (196.74) whereas cooperatives provided inputs regularly (286.11) and timely (189.58). However, DAH&VS provided inputs at subsidized cost or free of cost (255.00) only under selective developmental schemes (220.00). Majority of the respondents perceived that DAH&VS provided regular (274.38) and adequate (200.00) preventive services and regular (290.00) and good quality (285.00) curative services at low or free of cost (306.00). Whereas services provided by the private consultants were sufficient (200.00), timely (200.00) but cost intensive (176.00). Farmers were fully satisfied with the frequency and quality of marketing services (300.00) provided by the dairy cooperatives. In the case of extension training & advisory services farmers perceived gap in access to regular extension & advisory services. The major constraints faced by the farmers were prioritized by Garrett’s ranking method which includes, inadequate extension and advisory services (61.71), unavailability of timely AI & veterinary services (61.94), high cost of cattle feed (67.66) and low procurement price for milk (70.87). The major suggestions provided by the farmers were prioritized and ranked, which includes adequate extension & training services focusing on dairy education aspects of dairy production and processing (90.50%), improved access to the veterinary services (85.35%), regular supply of feed & fodder resources (65.00%), remunerative milk procurement price (60.20%) and regulation of cattle feed cost by the government, respectively. The present study concludes that most of the dairy extension service providers are playing significant role in extending the dairy extension services (health & breeding related services) and providing inputs to the farmers. However, knowledge enhancement would be the key to existing constraints which could be addressed through grass root level ‘dairy extension education’ focused on ‘demand driven services’ of the target farming community.ThesisItem Open Access IMPACT OF MINERAL MIXTURE ON PERFORMANCE OF DAIRY ANIMALS IN HARYANA(ICAR-NDRI, KARNAL, 2020) PRASHANTH, SAI, CH.; MEENA, B.S.The impact of mineral mixture on the performance of dairy animals has recently become a subject of increasing importance. The present study was conducted on the impact of mineral mixture on dairy animals in Karnal and Hisar districts of Haryana. Hence, a study entitled as the impact of mineral mixture on the performance of dairy animals in Haryana. The study was conducted to explore the existing feeding practices of dairy animals and it leads know the economic importance of mineral mixture supplementation to dairy animals, to measure the perception of dairy farmers towards the mineral mixture, to assess the impact of mineral mixture on productive and reproductive performance of dairy animals. An exclusive scale was developed to measure the perception of respondents towards mineral mixture supplementation to dairy animals. The data was collected from the 160 respondents in Karnal and Hisar districts. The collected data were analyzed in order to draw meaningful conclusions. About (77.50 %) of the adopters had a high level of perception towards mineral mixture supplementation to dairy animals, about (56.25percent) of the non -adopters had a low level of perception towards mineral mixture supplementation to dairy animals. Feed and fodder intake of dairy animals were found more in the case of adopters as compared to the non-adopters. The overall cost of production per liter of milk was found higher for indigenous cow ( Rs. 33.64 –adopted, Rs. 35.38 – Nonadopters, followed by buffalo (Rs.30.79, Non adopted Rs.33.87) and cross breed cattle( Rs.25.07, Non adopters Rs.31.27) .Net returns per liter of milk were worked out higher for buffalo (adopters Rs. 18.21, Non-adopters Rs. 14.13) followed by a crossbred cow (adopters Rs. 13.93, Non-adopters Rs.7.23) and indigenous cow(adopters Rs.5.86, Non-adopters Rs.4.12). In a comparison of different productive parameter performances in both adopters and non-adopters of different animal’s values were found more in adopters except in dry period. In a comparison of productive performance in adopters and non-adopters, results were showing statistically significant results in all parameters with a 1 percent level of significance except Lactation length in indigenous cattle showing non-significant. And the comparison of different Reproductive parameter performances in both adopters and non-adopters of different animal’s values were found more in non-adopters. In comparison, different parameters of the Reproductive performance of animals in both villages were found to be significant at 1percent of the Level of significance in all