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Open Access
IDENTIFICATION OF BACTERIAL CRITICAL POINTS AND ANTIBACTERIAL EFFECT OF LACTIC ACID ON BEEF CARCASS
(College of Veterinary and animal Science,Mannuthy, 1994) K. RAJEEV; M. Soman
During the process of slaughter and subsequent processing, the beef carcass is exposed to bacterial contamination. Bacterial load is one of the parameters for assessment of the sanitary conditions in slaughter operations. It is tedious and time consuming to evaluate bacterial load of carcass surface as a whole. Therefore assessment of bacterial load on certain points (critical points) in the carcass which are more frequently exposed to contaminants will help in quick assessment of sanitary standard. in the present study six critical points were selected on beef carcasses to evaluate the bacterial contamination. Carcasses from two slaughter houses differing in infrastructural facilities were used for this assessment and comparison. There was significant difference in the level of bacterial contamination on critical points of carcasses obtained from the two sources. Significant difference was noticed between points as well. Among the critical points, neck-lateral has shown highest level of contamination. This may be due to chances of exposure to contaminants during bleeding and flaying. The abdomen-medial was comparatively less contaminated. In spite of conscious precautions, carcasses invariably get contaminated. m order to minimise the bacterial load on carcass at the end of slaughter line, washing carcass with sanitizers is one of the methods adopted in meat trade. Lactic acid one per cent solution, when used as sanitizer for washing beef carcasses immediately after slaughter, has shown significant reduction in total viable count, conform count and faecal streptococcal count estimated 1 h after treatment. When hot lactic acid solution at 70°C was used for washing, significant reduction in the above counts in comparison to the first treatment was observed. This added benefit can be attributed to the enhanced temperature of the solution. it is concluded that one per cent lactic acid solution, preferably at 70oc, can be effectively used as a sanitizer on beef carcass surface for reduction of initial bacterial load and this helps in prolonging the storage life under the retail marketing condition.
Open Access
EFFECT OF ANTHELMINTIC TREATMENT ON MILK PRODUCTION IN SUBCLINICAL NEMATODE INFECTIONS OF COWS
(College of Veterinary and animal Science,Mannuthy, 1994) MAJOR K. G. RAJASEKHARAN NAIR; K. RAJAMOHANAN
A Study was conducted on the incidence of subclinical gastrointestinal nematodiasis in diary cows and heifers, and the effect of anthelmintic treatment on their milk production. It was found that all the animals examined in the two livestock farms of Kerala Agricultural University were harbouring the infection. Faecal culture was found to be the method of choice for detection of nematode infection when compared to microscopical examination of faeces. The nematodes involved, as identified by morphological examination of infective larvae were, Trichostronqylus sp., Haemonchus sp., Cooperia sp. and Oesophagostomum sp. Of these, Trichostronqylus sp. was the commonest one. Albendazole at a dose of 7.5 mg per kg body weight was administered to the animals to detect the effect of anthelmintic treatment on their milk production. A positive influence, albeit not statistically significant, was observed in all the treated groups of animals. Evaluation of heamatological parameters, PCV, Hb, TRBC and TLC did not show any variation before and after treatment. The study proved that anthelmintic treatment of dairy cattle in late pregnancy and early lactation can improve their milk production.
