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Open Access
Biocontrol potential of Chrysoperla zastrowi sillemi (Esben-Peterson) against greenhouse whitefly
(CSK HPKV, Palampur, 2022-12-26) Vishrava; Kumar, Surjeet
The investigation entitled “Biocontrol potential of Chrysoperla zastrowi sillemi (Esben-Peterson) against greenhouse whitefly” was carried out during the year 2021-22 in the Department of Entomology, College of Agriculture, CSKHPKV, Palampur (HP), India to study important biological parameters, morphometrics, feeding potential, prey preference and functional response of C. zastrowi sillemi on two prey species viz. rice moth, Corcyra cephalonica and greenhouse whitefly (GHWF), Trialeurodes vaporariorum under lab conditions (temperature 25±1oC, RH 65±5% and photoperiod 16L:8D). Biological parameters of the predator differed significantly on the two prey species. The third instar had the longest duration on both the prey species (5.40 and 4.13 days, respectively). The total larval duration was significantly higher on T. vaporariourum (10.20 days) than on C. cephalonica (9.13 days), however, the total developmental period was statistically at par, 20.53 days on rice moth eggs and 20.83 days on GHWF. The overall survival rate of the larvae fed on C. cephalonica was significantly higher (50%) than the larvae fed on T. vaporariourum (26.67%). The larval and total growth indices were also observed to have significantly different values for male and females of the predator on two different prey species. Oviposition period of the predator was higher (22.33 days) on GHWF than on rice moth eggs (11.00 days), however, the number of fertile eggs/female was more on former (52.60) than on the later prey (42.93). The total life span of male and female predator showed variations on different prey species. Measurements of different life stages of the predator, reared on different preys, did not show any significant difference except for the length and breadth of third larval instar. During its whole larval period of 9 to 10days, a single larva of the predator consumed a total of 349.5, 351.3, 328.9 and 486.4 nymphs of first, second, third and fourth instar of GHWF, respectively. The corresponding average consumption rates of the predator remained 33.52, 44.05, 33.66 and 38.46 nymphs per day. The predator exhibited preference for particular stage of the prey in no-choice experiment, the younger instars of the predatory larva had more prey preference for younger nymphal instars of GHWF and vice versa. All the predatory instars showed Type-II functional response. The evaluated parameters indicated that the third instar had the maximum searching efficiency (0.125) and lowest handling time (0.125h) than younger instars. Along with this the effectiveness of the third instar of the predator was also estimated to be highest (1.003) and it also possessed maximum predation rate (192.487). Study concluded that the chrysopid predator, C. zastrowi sillemi has very good biocontrol potential against the strain of GHWF prevalent under agro-climatic conditions of Himachal Pradesh and it can be effectively utilised for the management of the pest in an augmentative approach of biological control and, therefore, further investigations are necessary to investigate its biocontrol potential under field and greenhouse conditions.
Open Access
Physico-chemical characterization of hill honey
(CSK HPKV, Palampur, 2022-12-21) Goswamy, Yashasvini; Sharma, Surender Kumar
The present investigation was carried out at Bee Research Station, Nagrota Bagwan of CSK Himachal Pradesh Krishi Vishvavidyalaya, Palampur, District Kangra, Himachal Pradesh, India, during the year 2021-2022. In this study, sixty samples of honey were analyzed for various physico-chemical characteristics viz., pH, moisture, colour (optical density), ash content, EC, sucrose, TRS, fructose, glucose, F:G ratio, acidity, diastase activity and HMF content. The physico-chemical characteristics of honey from different locations ranged between 3.85±0.16 to 5.63±0.01 for pH, 15.57±0.08 to 25.94±0.10 per cent for moisture, 0.06±0.01 to 0.28±0.03 g/5g for ash content, 0.21±0.01 to 1.13±0.01 mS/cm for EC, 0.42±0.01 to 1.65±0.27 for optical density, 3.20±0.08 to 4.66±0.04 per cent for sucrose, 34.65±0.09 to 42.06±0.24 meq/kg for acidity, 66.95±0.62 to 70.79±0.55 per cent for