categories of animals except in crossbreed cattle, where age at first calving was obtained a significant score at 5 percent level of significance. The present study showed that there was a significant difference between adopters and non-adopters. So it could be a nice opportunity for further extension intervention to demonstrate the mineral mixture technology among the farmers.ThesisItem Open Access ADAPTIVE CAPACITY TO CLIMATE CHANGE AMONG THE CHILIKA BUFFALO REARERS OF ODISHA(ICAR-NDRI, KARNAL, 2020) BEHERA, SUBHRAJYOTI; GARAI, SANCHITAClimate change combined with human activities poses significant risks to people’s livelihood especially in developing countries. Adaptation at the community level is of crucial in enabling them to respond to the direct and indirect effects of changes in climate. When, this adaptation planning is targeted towards a particular breed, then, it is very crucial to understand its existing rearing practices and how its rearers’ perceived its sensitivity towards changing climate scenario which will, further, help to assess the capacity of its rearers to combat with the adverse effect of the changing climatic scenario. The present study was purposively conducted at the Chilika lake region of Odisha as the breeding tract of Chilika buffalo. A total 150 Chilika buffalo rearers were selected randomly from the cluster villages of the adjacent districts of Chilika lake. Exiting Chilika buffalo rearing practices were documented through focused group discussion as well as observation method on the four components viz. exiting breeding practices, existing feeding practices, existing healthcare practices and existing management practices. Majority of the Chilika buffalo rearers (68%) preferring natural service as a breeding methods for their buffaloes. Majority of the respondents (50.66%) practiced both grazing and stall feeding method of feeding. Majority of the respondents (62%) did not feeding concentrates to their buffaloes. They were mainly depended on the natural vegetation of the Chilika lake for the feeding purposes. Chilika buffaloes were suffering from FMD (74%) followed by bovine viral disease (34.66%), fever (24.66%). Majority of the respondents (87.67%) consulted Government veterinarians for the treatment of their sick buffaloes. Majority of the respondents (87.33%) were milking their animals once a day and by full hand method. None of the respondents was having shelter of pucca floor with good sanitary condition for their buffaloes. They were mainly keeping their animals in an open area. To quantify the perceived sensitivity of the climate change on Chilika buffalo, Analytic Hierarchy Process was applied with the help of four components and 16 indicators. Among all the components, Chilika buffaloes rearers were prioritized feed and fodder availability and utilization was highly affected due to climate change followed by productive performance, reproductive performance and disease incidences and susceptibility. Lactation length and calving interval of the Chilika buffalo was mostly affected productive and reproductive performance, respectively, due to the changing climatic scenario as perceived by its rearers followed by dry period. Whereas, feed and fodder intake of the Chilika buffalo was reduced and incidences of heat stress/extreme climate events related illness and mortality was increased due to changing climatic scenario. Sustainable Livelihood Approach (SLA) was used to develop Adaptive Capacity Assessment Index to measure the adaptive capacity of the Chilika buffalo rearers. They were having better physical capital (0.55) possession followed by social capital (0.48), financial capital (0.47), human capital (0.45) and natural capital (0.35). The average adaptive capacity of the Chilika buffalo rearers was found be as 0.46, which is quite unsatisfactory and majority of them (62.67%) were having a medium level of adaptive capacity to cope up with changing climatic scenario. Adaptive capacity of the Chilika buffalo rearers were having a strong and significant (p<0.01) relationship with its every components. To strengthen the adaptive capacity of the Chilka buffalo rearers, status of the each and every capital has to be improved significantly.ThesisItem Open Access MITIGATION OF STUBBLE BURNING THROUGH CUSTOM HIRING CENTRES IN PUNJAB(ICAR-NDRI, KARNAL, 2020) KUMAR, KULDEEP; MEENA, H.R.Rice–wheat cropping system of the South Asia is labour, water, capital and energy intensive and become less profitable as the availability of these resources diminishing. This cropping system is dominant in most Indian states, such as Punjab, Haryana and U.P etc. India produces more than 500 million tons (Mt) of crop residues