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Open Access
LACTATION PERFORMANCE AND MILK COMPOSITION OF ATTAPPADY BLACK GOATS
(COLLEGE OF VETERINARY AND ANIMAL SCIENCES MANNUTHY, THRISSUR, 2017-08-30) SUDHARSAN M.; A. Kannan
Open Access
CONSERVATION ECOLOGY BASED ON PARASITE-NUTRIENT-SEASONAL INTERACTIONS IN NILGIRI TAHR (Nilgiritragus hylocrius)
(COLLEGE OF VETERINARY AND ANIMAL SCIENCES MANNUTHY, THRISSUR, 2017-12-30) BIJU S.; P. C. Saseendran
The study was conducted to evolve suitable strategies for the conservation of the endangered Nilgiri tahr (Nilgiritragus hylocrius Ogilby, 1838) by investigating the primary interaction of the species with its parasites, forages and the season. The three habitats of Eravikulam, Nelliampathi and Kochupamba were selected and the study was conducted in the three seasons of summer, monsoon and post-monsoon. The indicators selected were incidence of parasitism, the degree of parasitic infection, the nutrient composition of forage, health status of the herd, stress level of animals, habitat features, herd structure and the general behavior of the herd. The indices in this regard were examined and recorded across the seasons. The herd size recorded ranged from 12 in Kochupamba to 36 in Eravikulam with adult females comprising nearly half of the herd. The habitats were typically of grass lands with short grasses adjacent to rocky cliffs. The activity budget was recorded to assess the behavior of the animals and it revealed grazing (37.4%) and resting (23.3%) as the prominent activity in tahr with very low share of browsing (0.8%) in the species. The activity budget also observed minor shifts between seasons, habitats and in age-sex class. The predominant grass species in each habitat were identified and the nutrient composition of the grasses was analysed showing significant difference between seasons in dry matter, crude protein, crude fibre, ether extract, total ash and nitrogen free extract. The body condition score (BCS) of all the animals ranged from three to five indicating the herds to be healthy across all seasons. There were no reports of disease or mortality in the animals in the study period. A total parasitic incidence of 38.9 per cent was observed and the degree of infection was assessed to be mild as indicated by the eggs per gram (EPG) below 1000 in the observed data. Strongyles and coccidia were the major parasites with 34.3 per cent and 15.5 per cent incidence respectively and the other parasites recorded were Moniezia, Trichuris, Capillaria, and Strongyloides. There was significant difference in parasitic incidence between habitats and seasons, with higher share in monsoon (58.9%) followed by summer (40%) and post-monsoon (17.8%). Eggs per gram also observed significant seasonal difference with higher count in monsoon (360.64) followed by post-monsoon (232.81) and summer (114.29). The faecal cortisol metabolite level estimated by enzyme immunoassay was significantly different between habitats, with Eravikulam recording a higher mean value of 472.17 ng/g, and the difference was non-significant between seasons. Significantly higher faecal cortisol metabolite was observed in parasite infected animals compared to non-infected animals. The study identified the significant presence of parasites in tahr population, indicating the dynamism and balance in equilibrium of host-parasite relationship which is a major driver in the organization of the ecosystem. The energy flow dynamics across seasons and habitats significantly influence the interrelationship of the host and parasite.
Open Access
BEHAVIOURAL, PHYSIOLOGICAL AND BIOCHEMICAL STRESS RESPONSES OF CROSSBRED COWS TO VARYING THERMAL INDICES IN DIFFERENT MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS
(COLLEGE OF VETERINARY AND ANIMAL SCIENCES MANNUTHY, THRISSUR, 2017-06-23) HARIKUMAR S.; Anil K. S.
