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Open Access
COMPARISON OF DIFFERENT MILK REPLACERS ON GROWTH PERFORMANCE OF MALABARI KIDS
(COLLEGE OF VETERINARY AND ANIMAL SCIENCES MANNUTHY, THRISSUR, 2018-12-30) N. SASIKALA; Sabin George
An experiment was conducted to study the effect of feeding different milk replacers in Malabari kids on their growth performance for the period of two months. Twenty four healthy Malabari kids of four days of age were selected and divided into four groups of six each, as uniformly as possible with regard to age and body weight and were allotted randomly to different experimental rations. Experimental rations were T1 (control, dam’s milk), T2 (Milk replacer based on whey powder), T3 (Milk replacer based on groundnut oilcake) and T4 (Milk replacer based on coconut oilcake). Dam’s milk and milk replacers were fed to kids at the rate of 1/6th and 1/8th of the body weight during first month and second month respectively. Kid starter and fresh green grass were offered to the kids from 15th day onwards to all the experimental kids throughout the experimental period. Data on body weight gain, body measurements, daily dry matter intake, feed conversion efficiency, haematological and serum biochemical parameters such as haemoglobin, plasma total protein, serum glucose, urea nitrogen, serum calcium and phosphorus, faecal consistency score, incidence of diseases and techno economics of production were employed for evaluation of different treatments. Average daily gain and total weight gain were 63 g and 3.98 kg, 62 g and 3.91 kg, 49 g and 3.07 kg and 47 g and 2.96 kg, respectively for kids fed T1, T2, T3 and T4. Average daily gain and total weight gain were significantly higher in T1 and T2 compared to the kid fed T3 and T4. Over all mean of body length at two months ranged from 37.75 to 39.92 cm. Mean heart girth ranged from 35.50 to 36.33 cm. Mean height at withers ranged from 36.83 to 39.92 cm. Body measurements showed no significant difference between the treatments. Total dry matter intake of kids was 6.93, 5.23, 4.80 and 4.88 kg, respectively for T1, T2, T3 and T4. Total dry matter intake was significantly higher in T1 than T2, T3 and T4. Feed conversion efficiency for kids fed T1, T2, T3 and T4 was 1.73, 1.34, 1.56 and 1.65, respectively. The haematological and serum biochemical parameters such as haemoglobin, plasma total protein, serum calcium, phosphorus, glucose, blood urea nitrogen did not show any significant difference between the treatments and the values were within the normal range reported for the species. Faecal consistency score was comparatively higher in the first fortnight than the following fortnights and the values were similar between the treatments. Out of the total cases of diarrhea, incidence was more in kids fed T4 (30 per cent). Respiratory illness was noticed higher in kids fed T3 and T4 than T1 and T2. Majority of the cases of bloat was noticed in T4 group. The feed cost per kg body weight gain for the kids fed T1, T2, T3 and T4 were Rs. 580.02, 139.60, 176.94, 179.78, respectively. Feed cost / kg gain was significantly lower in kids fed with T2 followed by T3, T4 and T1 groups. From the results obtained on the present study it could be inferred that kids in T2 had similar growth performance as that of control (T1) group. Feed cost per kg gain in T2, T3 and T4 was better than T1. Therefore it could be concluded that milk replacer based on whey powder can be given to the kids as an alternative to milk without compromising the growth performance.
Open Access
Development of protocol for management of hoof problems in crossbred cattle
(COLLEGE OF VETERINARY AND ANIMAL SCIENCES MANNUTHY, THRISSUR, 2018-09-03) POOJA U; Anil K.S
The present study was conducted to identify predisposing factors of hoof problems in crossbred dairy cattle and to develop a protocol for the management of hoof problems in crossbred cattle of Kerala. A total of 45 private farms in Thrissur and Palakkad districts and 2 farms under KVASU were taken for the study. The study covered small scale farms(1-2 animal), medium scale farms(3-10 animals) and large scale farms(>10animals) of both districts and two organized farms viz, University livestock farm, Mannuthy, and Cattle breeding farm, Thumburmuzhy. Hoof problems were identified using In stall lameness indicators and severity was assessed using locomotion score and body condition score of the animal. The large scale farms had maximum incidence (41.2 per cent) followed by medium (26.7 per cent) and small scale farms (20.0 per cent). The incidence in organized farms was thirteen per cent. The incidence of hoof problem was more in large-medium land holdings (56.3 per cent) farms where as in marginal-small farms incidence was less (10.3 per cent). The incidence of hoof problem in crossbred HF and crossbred Jersey were 31.7 per cent and 16.7 per cent respectively. The effect of age and body weight of the animal was found to be significant (p0.05). The animal reared on concrete floor had more incidence of hoof problems (46.4 per cent) compared to stone pavement which was (20 per cent). In slippery/pitted floor hoof disorders for cattle was 36.8 per (p<0.05). The incidence of hoof problem was more with asbestos as roof material (59.1 per cen). As frequency of animal bathing increases the incidence of hoof problem was found more (46.7 per cent). The average lactation yield per day was less than five litres in all animals with hoof problem and also in early stage of lactation hoof problem was found more. The animal with parity two (61.5%) is found to have more incidence hoof disorders compared to one and three. The 75 percent of animal having hoof problems was also suffering from anestrum (p<0.05). The incidence of hoof problem was only 13.6 per cent in farms with provision of foot bath whereas it was 44 per cent in farms without footbath although. The occurrence of hoof problem was more in rainy season (70.2 per cent) than in summer and post monsoon. In 2.3 per cent of farms culling was done due to hoof problems. The incidence of hoof problem was 20.7 per cent in farms where hoof trimming was carried out and 44.4 per cent incidence in farms without hoof trimmi. The average locomotion score in private farms was 4.31±0.96 whereas in organized farms it was 3.97±0.133. The average body condition score was 1.82±0.099 for private farms and for organized farms was 2.38±0.140 (p<0.05) . From this study it can be concluded that hoof disorders are a serious problem in crossbred cattle under field conditions and all efforts are needed to control by providing adequate inputs.