annually. Generation of cereal residues is highest in Uttar Pradesh (53 Mt) followed by Punjab (44 Mt) and West Bengal (33 Mt) etc Residue burning Punjab 19.65MT is ranked first followed by U.P. 11.92MT, Haryana 9.08MT. In Indian agriculture mechanical power is largely consumed by mainly large farmers. Therefore in order to bring farm machinery available to small/marginal farmers, concept of Custom Hiring Centers is developed. The CHCs providing farm equipments on rental basis to farmers, who cannot afford to purchase costly equipments. The proposed study will be carried out purposively in Punjab state. Out of twenty two districts three districts (Ludhiana, Sangrur, Moga) was selected purposively due to highest stubble burning in last five years and highest number of primary agricultural co-operative society that provide custom hiring services to farmers, then from each district two blocks was selected randomly. Subsequently, three villages from each block were randomly selected. Finally from each village 10 farmers were selected randomly. For this study the respondents was the farmers who are taking services from the custom hiring centres for at least one year. Thus total sample size for present study was 180 farmers. Data were collected through well-structured and pre-tested interview schedule. The study revealed except burning, management of crop residue with happy seeder/ Zero till drill and removal of crop residue from field are major practices followed by the farmers. Most of the farmers had medium utilization of custom hiring centres for mitigation of stubble burning, happy seeder and paddy straw chopper machines was the most utilized by the farmers for management of stubble. Majority of the farmers had favorable attitude towards custom hiring centres, also farmers perceived that Machines having high demand during the peak seasons should be more in number in the societies. Those machines which are of least demand should be replaced by machines with high demand. Majority of the farmers had medium level of training need for stubble management. so CHCs and other agencies should organized more training programme on residue management in collaboration with ICAR research Institutes, Agriculture universities, Veterinary university and KVKs. Major strength of CHCs is that it help in reducing cost of cultivation and major weakness of CHCs is that High initial cost in establishment of CHCs and major opportunity of CHCs is that farmers are independence in choosing required machine and Major threat of CHCs is that Poor infrastructure available to most of farmers in establishment of CHCs.ThesisItem Open Access FARMERS’ PERCEPTION AND PRACTICES TO MITIGATE CROP RESIDUAL BURNING IN HARYANA(ICAR-NDRI, KARNAL, 2020) ANURADHA; KADIAN, K.S.The research entitled “Farmers’ perception and practices to mitigate crop residual burning in Haryana” was undertaken with the objectives to assess the perception of farmers about Crop Residual burning and readiness toward crop residual management, to analysis the socio ecological issues with crop residual burning in study area, to study the existing crop residue management practices and alternative use of crop residual in the study area, to delineate the constraints faced by the respondents and suggestive measures for crop residual management. This study was conducted in Haryana state because it is one of the major crop residue burning state of India and limited studies had been conducted in this region make it the perfect choice for study. Karnal, Kurukshetra and Fatehabad districts were selected purposively because according to report of Haryana Space Applications Center (2018) these districts are among five leading crop residue burning districts. From each district two blocks were selected randomly, from each block randomly three village were selected and from each village 10 respondent were selected. So, the total number of respondent under study was 180. Data were collected with the help of interview schedule. Finding of study revealed that farmers had medium to high level of perception about crop residue burning and farmers were ready to adopt crop residue management practices if any sustainable and economical feasible option will provided. Perception and readiness was positively and significantly correlated with independent variables such as education, owned farm assets, mass media exposure, extension contact, innovativeness and ecological consciousness. Study shows that farmers were aware about different kind of issues such as Agricultural issue, human health issue, environment issue and other issues. Mostly farmers were aware about the available crop residue management practices such as use as animal feed, soil