1. Study the behavioural, physiological and biochemical responses of crossbred cows to thermal stress. 2. Assessment of different management systems for alleviating thermal stress of crossbred dairy cows
Open Access
EFFECT OF FEEDING SYSTEM AND FLOOR TYPES ON GROWTH PERFORMANCE OF MALABARI KIDS
(COLLEGE OF VETERINARY AND ANIMAL SCIENCES MANNUTHY, THRISSUR, 2017-12-30) SMITHA S.; JOSSEPH MATHEW
The study was performed to evaluate the socio economic profile of goat farmers, production system, the effect of different feeding system and floor types on growth performance of Malabari kids in central Kerala. The average age of farmers was 52.82±1.98. Majority of them had less than 25 cents of land holding. Wooden raised and slatted floor was common type of flooring material seen in goat houses. None of them reared goats on an all concentrate ration. The farm study was conducted at University goat and sheep farm, Mannuthy. Fifty four newborn kids were allotted to three floors viz. concrete wooden and PVC slatted floors with each of the three types of feeds - an all concentrate ration, TMR and concentrate with grass based ration. The temperature on PVC slatted floor was higher (P<0.05). The floor temperature of the PVC floor was higher (P<0.05) during morning and evening. The body weight at six months varied from 10.98±1.41 kg to 14.82±0.47. The type of feed had a significant (P<0.05) effect on body weight at six months ie., the ‘all concentrate ration’ fed animals gained more. The overall mean of body height ranged from 48.45±2.27 to 55.48±0.64cm. The mean of chest girth ranged from 48.80±0.04 to 54.35±0.01cm. Animals reared on all concentrate ration and those fed TMR diet had a significantly (P<0.05) higher chest girth. The body length was in the range of 44.83±1.69 cm to 47.08±0.43 cm. The post weaning mean daily weight gain was in the range from 49.48±7.85 to 71.98±12.1g with higher (P<0.05) weight gain (P<0.05) for animals fed ‘an all concentrate ration’ (65.61±1.38g). The mean dry matter consumption ranged from 352.81±14.97 to 292.71±12.49g. The overall feed efficiency ranged between 3.60±0.15 to 5.88±0.69. Animals fed on concentrate and TMR diet had better feed efficiency (P<0.05). Mean respiration and pulse rate did not show any difference while the mean rectal temperature was higher (P<0.05) for goats reared on PVC slatted floor (103.63±0.07). The mean haemoglobin ranged from 6.61±0.19 to 7.57±0.24g/dl. Overall average haemoglobin of TMR kids was significantly higher (P<0.05). The PCV ranged from 26.83±1.63 to 33.35±1.83 per cent. The TMR fed kids and concentrate with grass fed kids had higher (P<0.05) overall average PCV level. The mean WBC count did not show any significance between groups during the experiment. The mean total proteins varied from 5.50±0.10 to 6.31±0.29g/dl. The serum albumin ranged from 3.61±0.09 to 4.13±0.09 g/dl. The serum globulin ranged from 1.76±0.15 to 2.50±0.16g/dl. The all concentrate fed kids had the highest total protein, albumin and globulin in serum. The serum calcium, phosphorus and cortisol ranged from 11.03±0.37 to 12.37±0.29 mg/dl, 9.63±1.00 to 11.25±0.73 mg/dl and 14.45±2.07 to 19.42±1.71ng/ml respectively. The mean dressing percentage at six months of age varied from 40.51±2.31 to 46.021±1.45. The rumen pH ranged from 5.35±0.15 to 6.35±0.05. The cooking loss values varied from 23.18±2.02 to 29.89±1.60 per cent. The incidence of digestive disorders, foot and skin lesions were more in concrete floor reared kids. The recorded respiratory disorders were in wooden floor was 42.53 per cent and PVC type of floor was 41.38 per cent. Eye lesions (75.00 per cent), ectoparasitic infestations (46.67 per cent) and urinary calculi (66.67 per cent) were noticed in wooden floor. The highest net income and benefit cost ratio was observed in animals reared on PVC floor and fed concentrate ration. While in concrete and wooden floor, the benefit cost ratio was better in animals reared on TMR.