TRS, 28.71±0.50 to 31.45±0.50 per cent for glucose, 36.88±0.61 to 42.26±0.10 per cent for fructose, 1.19±0.03 to 1.47±0.02 for F:G ratio, 14.00±0.54 to 17.50±0.24 DN for diastase activity and 16.33±0.66 to 20.90±1.09 mg/kg for HMF content. Among the bee species, the highest pH (5.19±0.08), sucrose (4.59±0.07%) and HMF content (20.62±0.61 mg/kg) were recorded in the honey of Apis cerana whereas higher ash content (0.23±0.01 g/5g), acidity (39.27±0.61 meq/kg), total reducing sugars (67.37±0.55%) and glucose (31.90±1.43%) were observed in the honey of Apis mellifera. The highest moisture (25.93±0.11%), electrical conductivity (0.72±0.06 mS/cm), fructose (39.07±0.44%), F:G ratio (1.40±0.02), diastase activity (17.28±0.33 DN) and optical density (1.42±0.09) were recorded in the honey of Apis dorsata. During storage, the moisture content, optical density, sucrose, acidity, glucose and HMF content increased whereas pH, TRS, fructose, F:G ratio and diastase activity decreased. Storage of honey at room temperature for six months resulted in granulation of twenty-one honey samples and fermentation in one honey sample. The physical and chemical characteristics of almost all the hill honey samples were within acceptable limits and met FSSAI criteria.
Open Access
Genetic diversity in bacterial wilt tolerant genotypes of bell pepper (Capsicum annuum L. var. grossum Sendt.) using agro morphological and molecular markers
(CSK HPKV, Palampur, 2022-12-18) Sood, Tamanna; Sood, Sonia
The present investigation was undertaken to estimate the genetic parameters of variability, associations among traits and characterize the bell pepper genotypes using agro-morphological and molecular markers to identify superior genotypes for future breeding programmes. The experimental material comprised 24 genotypes, including one susceptible (California Wonder) and two resistant (EC-464107 and EC-464115) checks, evaluated in Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) with three replications during the summer rainy season, 2021. Sufficient genetic variability was observed among the genotypes for all the traits under study. Based on mean performance, BWT-39-DR exhibited the highest marketable fruit yield per plant followed by BWT-39, BWT-39-BR, Kandaghat Selection and BWT-3Y-4L. These genotypes were also promising for other traits viz., days to 50 per cent flowering, days to first picking, harvest duration, fruit width, average fruit weight, marketable fruits per plant, capsanthin content, TSS and ascorbic acid content. High PCV and GCV along with high heritability and genetic advance were observed for fruit shape index, marketable fruits per plant and marketable fruit yield per plant suggesting that selection would be effective for these traits. Marketable fruit yield per plant showed a significant and positive correlation with marketable fruits per plant, harvest duration, capsanthin content, ascorbic acid content, average fruit weight and primary branches per plant. Marketable fruits per plant and average fruit weight were the best selection indices for increasing marketable fruit yield per plant. Principal component analysis revealed that the first five significant principal components explained 83.19 per cent of the variation. Genetic divergence analysis using the D 2 statistic grouped the genotypes into 11 clusters, whereas the genotypes were divided into two clusters using the UPGMA clustering method indicating that the population structure was primarily based on genetic origin along with moderate to high gene flow. Twelve genotypes viz., BWT-39, BWT-39-BR, BWT-39-DR, BWT-29, BWT-3Y, BWT-3Y-4L, Kandaghat Selection, BWT-48-AC, BWT-49-AC, BWT-22-HY, EC-464107 and EC-464115 were found common on comparing the agro-morphological and molecular clusters demonstrating the congruence between the morphological and SSR data. Thus, based on combined approach of agro-morphological and molecular characterization, it can be concluded that the genotypes viz., BWT-39-DR, BWT-39, BWT-39-BR, Kandaghat Selection and BWT-3Y-4L can be used either directly as varieties after multi-location testing as they are possessing high yields, superior quality traits and resistance to bacterial wilt, or as parents in hybridization programmes.
Open Access
Performance of rice (Oryza sativa L.) hybrids at varying fertility levels under aerobic conditions.