incorporation, use of SMS attached combine harvester, compost making, mushroom cultivation etc. but mostly farmers were following use of balers, happy seeder, soil incorporation and burning. All the respondents agreed that adoption of crop residue management practices increases cost of production, to use machineries for crop residue management requires high power tractor and crop residue interference with tillage and seeding operations were the major constraints in adoption of crop management techniques. Farmers suggested that to combat crop residual burning establishment of biomass based power plant should be promoted; service of custom hiring centre should be improve and demand of straw should be created by industries.ThesisItem Open Access ZERO BUDGET NATURAL FARMING: A STUDY ON FARMERS’ PERCEPTION IN NORTH KARNATAKA(ICAR-NDRI, KARNAL, 2020) PATIL, DAYANANDA; JHA, SUMEET KUMARAgriculture production system have started evolving since aeons and is still evolving and undergoing a series of structural changes. Till the time of the phenomenon called as “Green Revolution”, our agriculture production system was nature-based. Green revolution, revolutionised our food production system through usage of chemical fertilisers, insecticides, pesticides, etc. As a consequence of indiscriminate use of chemical inputs, we are facing the loss of soil-biological eco-system, loss of bio-diversity, extinction of Indigenous Technical Knowledge, etc. Climate change is the new major challenge to the existing ones. In order to face these challenges, the upgraded version of nature-based farming, like organic farming, natural farming, permaculture, zero budget natural farming, etc have evolved, of late; and their capacity to revive the lost nature has been widely acknowledged. Keeping the above arguments in mind, the present study on “Zero Budget Natural Farming: A Study on Farmers’ Perception in North Karnataka” was undertaken, while especially emphasizing on the concept of Zero Budget Natural Farming (ZBNF), as propagated by people like Mr. Subhas Palekar in India. As of now the state of Karnataka has been implementing scheme focusing on ZBNF; and that is why, the state of Karnataka was selected, purposively for this study. Further, two districts from Northern part of Karnataka, namely Belagavi and Haveri were selected, randomly. The respondents were categorised into three categories: Planners, Adopters, Non-adopters. Planners were the farmers who got registered themselves in ZBNF programme and trying ZBNF in their field. Adopters had minimum of 3 years’ experience in ZBNF and non-adopters were not practising ZBNF. From each district, 25 respondents were selected, randomly, from each category of respondent. Accordingly, it accounted for 75 respondents from each district. Hence, a total of 150 respondents were selected for the purpose of data collection through semi-structured interview-schedule. Thereafter, the collected data were analysed through appropriate statistical tools, in order to draw meaningful interpretations. A large number of adopters were following reduced tillage method (86.00%), beejamrutha (88.00%), manures (100.00%) as source of nutrient management. Whereas, A large number of planners were following intensive tillage method (82.00%), beejamrutha (40.00%), manures (86.00%) as source of nutrient management. Commission agents were the major marketing channel used by both planners (84.00%) and adopters (78.00%). Nearly half (48.00%) of the planners had medium level of perception towards zero budget natural farming, whereas, most (44.00%) of the adopters had high level of perception. But equal per cent (40.00%) of nonadopters had low and middle level of perception towards zero budget natural farming. The characteristics like size of land holding, herd-size and source of information were significantly correlated with the perception level of the planners, adopters and non-adopters towards zero budget natural farming. The characteristics like education, farming experience, annual income, social participation, extension contact, extension participation, mass media exposure and innovativeness were found to be significantly correlated with the perception level of the planners and adopters towards ‘zero budget natural farming’. Lack of information on preparation and use of asthras was perceived as the most serious constraint. The second-most constraint experienced by the respondents happened to be timely unavailability of materials for preparation of ZBNF inputs. To conclude, ZBNF has the potentiality to revive the lost diversity of the farm land as well as to support the farmers economically with less input cost and greater output over a period of