Open Access
COMPARISON OF DIFFERENT MILK REPLACERS ON GROWTH PERFORMANCE OF MALABARI KIDS
(COLLEGE OF VETERINARY AND ANIMAL SCIENCES MANNUTHY, THRISSUR, 2018-12-30) N. SASIKALA; Sabin George
An experiment was conducted to study the effect of feeding different milk replacers in Malabari kids on their growth performance for the period of two months. Twenty four healthy Malabari kids of four days of age were selected and divided into four groups of six each, as uniformly as possible with regard to age and body weight and were allotted randomly to different experimental rations. Experimental rations were T1 (control, dam’s milk), T2 (Milk replacer based on whey powder), T3 (Milk replacer based on groundnut oilcake) and T4 (Milk replacer based on coconut oilcake). Dam’s milk and milk replacers were fed to kids at the rate of 1/6th and 1/8th of the body weight during first month and second month respectively. Kid starter and fresh green grass were offered to the kids from 15th day onwards to all the experimental kids throughout the experimental period. Data on body weight gain, body measurements, daily dry matter intake, feed conversion efficiency, haematological and serum biochemical parameters such as haemoglobin, plasma total protein, serum glucose, urea nitrogen, serum calcium and phosphorus, faecal consistency score, incidence of diseases and techno economics of production were employed for evaluation of different treatments. Average daily gain and total weight gain were 63 g and 3.98 kg, 62 g and 3.91 kg, 49 g and 3.07 kg and 47 g and 2.96 kg, respectively for kids fed T1, T2, T3 and T4. Average daily gain and total weight gain were significantly higher in T1 and T2 compared to the kid fed T3 and T4. Over all mean of body length at two months ranged from 37.75 to 39.92 cm. Mean heart girth ranged from 35.50 to 36.33 cm. Mean height at withers ranged from 36.83 to 39.92 cm. Body measurements showed no significant difference between the treatments. Total dry matter intake of kids was 6.93, 5.23, 4.80 and 4.88 kg, respectively for T1, T2, T3 and T4. Total dry matter intake was significantly higher in T1 than T2, T3 and T4. Feed conversion efficiency for kids fed T1, T2, T3 and T4 was 1.73, 1.34, 1.56 and 1.65, respectively. The haematological and serum biochemical parameters such as haemoglobin, plasma total protein, serum calcium, phosphorus, glucose, blood urea nitrogen did not show any significant difference between the treatments and the values were within the normal range reported for the species. Faecal consistency score was comparatively higher in the first fortnight than the following fortnights and the values were similar between the treatments. Out of the total cases of diarrhea, incidence was more in kids fed T4 (30 per cent). Respiratory illness was noticed higher in kids fed T3 and T4 than T1 and T2. Majority of the cases of bloat was noticed in T4 group. The feed cost per kg body weight gain for the kids fed T1, T2, T3 and T4 were Rs. 580.02, 139.60, 176.94, 179.78, respectively. Feed cost / kg gain was significantly lower in kids fed with T2 followed by T3, T4 and T1 groups. From the results obtained on the present study it could be inferred that kids in T2 had similar growth performance as that of control (T1) group. Feed cost per kg gain in T2, T3 and T4 was better than T1. Therefore it could be concluded that milk replacer based on whey powder can be given to the kids as an alternative to milk without compromising the growth performance.