(CSK HPKV, Palampur, 2022-11-28) Singh, Tanya; Manuja, Sandeep
A field experiment was undertaken during kharif 2021 at the Experimental Farm of Department of Agronomy, CSK Himachal Pradesh Krishi Vishwavidyalaya, Palampur (H.P.) with the objective of studying performance of rice (Oryza sativa L.) hybrids at varying fertility levels under aerobic conditions. The experiment was conducted in split plot design with three fertility levels (75 %, 100% and 125 % of the recommended dose of fertilizers, RDF 90:40:40 kg NPK ha-1 ) in main plot and four varieties (Arize AZ 6508, PAC 807+ , Arize 6129 and HPR 2143) in subplot, the treatments being replicated thrice. The soil of the experimental site was silty clay loam in texture, acidic in reaction and medium in available nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium and had adequate DTPA extractable zinc. The results so obtained in this investigation clearly indicated the significant impact of fertility levels on the growth, development, yield attributes and yield of different rice varieties cultivated under aerobic conditions. The varieties also showed significant differences in terms of all the growth, development and yield indices though the interaction between the fertility levels and varieties were not found to be significant. Application of 125% RDF, remaining at par with 100 % RDF, gave significantly higher values for almost all the yield attributes viz., number of effective tillers (298.3), number of grains per panicle (74.8) and 1000-grain weight (23.69) which ultimately resulted in significantly higher grain (38.29 q ha-1 ) and straw yield (48.36 q ha-1 ) of rice. This treatment also proved to be the most economic one giving higher gross return (Rs 91,075 ha-1 ), net return (Rs 42,009 ha-1 ) and B:C ratio (0.87). Application of 75 % RDF gave significantly lower yield as well as economic returns. Application of higher dose of fertilizers also increased the nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium content in both grain and straw resulting in their higher uptake of respective nutrients. The available nitrogen and phosphorus content in soil after the harvest of rice was significantly influenced by fertility levels with significantly higher values reported with the application of higher doses while application of lower dose of 75 % RDF resulted in significantly lower available nitrogen and phosphorus. Amongst the varieties PAC 807+ gave better results in term of grain yield (39.20 q ha-1 ), gross return (Rs 91,033 q ha-1 ) and net return (Rs 40,633 q ha-1 ) while the inbred check variety HPR 2143 gave lowest grain yield (31.42 q ha-1 ) but highest B:C ratio (0.95). Thus farmers can get more productivity of aerobic rice with the cultivation of hybrids with application of higher dose of fertilizers though for achieving higher profitability the farmers should go in for the cultivation of open pollinated check variety HPR 2143 at higher doses of fertilizers.
Open Access
Bioecology of fall armyworm, Spodoptera frugiperda (J.E. Smith)
(CSK HPKV, Palampur, 2022-12-19) Sushmita; Sharma, Pawan K.
The present investigation on “Bioecology of fall armyworm, Spodoptera frugiperda (J.E. Smith)” was carried out in Laboratory and Experimental Farm of the Department of Entomology, CSK HPKV Palampur during kharif 2021 and 2022. The adult activity of S. frugiperda commenced in 25th and 26th SMW during 2021 and 2022 with peak of 15.0 and 10.8 adults per trap in 29th and 31st SMW, respectively. Insect population initiated during 25th SMW and reached the peak level of 1.8 and 1.6 larvae per five infested plants in 27th SMW during 2021 and 1.6 larvae per five infested plants during 2022 in 30th and 31st SMW which declined thereafter and remained associated with crop till harvesting upto 39th SMW. The symptoms of plant infestation started from 25th and 26th SMW in the year 2021 and 2022, respectively with peak infestation of 62.5 and 61.0 per cent during 34th and 36th SMW, respectively. Correlation with weather factors indicated that adult catch had significant positive correlation with minimum temperature (r= 0.472) and rainfall (r= 0.594), whereas maximum temperature (r= 0.693) and relative humidity (r= 0.539) correlated significantly positive with plant infestation. Relative humidity turned out to be major factor influencing the population buildup of fall armyworm. Three parasitoids viz., Cotesia ruficrus, Campoletis sp., Exorista sp. and one entomopathogenic nematode (mermithid nematode) were found to be associated with fall armyworm larvae. During 2021, Cotesia ruficrus, Campoletis sp., Exorista sp. and mermithid nematode resulted in maximum parasitization of 10.0, 5.0, 5.0 and 20.0 per cent, respectively and 10.0 and 5.0 per cent parasitization by Campoletis sp. and mermithid nematode during 2022, respectively. Fall armyworm completed four generations from 21st June to 8th November under laboratory conditions with total developmental period varying between 30.76 to 35.40 days. The total larval period of fall armyworm ranged from 18.11 to 20.48 days in different generations. Average length of 1st to 6th instar larvae varied from 1.73 to 30.64 mm. Female adult was bigger in size with the mean body length of 15.32 mm as compared to the male (14.82 mm). The fecundity rate of the pest was maximum in 1st generation (1015.12 eggs/female). The fecundity in 4 th generation was the minimum (924.20 eggs/female). However, emerged larvae of 5th generation could not survive beyond 1st instar.
