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ThesisItem Open Access STUDIES ON INFLUENCE OF CROPPING SYSTEMS ON SOIL PROPERTIES(CSK HPKV, Palampur, 22-07-19) Dhiman, Shubham; Datt, NaveenA field experiment was conducted during the years 2017-18 at Bhadiarkhar farm, Department of Agronomy, Forages and Grassland Management, CSKHPKV, Palampur to evaluate effect of eight cropping systems viz. rice-wheat, rice-pea-summer squash, okra-radish-onion, turmeric-pea-summer squash, rice-lettuce-potato+coriander, rice-palak-cucumber, rice-broccoli-radish and colocasia-pea+coriander on various soil properties and productivity. The experiment was laid out in randomized block design and was replicated four times. The soil of experiment site was silty clay loam in texture, acidic in reaction (5.3), medium in available nitrogen (362.4 kg ha-1), high in available phosphorus (73.6 kg ha-1) and medium in available potassium (115.2 kg ha-1). Study of one year revealed that rice-pea-summer squash resulted in higher microbial population, microbial biomass carbon and dehydrogenase activity. Higher available K and lower bulk density were recorded in turmeric-pea-summer squash. Colocasia-pea+coriander resulted in higher available N and DTPA-Fe. Better available phosphorus and phosphatase activity were recorded in rice-palak-cucumber. Rice-palak-cucumber cropping system resulted in the highest rice grain equivalent yield (16,477 kg ha-1) compared to the traditional rice-wheat system. Maximum returns (Rs 2,19,828), benefit cost ratio (1.76) and productivity (63.6 kg ha-1 day-1) were also recorded from this system. The yield was significantly and positively correlated with available nitrogen, DTPA-Fe, microbial population, microbial biomass carbon and dehydrogenase activity. Therefore, farmers should substitute existing rice-wheat cropping system with rice-based vegetable systems for improved soil properties, productivity and returns.ThesisItem Open Access EFFECT OF FERTIGATION AND DRIP IRRIGATION ON PRODUCTIVITY OF TOMATO UNDER PROTECTED ENVIRONMENT.(CSK HPKV, Palampur., 2019-07) Singh, Jaspreet; Sandal, Sanjeev K.The present study was conducted at experimental farm of CSKHPKV, Palampur during the year 2018 with the objectives to study the effects of fertigation and drip irrigation schedule on soil, water productivity, crop productivity and NPK uptake. The treatments comprised of two drip irrigation levels DI1 (drip irrigation applied from week 1 to 2 @ 1.0 PE, week 3 to 8 @ 0.4 PE, week 9 to 14 @ 0.6 PE, week 15 to 20 @ 0.8 PE, week 21 to 24 @ 1.0 PE) and DI2 (Drip irrigation applied @ 1.0 PE from week 1 to till harvest) with five nutrient schedules viz., T1 100 % NPK applied through conventional method (C), T2 (C + 100 % N fertigation), T3 (C + 100 % NK fertigation), T4 (C+ 100 % NPK fertigation) and T5 (50 % NPK applied through Conventional method + 150 % through NPK fertigation). The tomato (lycopersicum esculentum) crop was transplanted on April 20, 2018. The results indicated that the soil water content and soil water stock was higher under DI2 and lower under DI1 treatments. The plant height and relative leaf water content (RLWC), biological yield and fruit quality parameter (titrable acidity) and root length were significantly higher under DI2 and lower under DI1 treatments. Among nutrient schedules, plant height, root weight, root length, ascorbic acid, titrable acidity, total soluble solids, biological yield, total NPK uptake were significantly higher under T5 and lower under T1. However, the root volume was significantly higher under T3 and lower in T1. The gross return was highest under T5D2 and lowest under T1D1. The B: C ratio was highest in T3D2 and lowest