Open Access
THE STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION OF THE SHELL GLAND IN JAPANESE QUAIL UNDER DIFFERENT LEVELS OF DIETARY CALCIUM
(College of Veterinary and animal Science,Mannuthy, 1994) P. T. PHILOMINA; M.G. Ramakrishna Pillai
Literature available on the physiological aspects of egg production in Japanese quail is scanty and many lacunae exist in the knowledge of various mechanisms involved in the formation of egg. Under the modern practice of intensive quail husbandry it is often found that the egg shells of Japanese quail are becoming thinner, more fragile and easily broken. Consequently, safety in transportation and marketability of these eggs are considerably reduced. Hence it was thought worthwhile to investigate some of the factors involved in egg production, more especially the egg shell formation. In the present investigation attempts were made to elucidate the mechanism of the egg shell formation with respect to the structural and functional peculiarities of the shell gland in Japanese quail (Coturnix coturnix "japonica) under different dietary levels of pre-laying and layer calcium. The study envisaged histological, histochemical peculiarities of the shell gland; the mineral (calcium and inorganic phosphorus) and enzyme (ALP and ACP) profile of the plasma and shell gland. The influence of dietary calcium on the body weight, development of the oviduct, egg production and egg shell quality was also investigated. Japanese quails attained sexual maturity early at the sixth week of age, by which time they attained a body weight of 131.8 + 0.600 g and started egg production. The birds grew at a faster rate in the early weeks, came into peak production at the 16th week of age, and the trend continued even at the 24th week of age, with a body weight of 198.033 + 0.220 g for good production. The length and weight of the oviduct increased from the sixth to 24th week of age. The variation in length and weight of the shell gland from the 16th and 24th week was marginal. Growth rate was almost marginal from the 16th week onwards. Histologically the quail shell gland showed similar structure to that of the domestic fowl except for the tunica muscularis. The inner circular muscle layer was thicker and outer longitudinal layer was thinner. As age advanced, at the 16th and 24th week of age the mucosal foldings were numerous. The inner circular muscle layer became thicker and even this layer invaded the lamina propria and the vascularity in the connective tissue core of the tunica muscularis increased. The egg quality traits such as egg weight, shell weight, shell thickness, shape index and specific gravity markedly improved as age advanced from the sixth to 16th week. From the 16th to 24th week the egg quality was lowered with an increase in egg weight, lowering of shell weight, shell thickness and specific gravity. Dietary calcium significantly influenced the body weight, egg production, shell quality, histology of the shell gland and mineral and enzyme profile of plasma. Birds exhibited optimum growth, and production at higher pre-laying and layer dietary calcium levels. Pre laying dietary calcium level of 0.7 to 0.9 per cent and layer level of 3 per cent were found to be optimum in quail ration. As far as the oviduct development is concerned, pre-laying dietary calcium had negligible influence, whereas layer dietary calcium level of 2.5 per cent was just sufficient for optimum development of oviduct/shell gland. Histologically the only difference noticed in highest (3.5%) layer dietary # calcium fed quails was the increased vascularity in their connective tissue core of the lamina propria of the shell gland. There was a positive correlation between dietary calcium (pre-laying and layer) level and plasma calcium concentration at the sixth, and 16th week of age. But at the 24th week of age only layer dietary calcium induced such a relationship. As age advanced, pre-laying dietary calcium became insignificant. In the case of plasma inorganic phosphate concentration, there existed a negative correlation to that of pre-laying and layer dietary calcium levels at all the age groups of quails. It may be emphasized in this context that the extent of the negative correlation existing between plasma inorganic phosphate and pre-laying and layer dietary calcium levels was considerably lower. The concentration of calcium and inorganic phosphorus in the plasma and shell gland were uninfluenced by the age. The shell gland concentration of calcium and inorganic phosphorus was lower compared to their plasma level. These minerals were not stored in the shell gland for shell calcification. At the time of calcification calcium was transferred from the plasma (blood) to the shell gland and then to the shell. Dietary calcium significantly influenced the plasma concentration. Plasma enzyme concentration of ALP and ACP was negatively correlated with dietary calcium (pre-laying and layer) levels, whereas the shell gland ALP concentration was uninfluenced by the dietary calcium and age and its concentration was very low compared to those of plasma ALP and shell gland ACP. Shell gland ALP was unimportant in shell formation. Histochemical localisation of the shell gland ALP was in confirmation with that of quantitative estimation. Shell gland ACP content was comparatively higher than ALP, which was also in agreement with histochemical localisation. Shell gland ACP may be involved in the transfer of calcium from the plasma to the shell through the shell gland mucosa# since its level in the shell gland was higher and influenced by dietary calcium. Variation in the plasma concentration of ALP and ACP as influenced by dietary calcium levels were related to the cyclic medullary bone formation and resorption which is a normal feature in laying birds. Variations in the dietary calcium induced changes in the concentration of plasma minerals and enzymes supported the view that dietary calcium is important for proper shell formation. Higher level of dietary calcium improved the egg shell quality, egg production and body weight. Pre-laying dietary calcium level of 0.7 to 0.9 per cent and layer level of of 3 per cent were found to be optimum in quail ration.