Open Access
Characterization of genetic diversity in onion (Allium cepa L.) using agro-morphological and molecular markers
(CSK HPKV, Palampur, 2022-12-19) Kapoor, Shorya; Sood, Sonia
The present investigation was undertaken to estimate the genetic parameters of variability, associations among marketable bulb yield and contributing traits and characterize the onion genotypes using agro morphological and molecular markers. The experimental material comprised of 49 genotypes including two checks ‘Palam Lohit’ (red) and ‘Him Palam Shweta’ (white) that were evaluated in Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) with three replications during rabi season, 2020-21. Sufficient genetic variability was observed among the genotypes for all the traits under study. Based on mean performance, genotypes CITH-0- 2 followed by PRO-8 and ON20-30 in red category and ON20-74 in white category were best performing for marketable bulb yield. These genotypes were also found to be promising for other traits viz., plant height, leaves/plant, bolting percentage, equatorial diameter, average bulb weight, biological yield, total bulb yield, pyruvic acid, protein, nitrogen, phosphorus, zinc, boron, stemphylium blight incidence percentage and thrips incidence percentage. High PCV and GCV along with high heritability and high genetic advance were observed for bolting percentage, A grade bulbs, D grade bulbs, double bulbs, total sugars, zinc, manganese and sprouting percentage indicating that selection on the basis of these traits would be effective. A significant and positive correlation was found between marketable bulb yield and average bulb weight, total bulb yield, biological yield, equatorial diameter, polar diameter, plant height, neck thickness, A grade bulbs, leaves/plant and moisture content while total losses with rotting percentage, potassium, total sugars, sprouting percentage, manganese, copper and sulphur. In view of direct and indirect contribution of component traits, selection on the basis of total bulb yield, average bulb weight and D grade bulbs would be paying preposition for evolving high yielding genotypes and their improvement. The study revealed considerable genetic diversity among genotypes which were grouped into seven clusters (horticultural basis) and ten clusters (quality basis). Principal component analysis revealed that total 81.84 per cent variation was contributed by first six components. Genetic divergence study using UPGMA (NTSYS) with molecular markers divided the genotypes into two clusters. Sixteen genotypes were found to be common on comparing agro-morphological and molecular clusters demonstrating the congruence between morphological and ISSR data among which 12 were red onion viz., ON20-47, ON20-45, ON20-50, ON20-51, CITH-0-2, VL Piaz-3, Sona, Sandeep, ON20- 41, PRO-9, Bhima Shakti and NHO-920, whereas four were white onion viz., W-355, Agrifound White, W 340-EL-8 and DOGR-HT-4. Thus, from the present investigation it can be concluded that three genotypes from red onion viz., CITH-0-2, PRO-8 and ON20-30 while two genotypes from white onion viz., ON20-74 and DOGR-HT-2 were found to be the most diverse and can be directly used after multi-location testing as they posess inherent ability to produce high yields and have superior quality traits or can also be used in breeding programmes to exploit heterosis or to isolate transgressive segregants with desirable traits.