under T1DI1.The study concluded that the drip irrigation level DI2 (Drip irrigation applied @ 1.0 PE from week 1 to till harvest) and fertigation treatment T5 (50 % NPK through applied conventional method + 150 % through NPK fertigation) were the optimum treatments for obtaining maximum crop productivity.ThesisItem Open Access EFFECT OF FERTIGATION AND DRIP IRRIGATION ON PRODUCTIVITY OF TOMATO UNDER PROTECTED ENVIRONMENT(CSKHPKV, Palampur, 2019-07) Singh, Jaspreet; Sandal, Sanjeev K.The present study was conducted at experimental farm of CSKHPKV, Palampur during the year 2018 with the objectives to study the effects of fertigation and drip irrigation schedule on soil, water productivity, crop productivity and NPK uptake. The treatments comprised of two drip irrigation levels DI1 (drip irrigation applied from week 1 to 2 @ 1.0 PE, week 3 to 8 @ 0.4 PE, week 9 to 14 @ 0.6 PE, week 15 to 20 @ 0.8 PE, week 21 to 24 @ 1.0 PE) and DI2 (Drip irrigation applied @ 1.0 PE from week 1 to till harvest) with five nutrient schedules viz., T1 100 % NPK applied through conventional method (C), T2 (C + 100 % N fertigation), T3 (C + 100 % NK fertigation), T4 (C+ 100 % NPK fertigation) and T5 (50 % NPK applied through Conventional method + 150 % through NPK fertigation). The tomato (lycopersicum esculentum) crop was transplanted on April 20, 2018. The results indicated that the soil water content and soil water stock was higher under DI2 and lower under DI1 treatments. The plant height and relative leaf water content (RLWC), biological yield and fruit quality parameter (titrable acidity) and root length were significantly higher under DI2 and lower under DI1 treatments. Among nutrient schedules, plant height, root weight, root length, ascorbic acid, titrable acidity, total soluble solids, biological yield, total NPK uptake were significantly higher under T5 and lower under T1. However, the root volume was significantly higher under T3 and lower in T1. The gross return was highest under T5D2 and lowest under T1D1. The B: C ratio was highest in T3D2 and lowest under T1DI1.The study concluded that the drip irrigation level DI2 (Drip irrigation applied @ 1.0 PE from week 1 to till harvest) and fertigation treatment T5 (50 % NPK through applied conventional method + 150 % through NPK fertigation) were the optimum treatments for obtaining maximum crop productivity.ThesisItem Open Access STUDIES ON HEAVY METALS CONTAMINATION ALONG NATIONAL HIGHWAY SOILS AND PLANTS ECOSYSTEM IN HIMACHAL PRADESH.(CSKHPKV, Palampur, 2019-07) Khatkar, Ameesh; Parmar, D. K.The unique geographical position and special climate environment have attracted more and more tourists to Himachal Pradesh and consequently, affecting the environment gradually by vehicular exhaust because environment in this state is rarely affected by other anthropogenic activities. The present study entitled “Studies on heavy metals contamination along national highway soils and plants ecosystem in Himachal Pradesh” was therefore, designed to assess the extent of heavy metals concentration in roadside soils and plants along NH-21 and to characterize soil and plant samples into safe/toxic levels. The selected study sites of current study were Dadour, Nagchala, Takoli, Nagwain and Jhiri in Mandi district and Kais, Kararsu, Raison, Katrain and Patlikuhal in Kullu district. One rural road in each district was also taken as a background sampling site (Rahala in Mandi and Dobhi in Kullu) to compare the extent of heavy metals with that of NH-21. Soil and fruit samples of commercially grown tomato and apple were collected at 0 m, 50 m, 100 m, 200 m, 300 m, 400 m and 500 m on both sides of NH-21. The sampling was done during peak