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Author: Singh, Gurpreet × End date: 2022 × Start date: 2020 ×
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    Refinement of conventional integrated farming system model with natural farming
    (CSK HPKV, Palampur, 2022-12-12) Singh, Gurpreet; Sharma, Vinod Kumar
    An experiment was carried out in rabi and kharif seasons of 2019-20 and 2020-21 to evaluate the productivity and profitability of integrated farming system under conventional and natural farming in mid-hill conditions of Himachal Pradesh at 1 hectare AICRP-IFS on station research farm (Bhadiarkhar) of Department of Agronomy, CSK Himachal Pradesh Krishi Vishvavidyalaya, Palampur. The objective of the study was to refine existing integrated farming system model with natural farming and to identify and optimize component linkages for profit maximization. Components under study were field crops (CS), vegetable crops, livestock, poultry and mushroom. Farm area between different components was allocated as, 0.65 ha to field crops (4875 m2 under conventional farming, 1625 m2 under natural farming), 0.175 ha to vegetable crops (1050 m2 under conventional farming, 350 m2 under natural farming), 0.10 ha to fodder crops (750 m2 under conventional farming, 250 m2 under natural farming)and 0.075 for livestock, poultry, mushroom and other enterprises (manure pit, vermicompost unit and fodder chopping unit). Comparisons were made on the basis of production and economic benefits of different enterprises. Results revealed that among field crops, “maize + soybean- gobhisarson” and “soybean –wheat” cropping systems performed better under conventional and natural farming, respectively. Among vegetable-based cropping systems, “okra-radish-garlic” and “okra+ soybean-pea” remained economically efficient under conventional and natural farming, respectively. Among different farming systems, integration of CS + Vegetable + Dairy+ Mushroom+ Poultry resulted in highest net returns under conventional farming; whereas under natural farming, combination of CS + Vegetable + Mushroom + Poultry resulted in highest net returns under existing farm plan. Optimization of farming system was done using linear programming. With optimal resource allocation it was predicted that under conventional integrated farming system, maximum returns can be obtained with allocating maximum area and resources to field crops and vegetable cropping systems components. Whereas, maximum returns can be obtained by integrating and allocating available resources to vegetable based cropping systems component and poultry component under natural farming. The study suggests that farm resources were not optimally allocated in existing plan. With modification in existing component combinations emanated from the linear programming net farm profit can be increased.
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    Behaviour and performance of hived honey bees in reduced frame brood chamber
    (CSK HPKV, Palampur, 2022-12-28) Singh, Gurpreet; Kumar Sharma, Surender
    The present investigation entitled “Behaviour and performance of hived honey bees in reduced frame brood chamber” was carried out at CSKHPKV, Bee Research Station, Nagrota Bagwan and at farmer’s apiary adjoining to the station. Standard Langstroth bee hive and its prototypes with comb frame capacities of 7 & 8 frame were used to rear Apis mellifera honeybees and evaluated for colony performance, pest infestation, disease infection and colony hygiene. In case of Asian bee, Apis cerana ISI hive and two modified versions of ISI hive were also tested for performance parameters under mid hill conditions. In case of A. cerana, the significantly highest pollen area (118.35 cm2 ) nectar area (338.96 cm2 ) and bee strength (3.20 bee frames/colony) was recorded in modified 6 frame hive (1" internally reduced) during the month of February followed by 8 frame hive (2" internally reduced) and standard ISI hive. The maximum infestation of wax moth was recorded in ISI hive (14.32 cm2 ) followed by modified 6 frame (9.60 cm2 ) and 8 frame (7.32 cm2 ). The significantly better and highest bee strength in A. mellifera was recorded in 8-frame (9.00 bee frames/colony) in June and also the brood area (3646.70 cm2 ) in April. Peak incidence of European foul brood disease was recorded in 7 frame hive (4.10%) followed by standard LS hive (4.05%) and 8 frame hive (3.84). Maximum average Sac brood virus disease incidence was in 10-frame hive in April (3.10 %) while no disease was observed in 8 frame LS hive. Significantly higher incidence of V. auraria was recorded during August in treatments where LS hive was used to rear the bees. The maximum population of V. basalis (4.53 wasp/5min/colony) and V. tropica (2.01 wasps/5 min/colony) was recorded during September. However, greater wax moth incidence was not severe but it was observed in all the test hives. The colony hygiene in terms of removal of dead larvae after 24- 72 hours was recorded better in reduced chamber hives as compared to LS hive brood chamber. Thus, it could be inferred from the present studies that under mid hills conditions of H.P. during dearth period where A. cerana tends absconding and A, mellifera dwindles, reduced bee frame brood chambers of Langstroth hives for A. mellifera proved better whereas for A. cerana modified version of ISI hive with 6 frames may be suitable.