Open Access
Effect of phosphorus and molybdenum on soybean productivity and soil properties in an acid Alfisol
(CSK HPKV, Palampur, 2022-12-13) Sharma, Shweta; Sharma, Sanjay K.
A field experiment was carried out during kharif 2021 on soybean (Glycine max L.) at the experimental farm of Department of Soil Science, COA, CSKHPKV, Palampur. The experiment comprised twelve treatments with four levels of phosphorus (0, 30, 60 and 90 kg P2O5 ha -1 ) and 3 levels of molybdenum (0,1.0 and 2.0 kg Mo ha-1 ), replicated thrice in a randomized block design to evaluate the effect of phosphorus and molybdenum application on soybean productivity and soil properties in an acid Alfisol. Application of 90 kg P2O5 ha-1 and 2.0 kg Mo ha-1 recorded better growth and yield attributes. The interaction was found to be significant on plant height, number of branches plant-1 , number of pods plant-1 , root volume, number of nodules plant-1 , nodule dry weight and was found to be non significant on number of leaves plant-1 , days to 50 % flowering, number of seeds pod-1 , test weight, root dry weight and root mass density. Application of 90 kg P2O5 ha-1 recorded significantly higher grain (24.8 q ha-1 ) and straw yield (39.4 q ha-1 ). Similarly, application of 2.0 kg Mo ha-1 recorded significantly higher grain yield (22.1 q ha -1 ), however no significant increase was seen in straw yield with increasing Mo application. Nutrient uptake (NPK and Mo) by soybean was enhanced with application of 90 kg P2O5 ha-1 and 2.0 kg Mo ha-1 . The interaction was found to be significant only in case of Mo uptake by grains. Application of 90 kg P2O5 ha-1 and 2.0 kg Mo ha-1 recorded higher protein content and protein yield respectively. Soil pH and organic carbon did not show any significant increase with varying P and Mo levels. Available NPK and Mo were significantly higher with application of 90 kg P2O5 ha-1 and 2.0 kg Mo ha-1 . The interaction effect was not significant on available NPK and Mo. Microbiological properties were also enhanced with application of 90 kg P2O5 ha-1 and 2.0 kg Mo ha-1 except urease activity which was not significant with increasing Mo levels. The interaction was found to be non signicant for all the microbiological properties. Highest cost of cultivation, B:C ratio, net returns and gross returns were registered with application of 90 kg P2O5 ha-1 along with 2.0 kg Mo ha-1 . From the present investigation it can be concluded that application of 90 kg P2O5 ha-1 and 2.0 kg Mo ha-1 to soybean crop was ideal for optimum higher grain yield and economic returns.
Open Access
Effect of sowing time and integrated weed management on growth and yield of garden pea
(CSK HPKV, Palampur, 2022-12-15) Walia, Shriya; Katoch, Viveka
The present investigation was undertaken to study the effect of sowing time and integrated weed management on growth and yield of garden pea. The experiment comprising of 20 combinations i.e. four sowing dates (3rd week of October, 1st week of November, 3rd week of November and 4th week of November) and five weed control treatments viz. weedy check, weed-free (3 hand-weedings), imazethapyr 100g/ha (pre-emergence), imazethapyr 75g/ha (pre-emergence) followed by clodinafop 60g/ha ( post-emergence 45-60 DAS) and imazethapyr 75g/ha (pre emergence) + hand weeding was conducted in complete randomized block design with three replications at the Research Farm of Department of Vegetable Science and Floriculture, CSKHPKV, Palampur during rabi 2021-22. Date of sowing and weed control treatments exhibited significant variation on different growth and yield parameters of garden pea. Results revealed that weed count and dry matter accumulation increased with advancement of crop growth and delay in sowing time from 3rd week of October to 4th week of November. Weed-free (3 hand-weedings) and imazethapyr 75g/ha (pre-emergence) + hand weeding provided better weed control compared to the other treatments. Among sowing dates, 3rd week of October resulted in maximum number of primary branches per plant, number of nodes per plant, plant height, number of pods per plant, pod length, number of seeds per pod, pod yield per hectare, shelling percentage, protein content, gross returns, net returns and benefit cost ratio. Among weed control treatments, weed-free (3 hand-weedings) and imazethapyr 75g/ha (pre-emergence) + hand weeding were the most promising treatments for number of pods per plant, pod yield, shelling percentage, haulms yield, seed yield per plant and 100-seed weight. Three hand-weedings (weed-free) gave highest gross returns (2.80 lakh/ha) but highest net return was found in imazethapyr 75g/ha + hand weeding (1.86 lakh/ha). Highest benefit cost ratio was found in imazethapyr 75g/ha + hand weeding (3.08) due to the high labour cost. The interaction effect between sowing dates and weed control treatments reaveled that the new genotype of garden pea, APL5-55 must be sown between 3rd week of October and 1st week of November with application of imazethapyr 75 g/ha + hand-weeding.