tourist season starting from first week of May, 2018 till last week of July 2018. Surface soil samples collected at above mentioned sites were processed, digested and analyzed for heavy metals following standard methods. Similarly, fruit samples of tomato from each site in Mandi district and apple fruits in Kullu district were processed, digested and analyzed for heavy metals using standard techniques. Means were used to assess the contamination levels of heavy metals in soil and fruit samples at each site and comparison was done with maximum permissible limits set by WHO/FAO. Correlation carried out to determine the relationships between sampling locations from road and soil properties and heavy metal in both soil and edible plant parts. The results of current study revealed that samples taken next to the road were characterized by higher values of soil pH, EC and heavy metals in soil as well as in tomato and apple fruits. Decreased values of measured variables in soils and plant were recorded along with an increase in the distance from the national highway. The concentration of heavy metals were in sequence Fe > Mn > Zn > Cu > Pb > Cr > As > Hg for soil and Mn > Zn > Cu > Fe >Pb > As > Cr > Hg for plant. However, Hg in soil was detected only at Dadour and Nagchala sampling sites in Mandi, whereas it was below the detection limit in other sampling sites of Mandi and Kullu district. The roadside surface soil as well as tomato and apple fruit samples were relatively contaminated with heavy metals. The results of this study revealed elevated values of heavy metals e.g. Fe, Zn, Pb and As in soil and Cu, Zn, Pb and As in plant. On the other hand, Cu, Mn, Cr and Hg in soil and Fe, Mn, Cr and Hg in plant were below the maximum permissible limits as set by WHO/FAO. The results of correlation analysis between the levels of the heavy metals and varying sampling distances from road along two sides (left and right) from each of the sampling sites revealed a significant (p ≤ 0.01) but negative correlation. The observed negative correlation values depicted that concentration of heavy metals in soil and plant decreased with increase in sampling distances from the road. These heavy metals are cumulative poisons and their values need to be below the proposed maximum tolerable levels fixed by the FAO/WHO. It is therefore, recommended that the levels of heavy metals in soils and plants should be constantly monitored.ThesisItem Open Access LONG TERM EFFECT OF PRESCRIPTION BASED FERTILIZER APPLICATION ON ZINC FRACTIONS IN SOIL.(CSKHPKV, Palampur, 22-06-19) Choudhary, Deeksha; Dixit, S. P.The presentt iinvesttiigattiion was carriied outt on wheatt duriing rabii,, 2017-18 tto sttudy tthe effectt of prescriipttiion based ferttiilliizer applliicattiion on diifferentt fracttiions of ziinc iin a llong tterm experiimentt iiniittiiatted duriing khariiff,, 2007 att tthe experiimenttall farm of tthe Departtmentt of Soiill Sciience CSK HPKV,, Pallampur.. The experiimentt was llaiid outt iin a randomiized bllock desiign consiisttiing of eiightt ttreattmentts.. The soiill of experiimenttall fiielld was siilltty cllay lloam iin ttextture,, pH 5..2,, organiic carbon 7..2 g kg--1 and avaiillablle N,, P and K sttattus was 236,, 41 and 272 kg ha--1,, respecttiivelly.. The soiill samplles from 0- 0..15 m soiill deptth were collllectted before and aftter harvestt of wheatt.. The soiill samplles were anallyzed for physiicall,, chemiicall,, biiollogiicall properttiies and diifferentt fracttiions of ziinc iin soiill att harvestt of tthe crop.. Graiin and sttraw samplles were collllectted from each pllott and anallyzed for N,, P,, K,, Fe,, Mn,, Zn,, Cu conttentt and ttheiir upttake by graiin and