Theses

In Gaddi goats, the nostrils were slit like passages and were situated obliquely at rostral most part of the head. The mean length and width at centre of the nostril was 2.79 cm and 0.31cm respectively. The nostrils were lined by keratinized stratified squamous epithelium. Nasal cavity of goat was conical, slightly bloated in the centre. The pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelial lining of the mucosa contained ciliated columnar cells, goblet cells and basal cells. The submucosal branched tubule-alveolar glands were found throughout the nasal cavity. The nasal cavity had three nasal turbinate bones viz. dorsal, ventral and middle. The dorsal turbinate was the longest and widest one. The mean length of the dorsal turbinate was 11.47 ± 0.48 cm. The middle turbinate was pyramidal shaped having a shelf like arrangement. The mean length of the middle and ventral turbinates were 5.07± 0.17and 9.58 ± 0.54 cms respectively. The lamina of the ventral turbinate was divided into dorsal and ventral scrolls. The dorsal scroll had 2 turns, while the ventral had only 1 turn. The common nasal meatus was divided into dorsal, middle and ventral by the turbinates. The goblet cells and nasal glands showed strong reaction for PAS, Alcian Blue and Bromophenol Blue in nasal cavity. The nasopharyngeal mucosa was undulating and was lined by pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium. Larynx was made up of unpaired epiglottis, thyroid and cricoid cartilages in anterio-posterior sequence and the paired arytenoid cartilages were placed rostro-dorsally.The apex of arytenoid cartilages did not show well defined corniculate process in Gaddi goat. Thyroid cartilage was the largest cartilage of the larynx. Epiglottis Cartilage was cordate leaf like. The trachea was composed of forty two to forty eight cartilaginous rings. The right apical bronchus originated at 37thor 38th ring. The tracheal bifurcation into two principle bronchi occurred at the level of 5th rib. Total length of the trachea was 26.86 ± 0.45 cm. The mean outer vertical diameter and mean outer transverse diameter were20.19 ± 0.99 mmand 18.19 ± 0.72 mm respectively.The outer vertical diameter was maximum at the level of 35th tracheal ring, where as the outer transverse diameter was minimum there. The rings of trachea were incomplete dorsally. The trachealis muscles was present on the inner aspect to join the free ends of the tracheal cartilages.In Trachea goblet cells, tracheal glands and cartilages showed strong reaction for PAS, Alcian Blue and Bromophenol Blue.

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