Open Access
METABOLIC PROFILE OF DOWNER COW' SYNDROME
(COLLEGE OF VETERINARY AND ANIMAL SCIENCES-MANNUTHY,THRISSUR, 1994) MHACHUVINO CATHERINE KHATSU; K.M. Alikutty
The metabolic profile of 'Downer Cow' Syndrome in field condition was studied. Fourteen field cases of 'Downers' in crossbred dairy cows aged three to thirteen years, ranging from 250 to 300 kg body weight from Trichur district were selected at random and utilized for the study. Fourteen apparently healthy crossbred dairy cows of similar age group and body weight, maintained under similar conditions of feeding and management from the area from which the clinical cases studied were also selected at random and utilized as the healthy controls. Samples of blood for haematological and biochemical parameters, urine and dung from both healthy and diseased animals were collected and analysed using standard methods. Analyses of the data from fourteen diseased animals indicated a higher incidence in Jersey crossbred cows during summer season. Prominent clinical signs were sternal recumbency exhibiting hindquarter weakness and reduced feed and water intake. However, the affected animals remained bright and alert with no evidence of any systemic disturbances. The clinical data were within physiological limit. Highly significant increase in PCV and significant increase in Hb but no significant difference in ESR, RBC and WBC were observed. Lymphopenia, neutrophilia and eosinopenia were observed with no variation in ta sophils and monocytes counts. Biochemically, hypocalcaemia, hypophosphataemia, hypoproteinaemia and hypoalbuminaemia were obtained from 'Downers' with no significant variation in blood glucose, urea nitrogen, sodium, potassium, magnesium and albumin/globulin ratio. Urinalysis revealed no consistent result indicative of any systemic involvement and no parasitism on dung examination microscopically.
Open Access
PREPARATION OF MOZZARELLA CHEESE USING SKIM MILK FILLED WITH COCONUT MILK
(COLLEGE OF VETERINARY AND ANIMAL SCIENCES-MANNUTHY,THRISSUR, 1994) GNANA SELVA JOHNSON; M. MUKUNDAN
A detailed study was carried out to determine the quality of coconut fat filled milk for the preparation of Mozzarella cheese and whey drinks. Literatures based on filled milk products has been reviewed, apart from the preparation of cheese and whey drinks. The control samples of Mozzarella cheese and whey drinks were prepared using cow's milk. Experiment I products were prepared from milk in which 50 per cent of milk fat was replaced with coconut fat. Experiment II products were prepared from cheese milk in which 100 per; cent of milk fat was replaced with coconut fat. All the samples of milk were standardized to 4 per cent fat. A total of 6 trials were carried out to obtain reliable data for statistical analysis. The acidity, pH, stretchability and EDM content were found to be similar in control, experiment I and II Mozzarella cheese. Eventhough, the control Mozzarella cheese were found to have slightly higher yield, protein, fat and lower moisture content, the experiment I and II. Mozzarella cheese also satisfied the requirements for good quality Mozzarella cheese. The control Mozzarella cheese got maximum score on sensory evaluation than the experiment I and II Mozzarella cheese. Pineapple and Lemon flavoured control, experiment I and II whey drinks were found to be equally acceptable with no difference on storage studies ar 5+1oC. Total bacterial count on whey drinks were also made. The studies revealed that the cow milk in which the milk fat replaced to the extend of 50 per cent and 100 per cent with coconut fat can be effectively utilized for preparation of Mozzarella cheese. The quality of such cheese is comparable with that made from cow milk.
Open Access
CHARACTERISATION AND EVALUATION OF THE DWARF CATTLE OF KERALA
(COLLEGE OF VETERINARY AND ANIMAL SCIENCES-MANNUTHY,THRISSUR, 1994) C. R. GIRIJA; Sosamma lype
The native cattle of Kerala have been treated as non descript animals always eventhough they possess some special features. The dwarf cattle often called as Vechur were very popular in Central Travancore until 35 years back. with the emergence of the crossbred population of cattle the traditionally reared local cattle have gradually suffered genetic erosion. Under this circumstance, the present work was undertaken to characterise and evaluate the germplasm of local dwarf cattle of Kerala by studying (a) the karyotype and morphology of chromosomes using G-banding (b) the population structure by means of gene frequencies of different blood proteins (c) the growth and production performance. The characterisation and the evaluation would help in finding out the genetic differences of the dwarf cattle which will help in deciding about the conservation of their germplasm as a reserve for the future. The dwarf cattle maintained under the ICAR scheme on "Conservation of germplasm of Vechur cattle of the coastal area and the dwarf cattle of the high ranges of Kerala" formed the material for the study. The characterisation and evaluation was carried out through the cytogenetic, immunogenetic and polymorphism studies as well as through the description of the growth and production traits. Karyotype analysis was carried out using peripheral blood leukocyte culture technique described by Hainan (1977) and Hainan (1989) with suitable modifications. G-banding of chromosomes were done by the method described by Thiagarajan, ^19 9!