sttraw of wheatt.. The sttudy revealled tthatt tthe ttargett yiielld of 35 q ha--1 wiitth FYM resulltted iin hiighestt wheatt graiin yiielld (34..9 q ha--1) and sttraw yiielld (58..4 q ha--1).. In prescriipttiion based ferttiilliizer applliicattiion for ttargetted yiielld of 25 q ha--1 wiitth and wiitthoutt FYM a siigniifiicantt hiigher graiin and sttraw yiielld was recorded as compared tto ttreattmentts where ferttiilliizer was applliied as per soiill ttestt based and generall recommended dose.. A siigniifiicantt iimprovementt iin nuttriientts upttake was recorded iin ttargett yiielld ttreattmentts wiitth FYM as compared tto wiitthoutt FYM ttreattmentts.. The DTPA-exttracttablle miicronuttriientt cattiions,, organiic carbon,, and miicrobiiall biiomass carbon were hiigher iin 25 and 35 q ha--1 ttargett yiielld ttreattmentts wiitth FYM iin compariison tto restt of tthe ttreattmentts.. The conttiinuous use of chemiicall ferttiilliizers broughtt outt marked depllettiion iin tthe poolls of Zn,, whiille iinttegratted applliicattiion of FYM and chemiicall ferttiilliizers recorded rellattiivelly hiigher conttentt of poolls of Zn over chemiicall ferttiilliizer applliicattiion.. Resiiduall Zn was tthe mostt domiinantt fracttiion of ziinc conttriibuttiing aboutt 49..94 per centt and non-speciifiicalllly adsorbed exchangeablle ziinc was tthe lleastt domiinantt fracttiion of ziinc conttriibuttiing aboutt 0..43 per centt tto ttottall ziinc..ThesisItem Open Access LONG TERM EFFECT OF PRESCRIPTION BASED FERTILIZER APPLICATION ON ZINC FRACTIONS IN SOIL(CSKHPKV, Palampur, 22-06-19) Choudhary, Deeksha; Dixit, S. P.The presentt iinvesttiigattiion was carriied outt on wheatt duriing rabii,, 2017-18 tto sttudy tthe effectt of prescriipttiion based ferttiilliizer applliicattiion on diifferentt fracttiions of ziinc iin a llong tterm experiimentt iiniittiiatted duriing khariiff,, 2007 att tthe experiimenttall farm of tthe Departtmentt of Soiill Sciience CSK HPKV,, Pallampur.. The experiimentt was llaiid outt iin a randomiized bllock desiign consiisttiing of eiightt ttreattmentts.. The soiill of experiimenttall fiielld was siilltty cllay lloam iin ttextture,, pH 5..2,, organiic carbon 7..2 g kg--1 and avaiillablle N,, P and K sttattus was 236,, 41 and 272 kg ha--1,, respecttiivelly.. The soiill samplles from 0- 0..15 m soiill deptth were collllectted before and aftter harvestt of wheatt.. The soiill samplles were anallyzed for physiicall,, chemiicall,, biiollogiicall properttiies and diifferentt fracttiions of ziinc iin soiill att harvestt of tthe crop.. Graiin and sttraw samplles were collllectted from each pllott and anallyzed for N,, P,, K,, Fe,, Mn,, Zn,, Cu conttentt and ttheiir upttake by graiin and sttraw of wheatt.. The sttudy revealled tthatt tthe ttargett yiielld of 35 q ha--1 wiitth FYM resulltted iin hiighestt wheatt graiin yiielld (34..9 q ha--1) and sttraw yiielld (58..4 q ha--1).. In prescriipttiion based ferttiilliizer applliicattiion for ttargetted yiielld of 25 q ha--1 wiitth and wiitthoutt FYM a siigniifiicantt hiigher graiin and sttraw yiielld was recorded as compared tto ttreattmentts where ferttiilliizer was applliied as per soiill ttestt based and generall recommended dose.. A siigniifiicantt iimprovementt iin nuttriientts upttake was recorded iin ttargett yiielld ttreattmentts wiitth FYM as compared tto wiitthoutt FYM ttreattmentts.. The DTPA-exttracttablle miicronuttriientt cattiions,, organiic carbon,, and miicrobiiall biiomass carbon were hiigher iin 25 and 35 q ha--1 ttargett yiielld ttreattmentts wiitth FYM iin compariison tto restt of tthe ttreattmentts.. The conttiinuous use of chemiicall ferttiilliizers broughtt outt marked depllettiion iin tthe poolls of Zn,, whiille iinttegratted applliicattiion of FYM and chemiicall ferttiilliizers recorded rellattiivelly hiigher conttentt of poolls of Zn over chemiicall ferttiilliizer applliicattiion.. Resiiduall Zn was tthe mostt domiinantt fracttiion of ziinc conttriibuttiing aboutt 49..94 per centt and non-speciifiicalllly adsorbed exchangeablle ziinc was tthe lleastt domiinantt fracttiion of ziinc conttriibuttiing aboutt 0..43 per centt tto ttottall ziinc..ThesisItem Open Access SOIL HEALTH ASSESSMENT IN TEA GARDENS OF HIMACHAL PRADESH.