Open Access
Development of protocol for management of hoof problems in crossbred cattle
(COLLEGE OF VETERINARY AND ANIMAL SCIENCES MANNUTHY, THRISSUR, 2018-09-03) POOJA U; Anil K.S
The present study was conducted to identify predisposing factors of hoof problems in crossbred dairy cattle and to develop a protocol for the management of hoof problems in crossbred cattle of Kerala. A total of 45 private farms in Thrissur and Palakkad districts and 2 farms under KVASU were taken for the study. The study covered small scale farms(1-2 animal), medium scale farms(3-10 animals) and large scale farms(>10animals) of both districts and two organized farms viz, University livestock farm, Mannuthy, and Cattle breeding farm, Thumburmuzhy. Hoof problems were identified using In stall lameness indicators and severity was assessed using locomotion score and body condition score of the animal. The large scale farms had maximum incidence (41.2 per cent) followed by medium (26.7 per cent) and small scale farms (20.0 per cent). The incidence in organized farms was thirteen per cent. The incidence of hoof problem was more in large-medium land holdings (56.3 per cent) farms where as in marginal-small farms incidence was less (10.3 per cent). The incidence of hoof problem in crossbred HF and crossbred Jersey were 31.7 per cent and 16.7 per cent respectively. The effect of age and body weight of the animal was found to be significant (p0.05). The animal reared on concrete floor had more incidence of hoof problems (46.4 per cent) compared to stone pavement which was (20 per cent). In slippery/pitted floor hoof disorders for cattle was 36.8 per (p<0.05). The incidence of hoof problem was more with asbestos as roof material (59.1 per cen). As frequency of animal bathing increases the incidence of hoof problem was found more (46.7 per cent). The average lactation yield per day was less than five litres in all animals with hoof problem and also in early stage of lactation hoof problem was found more. The animal with parity two (61.5%) is found to have more incidence hoof disorders compared to one and three. The 75 percent of animal having hoof problems was also suffering from anestrum (p<0.05). The incidence of hoof problem was only 13.6 per cent in farms with provision of foot bath whereas it was 44 per cent in farms without footbath although. The occurrence of hoof problem was more in rainy season (70.2 per cent) than in summer and post monsoon. In 2.3 per cent of farms culling was done due to hoof problems. The incidence of hoof problem was 20.7 per cent in farms where hoof trimming was carried out and 44.4 per cent incidence in farms without hoof trimmi. The average locomotion score in private farms was 4.31±0.96 whereas in organized farms it was 3.97±0.133. The average body condition score was 1.82±0.099 for private farms and for organized farms was 2.38±0.140 (p<0.05) . From this study it can be concluded that hoof disorders are a serious problem in crossbred cattle under field conditions and all efforts are needed to control by providing adequate inputs.
Open Access
EVALUATION OF EFFLUENT TREATMENT METHODS IN DAIRY FARM
(Kerala Veterinary and Animal Sciences Mannuthy, Thrissur, 2018-09-30) JONATHAN JAMES MOONNUMACKAL; A. Kannan
A study was conducted to evaluate the efficacy of different effluent treatment methods in dairy farm and to analyze cost effectiveness of effluent treatments. An initial survey was conducted among hundred farms of Thrissur district using a well structured questionnaire and data was collected regarding the farming system and their effluent management. The farms were categorised into small, medium and large. Six farms from each category were selected randomlyfor effluent collection in two different season namely summer and monsoon. Effluent was collected in the morning at 8am and evening at 5pm and pooled together. Representative sample (15 litres) of pooled effluent was taken from each farm and was subjected for different treatment protocols. After the end of each treatment water quality parameters were analysed. From the data of survey, it was found that there was a positive correlation between number of animals (96 per cent) and total water used (98 per cent) with effluent output. Effluent subjected with different treatment protocols (C- control, T1- Screening, T2- sedimentation, T3- Filtration and T4- chlorination). After the end of each treatment, the water were subjected to