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20183
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Subject: Veterinary Anatomy and Histology × End date: 2018 × Start date: 2018 ×
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    COMPARATIVE STUDIES ON THE SKIN AND FEATHERS OF BROILER AND LAYER DUCKS
    (COLLEGE OF VETERINARY AND ANIMAL SCIENCES-MANNUTHY,THRISSUR, 2018) ALPHINE JOSEPH; K.M. Lucy
    Comparative studies on the skin and feathers of broiler Vigova Super-M ducks of six to eight weeks of age and spent Kuttanad ducks above 40 weeks of age were conducted using 24 birds comprising of six males and females in each group. Histomorphology of skin and morphological, physical, chemical, spectroscopic and scanning electron microscopic peculiarities and radiolucency of feathers were compared. Skin samples of all the four groups of birds were collected from eight representative areas of the body viz., dorsal neck, alar, dorsal abdomen, ventral abdomen, pelvic, dorsal wing, ventral wing and lateral thigh regions. Standard procedures were adopted for histoarchitectural and histochemical studies. Total skin thickness was more in Kuttanad ducks than broiler ducks. Skin was thicker on the ventral surface of the body and was slightly thicker in male birds. Maximum thickness was recorded in ventral abdominal region. Epidermis was very thin and formed of two layers, stratum germinativum and stratum corneum. Dermis comprised three layers viz., stratum superficiale, stratum profundum (containing stratum compactum and stratum laxum) and lamina elastica. Stratum laxum was the thickest layer of skin in all groups and all regions under study. Feathers were implanted in the skin in feather follicles and always lay in the epidermis and dermis. Feather had an outer epidermis and inner dermis. The epidermis of the feather was found adjacent to the epidermis of the follicle with an outer layer of sheath cells called feather sheath. Several layers of intermediate cells and inner cylindrical cell layer surrounded the dermal pulp. Attached to the feather follicle were the smooth muscles known as arrectores plumorum muscles which ran in different directions. Herbst corpuscles were exclusivelyfound adjacent to the feather follicles in close association with these muscles. The subcutis was characterized by numerous blood vessels andadipose tissue. The moisture content was found to be more in the skin of broilers than layer group and fat percentage was more in layer skin than broiler skin. Hydroxyproline and collagen contents were more in the skin of layer ducks than in broiler ducks. Wing feathers showed a shaft, which was divided into upper rachis and lower calamus. To the rachis was attached the barbs, and the barbules were in turn attached to the barbs. Average length of barbs in broiler and Kuttanad ducks in the right side of right wing feather was 2.32±0.10 cm and 1.83±0.07 cm, respectively and duck feather rachis and barbs are found to be suitable for spinning into thread, can be used for weaving clothing, preparing slab or mat after mixing with other synthetic materials.The average diameter of barbs was 0.06±0.004 mm which falls under spinnable diameter range which is suitable for textile application. The diameter and spacing of barbs played major role in the water repellence property of feathers. Aspect ratio of barbs of duck feathers was in the desired range to be used in textile manufacturing. The percentage contribution of total feathers to the body weight was maximum in female broiler duck (5.47±0.26%). Rachis and barb fractions contributed equally to the weight of a single feather. The fineness of barbs showed almost similar valuesamong the groups.The relative density of whole feather fractions in ducks was 0.65±0.01g/cm3 . The moisture regaining capacity of barb fraction of broiler and Kuttanad ducks was the highest followed by whole feather fraction and was minimum for the rachis. SEM studies showed hollow cells on cross section of barbs measuring maximum diameter of 13.11µm in broiler ducks and 19.23µm in Kuttanad ducks and spacing between two adjacent barbules was maximum in Kuttanad ducks. Proximate analysis of feather of both groups showed similar composition. Elemental analysis showed equal amount of sulphur in broiler and Kuttanad duck feather barbs. Amino acid analysis revealed higher percentage of hydrophobic amino acids when compared to hydrophilic amino acids and a high content of serine in both the groups. FTIR-ATR studies indicated the presence of amide and carboxylic groups confirming the proteinaceous nature of material. X-ray diffractogram showed semicrystalline nature of the feather. Wing feathers of female birds showed more radio-opacity than males. Mechanical and thermal tests revealed high tensile strength and high heat stability for duck barbs. All these results implied the possibility of duck feather as a valuable raw material in the textile, nonwoven and composite manufacture.