(CSKHPKV, Palampur, 2019-07) Gill, Ankit; Sharma, V.K.The soiill healltth assessmentt proviides an iinsiightt iintto soiill-rellatted consttraiintts and pottenttiialls for susttaiinablle agriiculltturall pllanniing.. In tthe presentt iinvesttiigattiion,, 37 ttea orchards were sellectted att random from ttea growiing areas of Hiimachall Pradesh tto sttudy variious soiill healltth iindiices// attttriibuttes iin surface (0 - 0..30 m) and sub-surface (0..30 – 0..60 m) soiills and assess soiill healltth sttattus of ttea gardens on tthe basiis of recommended sett of soiill healltth iindiicattors.. As regards diisttriibuttiion of soiill healltth iindiices,, physiicall soiill attttriibuttes iin surface soiill viiz..,, ttextturall cllass,, bullk densiitty (Mg m--3),, porosiitty (%) and watter sttablle aggregattes (%) ranged from lloamy sand tto sandy cllay,, 1..07 tto 1..58,, 40 tto 58 and 26 tto 59,, whereas chemiicall attttriibuttes,, namelly soiill pH (1ThesisItem Open Access EFFECT OF CONTINUOUS APPLICATION OF FERTILIZERS AND AMENDMENTS ON PRODUCTIVITY, QUALITY OF MAIZE (Zea mays L.) AND SOIL HEALTH IN AN ACID ALFISOL(CSKHPKV, Palampur, 2019-06) Thakur, Anjali; Sharma, R.P.The prresentt iinvesttiigattiion was carrrriied outt iin an on--goiing llong--tterrm fferrttiilliizerr experriimentt,, iiniittiiatted durriing 1972 att experriimenttall ffarrm off Deparrttmentt off Soiill Sciience,, CSK HPKV Pallampurr,, tto sttudy tthe effffectt off conttiinuous applliicattiion off fferrttiilliizerrs and amendmentts on prroducttiiviitty,, qualliitty off maiize ((Zea mays L..)) and soiill healltth iin an aciid Allffiisoll underr maiize--wheatt crroppiing systtem.. The experriimentt consiistted off elleven ttrreattmentts.. The soiill off tthe experriimenttall siitte was siilltt lloam and cllassiiffiied ttaxonomiicalllly as Typiic Haplludallff.. Soiill samplles,, collllectted ffrrom ttwo deptths viiz..,, 0--0..15 and 0..15--0..30 m afftterr tthe harrvestt off maiize ((khariiff 2018)),, werre anallysed fforr detterrmiinattiion off diifffferrentt physiicall ((bullk densiitty,, parrttiiclle densiitty,, porrosiitty and watterr holldiing capaciitty)),, chemiicall ((pH,, SOC,, avaiillablle N,, P,, K,, Ca,, Mg,, Fe,, Mn,, Zn and Cu)) and biiollogiicall parrametterrs ((MBC,, MBN and dehydrrogenase acttiiviitty)).. Grraiin and sttoverr samplles werre allso collllectted and anallyzed tto callcullatte nuttrriientt upttake and assess grraiin qualliitty parrametterrs.. Conttiinuous applliicattiion off fferrttiilliizerrs and amendmentts fforr fforrtty--siix yearrs siigniiffiicanttlly iinfflluenced tthe yiielld and nuttrriientt upttake by maiize.. The ttrreattmentt comprriisiing 100 perr centt NPK + FYM rrecorrded tthe hiighestt grraiin (46..47 q ha--1) and sttoverr yiielld (77..00 q ha--1) and nuttrriientt upttake and was att parr wiitth 100 perr centt NPK + lliime.. Omiissiion off S and K decrreased tthe grraiin yiielld by 55..1 and 52..6 perr centt,, rrespecttiivelly,, wherreas conttiinuous applliicattiion off N allone rresulltted iin zerro yiielld.. IInttegrrattiion off FYM and 100 perr centt NPK iimprroved tthe qualliitty off maiize grraiin and