evaluation of quality parameters like colour, Total Dissolved Solids (TDS), pH, turbidity, Biological Oxygen Demand (BOD), Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD), Total Coliform count (TCC) and E. coli count. Data were compared with Indian Standards for reuse in dairy farm.The colour (Hazen) of water indicated that control (958.50 ± 4.18) was significantly higher than the rest of treatments. There was no significant difference between colour value of water from T3 (266.80 ± 5.8) and T4 (249.13 ± 8.66). T3 (filtered water) and T4 (chlorinated water) were lesser due to the respective treatments. The TDS (mg/L)of water from treatments T3 (1404.47 ± 31.68), T2 (2358.63 ± 34.52), T4 (2408.05 ±48.23) and T1 (3354.55 ± 29.65) with increasing trend were significantly lower than that of control (5161.22 ± 28.94). T2 (2358.63 ± 34.52) and T4 (2408.05 ± 48.23) were not significantly different from each other and T4 was significantly higher than that of T3. The pH of water from control (8.20 ± 0.07)and T1 (8.19 ± 0.05), T3 (7.40 ± 0.05)and T4 (7.26 ± 0.06)were significantly not different from each other where T2 (6.98 ± 0.10)was significantly different from all other treatments. The turbidity (NTU) of water from control (718.80 ± 6.86)and T1 (669.36 ± 10.16), T2 (76.38 ± 2.02)and T3 (42.26 ± 1.53) were significantly different from each other where T3 (42.26 ± 1.53) and T4 (38.00 ± 1.74)were not significantly different from each other. The BOD 5 (mg/L) of water from control (154.30 ± 1.31), T1 (131.75 ± 1.31), T2 (77.16 ± 1.31), T3 (52.41 ± 1.31) and T4 (41.44 ± 1.31) were significantly different from each other. The COD (mg/L) of water from control (1447.83 ± 15.04), T1 (1222.08 ± 19.40), T2 (672.00 ± 6.62), T3 (426.80 ± 10.37) and T4 (316.50 ± 8.51) were significantly different from each other. The TCC (MPN/100 ml) of water for control, T1, T2, T3 and T4 were 22.25 ± 0.27, 21.44 ± 0.27, 12.93 ± 0.27, 11.12 ± 0.27 and < 1.80 ± 0.27respectively.Control and T1 were having highest and T4 was having least TCC. The E. coli count (MPN/100 ml) of water for control, T1, T2, T3 and T4 were 22.22 ± 0.27, 21.13 ± 0.27, 12.93 ± 0.27, 11.12 ± 0.27and <1.80 ± 0.27respectively.Control and T1 were having highest and T4 was having least E. coli count.Effect of effluent treatments between the farm size revealed that parameters like pH, turbidity, COD and BOD 5 showed significant difference between treatment and farms and parameters like colour, TDS, TCC and E. coli had no significant difference between treatment and farms. The pH value of water from small farm (8.40 ± 0.12) was not significantly different from medium farm (8.32 ± 0.12)but significantly different from large farm (7.94 ± 0.12) in the control group. The turbidity (NTU) of water was significant different between treatments and farms. There was no significant difference between T3 and T4 in small, medium and large farms. The COD (mg/L) of water in small, medium and large farms, control (small- 1401.08 ± 26.05, medium- 1378.05 ± 26.05 and large- 1564.16 ± 26.05)were significantly higher (p<0.05) than that of T4, T3, T2 and T1. The BOD 5 (mg/L) was significant difference between treatments and farms. In small, medium and large farms, control was significantly higher (p<0.05) than that of T4, T3, T2 and T1.`Effect of effluent treatment between the seasons revealed that for all the water quality parameters like colour, TDS, pH, turbidity, COD, BOD5, TCC and E. coli count had no significant difference between treatment and seasons. The water quality parameters colour, TDS, pH, turbidity, Total Coliform Count and E. coli count were within the limits of Indian standards IS 10500. COD and BOD 5 were slightly higher than the limits of the Indian standards (IS 10500), so this water must be treated for reuse. The overall results in the study indicated that T4 having better efficacy compared to all other treatments. The results of the study indicated that the wastewater generated in the dairy farm can be effectively treated using the four stage treatment (C- control, T1- Screening, T2- sedimentation, T3- Filtration and T4- chlorination) in this study and the reclaimed water can be reused in the dairy farms for cleaning the shed, toconserve water and to reduce the water body contamination. The cost of the fourth treatment is comparatively higher however effectiveness of effluent treatment indicated that T4 is better in comparison with other treatments.