^. Blood protein polymorphism systems^ such as Haemoglobin and transferrin were studied by poly acrylamide gel electrophoresis in horizontal dimension ' y(Cahne et al. ,1977) with suitable modifications. The statistical analysis of the growth and production data were done as suggested by Snedecor and Cochran (1967). The diploid chromosome number of the dwarf cattle was found to be 60, with 29 pairs of autosomes and one pair of sex chromosomes. All the autosomes and the 'Y' chromosome were acrocentric. The X chromosome was submetacentric. The relative length of the autosomes ranged from 1.757 to 5.431 per cent. The relative length of the X and Y chromosomes were found to be 5.591 per cent and 2.875 per cent respectively. In the karyological array, the X chromosome occupied the first position. The X chromosome was biarmed and the arm ratio and centromere index obtained were 2.182 and 0.314 respectively. The karyotype and morphometric measurements resembled the finding in Bos indicus group of cattle. The G-banding pattern of chromosomes revealed 72 regions and 314 G-bands. The Y chromosome had 7 G-bands in the 'q' arm which resembled the 'q' arm of Bos taurus described in the international system for cytogenetic nomenclature of domestic animals. A B There were two haemoglobin variants Hb and Hb and three phenotypes viz. Hb^^, Hb^® and Hb®^, in the population. The heterozygocity was found to be 0.4815. The population was found to be in genetic equilibrium with respect to the Haemoglobin locus. Six transferrin phenotypes controlled by three alleles Tf^, Tf*^ and Tf^ were observed. The frequency of Tf^ (0.359) allele in the dwarf cattle was as high as the frequency of the allele reported in the zebu cattle. The absence of F H N G transferrin variants like Tf , Tf , Tf and Tf and higher frequency of Tf allele are probably indicative of the genetic isolation of the population from exotic breeds. The absence B F of Tf and Tf allele which is present in Gir, Hariana, Kankrej, Kangayam, Ongole, Red Sindhi, Sahiwal and Tharparkar also indicates that the dwarf cattle has not inherited genes from the above cattle breeds. The body weights and measurements of calves at birth studied showed that the male calves had a higher body weight (12.55 + 0.311 kg with a CV of 7.86 per cent) than female calves (10.78 + 0.404 kg with a CV of 15.02 per cent). The same trend was observed with regard to the birth body measurements also. The heart girth measurement and body weight showed a positive correlation from birth to the 24th fortnight. There is a 100 per cent increase in the birth weight by the 5th fortnight and a three-fold increase by the 10th fortnight. The average daily gain in weight for the four periods i.e., fortnights 0-6, 7-12, 13-18 and 19-24 were 0.160 + 0.011, 0.167 + 0.018, 0.212 + 0.011 and 0.139 + 0.015 respectively for female calves, and 0.188 + 0.023, 0.145 + 0.016, 0.116 ^ 0.025, 0.242 + 0.049%respectively in male calves. During the period from birth to 6th fortnight the growth rates in males and females were similar. The gain in body weight per day during the periods from 7 to 12th and 13 to 18th fortnight was comparatively less for males but the trend reversed during the period of fortnights for 19 to 24th. The average body weights of adult females and males were 126.90 + 3.56 kg (CV 16.39%) and 210 + 15.75 kg (CV 14.95%) respectively. The body measurements such as length, heart girth and height (in cms) in females were 97.5 + 1.12 (CV 5.85%), 115.60 + 1.32 (CV 5.82%) and 87.53 + 0.82 (CV 4.82%) respectively. The corresponding figures in males were 111.5 + 3.77 (CV 6.76%), 146.0 + 2.92 (CV 3.99%) and 107.5 + 1.35 (CV 2.50%) respectively. The average body weights and measurements were lesser than those reported in other Indian breeds and crossbred cattle. The total lactation milk production performance of the dwarf cattle was 471.68 + 38.72 kg (cv 45.29%) in an average lactation length of 217 + 16.50 days (CV 32.20%). The average daily yield was 2.17 + 0.11. kg (cv 29.48%). • The dwarf cattle attained a peak yield of 3.71 + 0.16 kg (cv 21.5%) in 23.23 + 1.703 days (CV 37.38%). The milk production performance eventhough was lesser than crossbreds or some recognised Indian breeds, the milk production in comparison with the body size was reasonable. Considering the morphology of the Y chromosome, the Hb as well as Tf polymorphism and their allelic frequencies, it is to be summarised that the stock of dwarf cattle of Kerala maintained at Kerala Agricultural University is gehetically isolated from the other cattle breeds of the country and world. The body size and milk production of the cow indicates its suitabMity for a farmer who requires milk just for home consumption. The study strongly confirms the necessity of conservation of the dwarf cattle of Kerala which is the smallest variety available in India and perhaps in the world itself.