time.ThesisItem Open Access ASSESSMENT OF FARMER-LED ADAPTATION STRATEGIES TO CLIMATE CHANGE IN EASTERN UTTAR PRADESH(ICAR-NDRI, Karnal, 2020) YADAV, PREETI; MAITI, SANJITClimate change is global phenomenon, but, its effect and impact are local as well as region specific. Seasonal variations in rainfall and temperature have influenced the agro-climatic conditions, growing seasons, planting and harvesting schedules as well as populations of pests, weeds, and diseases leading to crop failure and loss in livestock productivity. The present study on assessment of farmer-led adaptation strategies to climate change in eastern Uttar Pradesh was conducted in three districts viz., Azamgarh, Varanasi and Ghazipur. The study revealed that majority (81.67 %) of the farmers of the overall region perceived changing climatic scenario and its impact on crop-farming as well as livestock-rearing. The study also shows that all farmers witnessed extreme climatic events; hence, the locale of the study was climate-led disaster prone region. It was found out that 69.39 per cent of the farmers were having higher level of perception regarding the features of climate change, 42.86 per cent were having a higher level of perception regarding impact of climate change on crop-farming and 44.90 per cent were having higher level of perception of impact of climate change on livestock-rearing. To quantify the farmer-led adaptation strategies, ‘Climate Change Adaptation Index’ (CCAI) was developed. Total 9 and 15 farmers-led adaptation strategies were documented for crop-farming and livestock-rearing, respectively. In all three districts, ‘crop diversification’ and ‘use of shed for cattle and buffaloes’ were the most preferred adaptation strategies in crop-farming and livestock-rearing, respectively. It was found out that 35.66 per cent of the farmers were in higher level of adoption category of adaptation strategies related to crop-farming, whereas 41.26 per cent of the farmers were in medium level of adoption category of adaptation strategies related to livestock-rearing. The findings of the study exhibit an alarming difference between the perception with regard to impact climate change and adoption of adaptation strategies to cope up with the impact of climate change on crop-farming and livestock-rearing. Farmer-led adaptation strategies in crop-farming and livestock rearing were appraised in terms of their effectiveness to cope up with the changing climatic scenario. The study also revealed that some of the adaptation strategies vary from one district to another; hence the effectiveness of adaptation strategies was assessed separately for all three districts. In crop-farming, ‘search for alternate sources of income’ was chosen as most effective one in Azamgarh district. But, ‘preparation of bunds to control water flow’ was most effective in Varanasi and Ghazipur district. In livestock-rearing, the most effective adaptation strategies were ‘proper sanitation practices for animals’, ‘regular vaccination’ and ‘use of jute cloth to cover animals’ in Azamgarh, Varanasi and Ghazipur district respectively.ThesisItem Open Access ASPIRATIONS AND TRAINING NEEDS OF RURAL YOUTH FOR ENTREPRENEURSHIP IN CROP AND DAIRY FARMING IN CUTTACK DISTRICT OF ODISHA(ICAR-NDRI, Karnal, 2020) SAHOO, SUCHARITA; Chakravarty, RituRural youth, who constitute a major proportion of the total youth population of the country, are a major asset for the development of the agriculture & allied sector. Aspiration is known to play a vital role in an individual’s progress in life and it determines the ways in which young people orient themselves to future goals and achievements. Provision of need based entrepreneurial education and training can help them build the required knowledge, skill and attitude for starting and operating an enterprise successfully in their locality. Therefore, a study was conducted in purposively selected Cuttack district of state Odisha to know the aspiration level and training needs of rural youth for entrepreneurship in crop and dairy farming. Four blocks were selected following proportionate random sampling method and from each block, 3 villages were selected randomly and 15 respondents from each village were selected randomly. Thus, a total of 180 respondents were considered for the study. Data collection was done through pre-tested and standardised interview schedule. The results showed majority (51.67 per cent) of the respondents were between the age group of 30- 35 years, most of them (39.44 per cent) were educated up to higher secondary level and were engaged in crop and dairy farming as their occupation (46.67 per cent). Most of the respondents (45 per cent) had small land