Open Access
Economic analysis of marketing and post-harvest losses of cash crops: a comparative analysis
(CSK HPKV, Palampur, 2022-12-28) Katoch, Shagun; Lal, Harbans
Himachal Pradesh offers enormous opportunities to practice cash crops mainly off-season as these have several unique and inherent advantages in terms of agro-climatic conditions and rich biodiversity. These crops offer greater hope for raising farmers out of the poverty due to higher marketable surplus and better prices at markets compared to other crops. Although farmers have succeeded on the production front, they have not achieved appreciably in terms of price realization for their produce. The intermediaries are depriving them of their due share of consumer’s rupee. However, these cash crops are grown in every district of the state without any organized backup of post- harvest management techniques which lead to low productivity and high spoilage of these crops. Therefore, the present study was carried out to work out economic analysis of marketing and post-harvest losses of cash crops in Baijnath (AES-I) and Kangra (AES-II) blocks of district Kangra in the state. The study was based on primary data collected through survey method from 100 vegetable growers selected randomly from 5 randomly selected vegetable growing villages each in AES-I and AES-II. The major findings reveal that cropping pattern of the sample growers was dominated by vegetables as these accounted for 69.69 per cent and 66.04 per cent of the total cropped area in AES-I and AES-II, respectively. The cropping intensity was nearly 202 per cent in AES-I and 209 in AES-II. The total production of vegetables was more in AES-II (74.21 q) than AES-I (43.54 q). The marketable surplus of all the vegetable crops except potato was found to be more than 90 per cent of total production in AES-I while in AES-II, all the vegetables had more than 95 per cent of the marketable surplus. The total marketed surplus of all the vegetables was higher in AES-II (3076.45 q) as compared to AES-I (1388.19 q). Among all vegetables, total marketed surplus per farm was highest for cauliflower (341.50 q) in AES-I while it was highest for bottle gourd (579.33 q) in AES-II. There was post-harvest loss of 2.40 quintal per farm in all the vegetables grown in AES-I. Comparatively, the post-harvest loss in AES-II was 5.20 quintal per farm in all the vegetables. Tomato accounted for the maximum post-harvest loss which alone shared 35.83 per cent and 20.76 per cent of the total loss per farm in AES-I and AES-II, respectively. The independent variables included in the regression model explained about 70.01 to 93.81 per cent variation in the post-harvest losses of all major vegetable crops in both the agro-ecological situations. The growers followed three marketing channels for disposal of vegetables out of which channel I (Producer →Local trader → Retailer→ Consumer) was the most used channel in AES-I by more than 70 per cent of the growers while Channel II (Producer→ Commission agent-cum-wholesaler →Retailer →Consumer) was the most used channel for disposal of vegetables in AES-II by more than 68 per cent of the growers except okra. The producer’s share in consumer rupee was found to be highest in channel-III (Producer-retailer-consumer) ranging from 74 to 81 per cent for all the vegetables in both AES-I and AES-II. High incidence of pest and diseases, lack of scientific storage facilities and unfavourable price received by growers were the important problems faced by the growers. Lack of storage facilities and high loss of produce during transportation were the important problems faced by the traders. The study suggested that small scale post-harvest processing infrastructure should be created in the study area as growers are sustaining huge post-harvest losses affecting returns accruing to them. The efforts should be made to reduce the pre-harvest disease/pest occurrence at growers’ level by educating them

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