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    COMPARATIVE STUDIES ON THE SKIN AND FEATHERS OF BROILER AND LAYER CHICKEN
    (COLLEGE OF VETERINARY AND ANIMAL SCIENCES-MANNUTHY,THRISSUR, 2018) S. V. BHARATHI; Indu V. Raj
    The present study was undertaken to compare the histomorphology of skin, physical, chemical, thermal and mechanical properties and radiolucency of wing feathers in broiler and layer chicken. Skin samples and wing feathers were collected from commercial broiler chicken of six to eight weeks of age and from culled White Leghorn birds above 64 weeks of age, slaughtered at Meat Technology Unit, Mannuthy. Samples were collected from a total of 24 birds comprising of six male and female birds from the broiler and layer groups. From each bird, 12 wing feathers were collected. The skin thickness, weight and per cent contribution of skin to the total body weight and the average number of feather follicles in unit area of skin, showed a significant difference between broiler and culled White Leghorn chicken and was more in the latter in all the regions but no significant difference was noted between the sexes. In histological sections the skin consisted of an outer thin epidermis and inner thick dermis. The epidermis presented two major layers viz., stratum germinativum and stratum corneum. The dermis consisted of three distinct layers from superficial to deep viz., stratum superficiale, stratum profundum and lamia elastica. The stratum profundum consisted of a superficial stratum compactum and a deep stratum laxum which was the thickest among all the layers of skin. Histochemical studies revealed the presence of glycogen, neutral mucopolysaccharides and abundant amount of cutaneous lipids. Layer birds possessed higher collagen content in the skin than broilers. The scanning electron microscopy (SEM), of broiler and layer feather barbs showed honeycomb shaped hollow cells, a unique cross-section not seen in other natural fibres. The physical properties of feather like length, diameter, aspect ratio of the rachis and barbs, feather weight and density, and mean fineness of feather fractions was more in White Leghorn birds. Moisture content and moisture regain values were similar in both groups and varied between eight to eleven per cent. Relative radio-opacity at the base of the feather was found to be slightly increased in layer birds. The proximate analysis, amino acid composition, FTIR-ATR (Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy- Attenuated Total Reflectance), X-ray diffraction studies, tensile strength and thermal stability were similar in both the groups. The results of the present study confirmed that both broiler and White Leghorn chicken feathers could be beneficiated as good source of protein and energy and were suitable for use as a raw material in textile sizing bioplastics, biomedical materials, enzyme production, pharmaceuticals and cosmetics industry.
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    PRE-HATCH DEVELOPMENT OF LOWER DIGESTIVE TRACT IN TURKEY (Meleagris gallopavo)
    (COLLEGE OF VETERINARY AND ANIMAL SCIENCES, POOKODE WAYANAD, 2018) HELNA MARIA WILSON; S. Maya
    Pre-hatch developmental pattern of lower digestive tract in Beltsville White turkey was studied to investigate the morphogenesis and histogenesis and to derive its relationship with age and body weight. Materials for the study were collected from 60 embryos on third, fourth, sixth, ninth, twelfth, fifteenth, eighteenth, twenty-first, twenty-fourth and twenty-seventh day of incubation, and compared with those from six, day-old poults. Observations on morphology, histology, histochemistry, electron microscopy, morphometry and micrometry were carried out and data were analysed statistically to find out the relationship. In the present study, all the divisions of the primitive gut viz., foregut, midgut and hindgut were apparent during the fourth day of incubation. The regional differentiation of the primitive gut into different segments of lower digestive tract viz. duodenum, jejunum, ileum, caeca, colo-rectum and coprodeum, occurred by sixth day of incubation. The parameters of the segments of the lower digestive tract became grossly measurable by 15th day of incubation. The intestines were completely retracted into the body cavity by 27th day of incubation. There was significant increase in the weight and length of lower digestive tract and that of its segments as the age advanced. The histological examination of the segments revealed well developed tunica mucosa, tunica muscularis, tunica serosa and an inconstant tunica submucosa. The longitudinal folds of the tunica mucosa indicating future villi were obvious by 15th day of incubation in the present study, which differentiated further with advancement of age. All layers of the small and large intestines increased in thickness as age advanced and became similar to the adult structure by 21st day of incubation. The intestinal epithelium presented three types of cells, viz. chief cells, goblet cells and argentaffin cells and the epithelium of the villi formed crypts of Lieberkuhn by 24th day of incubation. The study revealed that the growth of the segments of the lower digestive tract was highly correlated with increase in body weight and age of the embryo during the prehatch period, confirming the early maturing nature of the digestive system.