holding, small herd size and low annual income. The composite index developed using Principal Component Analysis showed that most of the respondents had medium level of livelihood aspiration (46.67 per cent), low level of lifestyle aspiration (37.78 per cent) and low level of entrepreneurial aspiration (46.67 per cent). Overall aspiration of the respondents was medium among most (43.33 per cent) of the respondents. “Earning stable income”, “financial support from government” and “training programmes for entrepreneurship development” were the major pull factors and “low income from traditional crop & dairy farming”, “unstable market prices for crop and dairy products” and “animal menace” were the major push factors reported by the respondents in order of their preferences for pursuing entrepreneurship in crop and dairy farming. Garrett ranking of the perceived training needs of the respondents for entrepreneurship revealed that among general management training needs, “preparation of business plan” was ranked 1st followed by “preparation of financial plan”; among entrepreneurial training needs, 1st rank was given to “identification of business opportunities in their locality and region” followed by “improving communication skills”; and among knowledge related training needs, “technical knowledge on production and processing” was given 1st rank followed by “availing loan facilities from different financial sources”.ThesisItem Open Access IMPACT ASSESSMENT OF SELECTED INTERVENTIONS UNDER FARMER FIRST PROGRAMME OF NDRI(ICAR-NDRI, Karnal, 2020) KAMBALE, PARASHURAM; Sankhala, GopalThe Farmer FIRST programme is an ICAR initiative to move beyond the production and productivity, to privilege the small holder agriculture complex, diverse and risk prone realties of majority of the farmers by enhancing the farmers – scientists interface. Under this programme ICAR- NDRI, Karnal has undertaken the project entitled “Capacity building of resource poor farmers in Paddy-Wheat cum Dairy production system through FFP under irrigated agro-eco region of Haryana”. The present study was conducted in the five adopted villages of Karnal district of Haryana on 250 respondents which were selected proportionately under 14 advocated interventions. The data collection was done through semi-structured interview schedule and analyzed to draw meaningful results. The study revealed that majority of the respondents (44.80%) were middle aged with middle level education(40.40%) ,had medium sized family (86.00%),medium level of family education status (54.00%),membership in one organization(61.60%),agriculture as primary occupation (97.20%),having medium size land holding (37.60%), small herd size(41.60%),with medium level of milk production (55.60%),milk consumption(40.80%) and milk sale (51.20%),belonged to medium income group (43.20%) with medium level of experience in dairying (58.00%) with high level of extension contact (52.40%) and medium level of mass media exposure(66.00%).The highest knowledge was seen in Mastitis control (98.21%) followed by SMS portal (96.67%) and round the year fodder production (95.71%).Under the economic impact assessment the benefit-cost ratios of different interventions were as follows; IPM in paddy (2.69),INM in wheat (2.54),IWM in wheat (2.35) ,fodder maize production (2.80),Cucumber cultivation (4.88) and in case of dairy based interventions; balanced feeding (1.83), bypass fat supplementation (2.99),mineral mixture supplements (5.37),Theileriosis vaccination (74.88), Theileriosis treatment (10.19), Mastitis diagnosis (41.20) and Mastitis treatment (85.75);respectively. The net returns of VIREN Dairy were found to be Rs.14,34,400/year. The major positive feedback in case of crop interventions were increase in crop yields and returns, reduced weed infestation due to IWM practices, reduced pest infestation due to IPM practices and improvement in soil health due to dhaincha cultivation. In case of dairy intervention; increase in milk yield and returns, improvement in animal health and reproductive efficiency and better control and management of diseases. Major negative feedbacks in case of vegetable based cropping system; preference of farmers to cultivate Pencil variety of pea than the Pusa Pragati due to bunching of fruits which save the labour. In case of dairy based intervention major negative feedback were inadequate availability of bypass fat supplements, preference over purchase of balanced feed from the market, difficulty in purchasing of 300 doses vaccine container and management and filling of liquid nitrogen in the container by a single or small group of farmers. This project has socio-economic impact on the farmers of the study area.