Open Access
FACTORS INFLUENCING CALF GROWTH AND MORTALITY IN FIELD AND ORGANISED FARMS
(COLLEGE OF VETERINARY AND ANIMAL SCIENCES Mannuthy - Thrissur, 1994) SHAJI ANTONY; Thomas, C.K.; SHAJI ANTONY
A study was undertaken to evaluate- the system of calf raising in the field vis-a-vis that in organised farms, which included contemporary calves born in field and organised farms. Mavelikara was chosen as the study area from where the experimental field calves were selected. University Livestock Farm, Kerala Agricultural University and Dhoni Farm, KLD Board, Palghat were chosen to represent organised farms in the experiment. All the calves born in the experimental area or farms during a period of two months were included in the experiment. Calves were studied upto a period of six months of age. It was observed that climatic conditions in general were similar at the three locations except that at ULF, Mannuthy relative humidity and hours of bri.ght sunshine tended to be less than the other two locations. The male calves in the farms weighed heavier at birth and gained faster to weigh significantly more at the 12th fortnight compared to those in the field. There was no significant difference in birth weight of farm and field born female calves. However, those in the farms grew faster to weigh significantly heavier at 12th fortnight. When male and female calves in the farms and field were put together and tested at 1st, 6th and 12th fortnights, the calves in the farms weighed significantly heavier than those in the field at all stages. The daily weight gain during different fortnights was higher in the farm grown calves compared to their counterparts in the field. There was no significant difference in height of male calves in the farm » and field in the 1st fortnight but was significantly higher in the farm grown calves in the 6th and 12th fortnights. There was no significant difference in the height of the female calves in the farms and field in all the three fortnights tested. Information with respect to girth showed similar trend as in the case of weight and height. In the first fortnight, the male calves in the farms measured significantly shorter in length than those in the field but by 6th and 12th fortnights, they measured significantly longer than male calves in the field. There was no significant difference in length of female calves in the field and farms during the time intervals tested. In the field, calves received generally an adequate amount of colostrum through suckling. Those in the farm were fed 2-2.5 kg colostrum daily from the pail. The interval between birth and first nursing varied from 15 min to 2 h in the field. In the farms, calves born during day time received colostrum within half an hour, while those born in night received colostrum the next morning. Highest daily gain and lowest mortality was seen in calves fed colostrum within 15 minutes. It was observed that the quantity of milk available to female calves in the field was comparable to that in the farms. Male calves in the field received much lesser quantity. Female calves received more quantity of concentrates compared to males except in the early fortnights. Maximum daily gain of calves was observed in sheds with concrete flooring and tiled roofs. Monthly deworming was practised upto 12 months of age in the two farms studied. In the field all calves were dewormed during the 1st month only. Thereafter, female calves were given more frequent deworming treatment. Vaccination against Foot and Mouth disease was carried out in the farms b\]t not in the field. Good hygiene and daily grooming increased the daily gain of calves. Better growth was seen when the animals were looked after by men than women. Average dairy awareness was Observed in 90 per cent of the farmers, naily gain of calves increased with increased dairy awareness. People with high school level education maintained their calves better than those with higher or lower levels of education. Calves grown by agricultural labourers seemed to have lower weight gain. Calves reared in larger units of land had a greater daily weight gain. The mortality rate among calves was 14 per cent in the field compared to 8.5 per cent in the farms. Mortality rate of 66.6 per cent was seen when no colostrum was fed. There was no mortality among calves fed colostrum within 15 minutes. Male calves had higher mortality rate than female calves. Higher mortality rate was observed in calves born to first calvers. in field mortality was higher in 1st and 5th month of age. Mortality rate was lower when calves were looked after by men compared to women. The lowest calf mortality rate was observed among calves owned by those who had high school level education. Mortality rate among calves seemed to decrease with increasing dairy awareness of owners. Mortality rate of calves was highest in shed i and premises with poor hygiene (50%) followed by medium hygiene (11.11%) and good hygiene (10.5%). Similarly daily grooming seemed to reduces mortality rate (11.9%) compared to weekly grooming (25%). At the end of 6 months, 92.85 per cent of the female calves were retained by the farmers compared to only 36.36 per cent male calves, clearly pointing towards the greater future economic utility of the former.