Open Access
MINERAL PROFILE OF LIVESTOCK FARM WASTE AND ITS BIO ACCUMULATION EFFECTS IN CROSS BRED CATTLE
(College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences Mannuthy, Thrissur, 2018-03-03) JUSTIN DAVIS; Anil. K.S
The present study was conducted for a period of one year and divided to summer, monsoon and post monsoon seasons. The objective of the research was to estimate the minerals in soil, slurry, feed, fodder, dung and vermicompost and also assessment of bioaccumulation of minerals in crossbred cattle. The fodder plots were selected and placed under three treatments. The first treatment plots irrigated by pig slurry, second by cattle slurry and third by irrigation water alone. The soil, slurry and irrigation water were collected at the three different seasons for mineral estimation. The fodder yield from plots were measured. Three treatment groups of six male calves each were randomly selected and maintained under similar management and concentrate feeding for one year. The treatment groups of calves received fodder from corresponding fodder plots. The feed, fodder, blood, dung were collected for mineral estimation. Vermicompost produced from dung and fodder waste from the experimental animals was collected. The carcass traits were studied during their slaughter at Meat Technology Unit, Mannuthy and meat, liver, kidney, skin and bone samples were collected for mineral estimation. All the samples were processed and digested by microwave digestion for mineral analysis. Nitrogen element was estimated by Macro Kjeldhal method. The minerals P, K, Na, Ca, Mg, Mn, Fe, Cu, Zn, Cd, Cr and Pb were estimated using Inductively Coupled Plasma Optical Emission Spectrometer. The concentration of N and Mg was highest for first treatment in soil, slurry, fodder, dung, blood, liver, kidney and bone. The concentration of P, K, Ca, Cu was highest for second treatment group in soil, slurry, fodder, dung, bone samples. The concentration of Mn and Zn was highest for third treatment group in fodder, dung, vermicompost, meat, kidney and bone samples. The final body weight of experimental animals was highest for T1 and daily weight gain was highest for T3 animals. The total fodder yield was highest for plots irrigated with pig slurry. The bio-accumulation of heavy metals could not be detected in any animal tissue under the present study. Further studies may be required in crossbred cattle with more years of feeding trials to find out bio-accumulation of heavy metals.
Open Access
EFFECT OF HOUSING SYSTEMS ON GROWTH RATE, CARCASS TRAITS AND MEAT QUALITY OF RABBITS
(College of Veterinary and animal Science,Mannuthy, 2019) AMALU SABU; Suraj P.T
A study was conducted to evaluate the effect of housing on growth rate, carcass traits and meat quality of rabbits. Twenty four New Zealand White rabbits of both sexes (1:1) were weaned and selected at five weeks of age. The animals were randomly divided into two groups (T1 and T2) of 12 rabbits each with an average uniform body weight. Rabbits in group T1 were housed in cages with stainless steel floors and T2 with plastic slatted floors. The experiment was conducted during the post monsoon season for a period of nine weeks. There was significant difference in the body weight gain of the animals in T1 and T2 during 10th and 14th weeks of age. The animals were slaughtered and carcass traits and meat qualities were observed for pH, Water Holding Capacity (WHC), colour, Warner - Bratzler Shear Force (WBSF), collagen solubility, proximate composition and sensory evaluation. Carcass traits and bleeding efficiency were not significantly different between T1 and T2. Carcass defects such a bruising was found comparatively higher for rabbits in T1 than T2. There was significant difference (p<0.01) between T1 and T2 in dressing percentage (44.003 ± 0.579, 46.870 ± 0.742), WHC (18.717 ± 1.355, 29.218 ± 1.374, WBSF (35.714 ± 1.694, 19.612 ± 1.629), collagen solubility (30.91 ± 1.928, 38.26 ± 1.557) and fat content (p<0.05) (5.088 ± 0.783, 2.823 ± 0.314). There was no significant difference between T1 and T2 in pH (5.931 ± 0.013, 5.882 ± 0.022), colour (52.582 ± 1.252, 52.500 ± 0.797), protein (21.999 ± 0.583, 22.678 ± 0.219) and moisture (71.545 ± 0.517, 72.136 ± 0.217). The sensory evaluation of cooked rabbit meat from T2 showed significantly higher score for appearance, tenderness, juiciness, flavor and overall acceptability than T1. The results indicated that rabbits reared on plastic slatted floors had better growth rate, carcass traits and meat qualities and can be recommended to farmers for rearing rabbits.

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