rrecorrded hiighestt vallue off crrude prrotteiin,, crrude ffatt,, crrude ffiibrre,, carrbohydrrattes,, sttarrch,, rreduciing and non--rreduciing sugarr,, ash and llowestt moiistturre conttentt.. Addiittiion off manurre orr lliime allong wiitth rrecommended dose off fferrttiilliizerrs iimprroved tthe soiill healltth iin tterrms off physiicall,, chemiicall and biiollogiicall prroperrttiies off soiill.. Diifffferrentt soiill healltth parrametterrs werre siigniiffiicanttlly and posiittiivelly corrrrellatted wiitth grraiin and sttoverr yiielld and qualliitty ttrraiitts off maiize exceptt bullk densiitty whiich was negattiivelly corrrrellatted.ThesisItem Open Access EFFECT OF IRRIGATION AND NUTRIENT MANAGEMENT ON PRODUCTIVITY OF GOBHI SARSON (Brassica napus L.) UNDER CONSERVATION TILLAGE(CSKHPKV, Palampur, 2019-06) Bijani, Hemali; Sharma, Sanjay K.The present study was conducted at experimental farm of CSK HPKV, Palampur, during the year 2017-18 with the objectives to evaluating the effect of irrigation levels and nutrient management on yield and nutrient uptake by gobhi sarson (Brassica napus L.) under conservation tillage and to study the effect of various treatments on soil properties. Twelve treatments comprised three irrigation levels viz., I1 (no irrigation), I2 (50% i.e. 25 mm irrigation at critical stages) and I3 (100% i.e. 50 mm irrigation at critical stages) in main plots and four nutrient management (NM) levels viz., NM1 (FYM @ 25 t ha-1), NM2 (FYM @ 20 t ha-1 + 50%NPK), NM3 (FYM @ 10 t ha-1 + 75%NPK) and NM4 (100%NPK) in sub plots were evaluated in a split plot design. Gobhi sarson (var. GSC-7) was sown on 24 November 2017. Irrigation with 25 mm water (I2) at 40 DAS (vegetative growth stage) and 130 DAS (siliqua development stage) improved the plant height (cm) and no. of primary and secondary branches, no. of siliquae per plant, no. of seeds per siliqua of crop and finally enhanced the yield of crop significantly in comparison to rainfed conditions (I1). Further increase in irrigation level to I3 at the respective irrigation stages, however, did not enhance the yield. Among nutrient management practices significantly better growth and yield attributes were observed under INM treatment involving NM3 which resulted in significantly highest seed yield (13.50 q ha-1) followed by NM2 and NM4. The minimum growth and seed yield (10.27 q ha-1) of crop was observed in the plots receiving 25 t ha-1 FYM only. Effects of irrigation and nutrient management levels on 1000-seed weight and harvest index were not significant. The uptake of different nutrients viz; N, P, K, S, Fe, Mn, Cu and Zn by gobhi sarson in general, followed the yield trend. Crude protein content (15.63%) were higher under I3 level of irrigation and NM3 level of nutrient management (15.38%). Soil pH and organic carbon at surface (0-0.15 m) and sub-surface (0.15-0.30 m) layers were not affected by irrigation as well as nutrient management levels. Water holding capacity and available N, P, K, S and micronutrient cations (Fe, Mn, Cu and Zn) in soil increased significantly by integrated nutrient management levels over sole chemical and organic application but irrigation levels did not bring significant change in their contents. Total water use efficiency (TWUE) was not affected by irrigation levels but nutrient management levels had significant influence on it. Irrigation water use efficiency (IWUE) decreased with increase in irrigation levels, whereas among nutrient management levels integrated plots increased it. The highest gross return (Rs. 66,063 ha-1) and net return (Rs. 33,407 ha-1) were obtained under combination I3NM3 whereas highest B: C ratio obtained with combination of I2NM4 (2.47).