Open Access
EFFECT OF DRIED SPLEEN AS GROWTH STIMULATOR IN KID RATIONS
(COLLEGE OF VETERINARY AND ANIMAL SCIENCES Mannuthy - Thrissur, 1994) SHYAMA, K.; James, C.J; SHYAMA, K.
An investigation was carried out to assess the effect of dried spleen as a growth promotant in kid rations. Twenty four female Kalahari kids with an average body weight of 8.5 kg were distributed randomly and as uniformly as possible into four groups (groups I, II, III and IV) of six animals each, with regard to age and weight. The four dietary treatments A, B, C and D were alloted to the kids in the groups I, II, III and IV respectively, ration A with a concentrate mixture containing 16 per cent crude protein supplemented with dried buffalo spleen at the rate of 0.1 per cent, ration B forming the control diet at 16 per cent protein level without incorporation of spleen, ration C with a concentrate mixture containing 12 per cent crude protein supplemented with dried buffalo spleen at the rate of 0.1 per cent, ration D forming the control diet at 12 per cent protein level. Jack leaves formed the sole source of roughage to the animals. The experimental duration was 120 days. 11 The results indicated that incorporation of dried spleen in the ration enhanced the growth performance of animals, especially in animals maintained on low level of protein , as evidenced by the cumulative and average daily weight gain registered in that descending order being 7.52 kg and 62.64 g, 7.4 kg and 61.67 g, 6.88 kg and 57.36 g and 5.00 kg and 41.67 g for the animals maintained on rations C, A, B and D respectively. The efficiency of feed and protein utilisation also exhibited the same trend. It was also noticed that, a cost of production per kilogram gain of Rs. 32.58 and 26.14 were registered for animals maintained on spleen incorporated rations (rations A and C) as against Rs. 35.08 and 38.63 respectively for the animals maintained on corresponding control groups (ration B and D) indicating a better cost efficiency in spleen incorporated groups, especially in animals maintained on low level of crude protein in the ration. The haematological studies reveal that R.B.C., W.B.C., haemoglobin, plasma protein, plasma calcium, phosphorus and magnesium were within the normal range prescribed for the species. The animals maintained on ration C showed a significant increase (P<0.01) in plasma calcium level when compared to that of the control. Digestibility studies reveal no significant difference in digestibility of dry matter and nitrogen Ill free extract between the four groups. Animals maintained on the spleen incorporated rations (groups I and III) showed better digestibility (P<0.01) of crude protein and ether extract than the respective control groups (groups II and IV). Incorporation of dried spleen could not bringforth any influence on fibre digestion. The results of the balance experiment showed better retention of nitrogen, calcium, phosphorus and magnesium in the animals maintained on spleen incorporated diets. The higher retention of these parameters could be substantiated by the comparatively lower faecal and urinary excretion of these, in animals maintained on spleen incorporated rations (rations A and C). An over all assessment of the results, indicated that incorporation of dried buffalo spleen in the ration of goats, at the rate of 0.1 per cent, certainly augment the nutrient utilisation by increasing the digestibility and retention, and can be recommended as a harmless natural growth promotant with economic benefit.
Open Access
OCCURRENCE AND SURVIVABILITY OF YERSINIA IN PORK
(COLLEGE OF VETERINARY AND ANIMAL SCIENCES Mannuthy - Thrissur, 1994) SUNIL, B.; Prabhakaran, P.; SUNIL, B.
Investigation was carried out to find out the the presence and survivability of Yersinia in pork. One hundred and seventy one samples were collected from 39 animals. Three Isolates of Yersinia pceudotnberculosis were obtained using Yersinia isolation agar (Himedia). Two of the isolates were from the buccal cavity and tonsil of the same animal and the third from the tonsil of another animal. Even when the organism could not be isolated by direct plating, cold enrichment enabled isolation of the organism from the same sample. The organism could be recovered from in^oculated and stored (4°C) pork samples upto seven days. At -15»C storage, the organism could be recovered upto 30 days by direct plating. Direct plating failed to recover the organism on 45th day, but resuscitation technique was effective, which underlined the importance of resuscitation for isolation of the organism from frozen samples, on 60th day resuscitation also failed to recover the organism.

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