Open Access
EVALUATION OF EFFLUENT TREATMENT METHODS IN DAIRY FARM
(Kerala Veterinary and Animal Sciences Mannuthy, Thrissur, 2018-09-30) JONATHAN JAMES MOONNUMACKAL; A. Kannan
A study was conducted to evaluate the efficacy of different effluent treatment methods in dairy farm and to analyze cost effectiveness of effluent treatments. An initial survey was conducted among hundred farms of Thrissur district using a well structured questionnaire and data was collected regarding the farming system and their effluent management. The farms were categorised into small, medium and large. Six farms from each category were selected randomlyfor effluent collection in two different season namely summer and monsoon. Effluent was collected in the morning at 8am and evening at 5pm and pooled together. Representative sample (15 litres) of pooled effluent was taken from each farm and was subjected for different treatment protocols. After the end of each treatment water quality parameters were analysed. From the data of survey, it was found that there was a positive correlation between number of animals (96 per cent) and total water used (98 per cent) with effluent output. Effluent subjected with different treatment protocols (C- control, T1- Screening, T2- sedimentation, T3- Filtration and T4- chlorination). After the end of each treatment, the water were subjected to evaluation of quality parameters like colour, Total Dissolved Solids (TDS), pH, turbidity, Biological Oxygen Demand (BOD), Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD), Total Coliform count (TCC) and E. coli count. Data were compared with Indian Standards for reuse in dairy farm.The colour (Hazen) of water indicated that control (958.50 ± 4.18) was significantly higher than the rest of treatments. There was no significant difference between colour value of water from T3 (266.80 ± 5.8) and T4 (249.13 ± 8.66). T3 (filtered water) and T4 (chlorinated water) were lesser due to the respective treatments. The TDS (mg/L)of water from treatments T3 (1404.47 ± 31.68), T2 (2358.63 ± 34.52), T4 (2408.05 ±48.23) and T1 (3354.55 ± 29.65) with increasing trend were significantly lower than that of control (5161.22 ± 28.94). T2 (2358.63 ± 34.52) and T4 (2408.05 ± 48.23) were not significantly different from each other and T4 was significantly higher than that of T3. The pH of water from control (8.20 ± 0.07)and T1 (8.19 ± 0.05), T3 (7.40 ± 0.05)and T4 (7.26 ± 0.06)were significantly not different from each other where T2 (6.98 ± 0.10)was significantly different from all other treatments. The turbidity (NTU) of water from control (718.80 ± 6.86)and T1 (669.36 ± 10.16), T2 (76.38 ± 2.02)and T3 (42.26 ± 1.53) were significantly different from each other where T3 (42.26 ± 1.53) and T4 (38.00 ± 1.74)were not significantly different from each other. The BOD 5 (mg/L) of water from control (154.30 ± 1.31), T1 (131.75 ± 1.31), T2 (77.16 ± 1.31), T3 (52.41 ± 1.31) and T4 (41.44 ± 1.31) were significantly different from each other. The COD (mg/L) of water from control (1447.83 ± 15.04), T1 (1222.08 ± 19.40), T2 (672.00 ± 6.62), T3 (426.80 ± 10.37) and T4 (316.50 ± 8.51) were significantly different from each other. The TCC (MPN/100 ml) of water for control, T1, T2, T3 and T4 were 22.25 ± 0.27, 21.44 ± 0.27, 12.93 ± 0.27, 11.12 ± 0.27 and < 1.80 ± 0.27respectively.Control and T1 were having highest and T4 was having least TCC. The E. coli count (MPN/100 ml) of water for control, T1, T2, T3 and T4 were 22.22 ± 0.27, 21.13 ± 0.27, 12.93 ± 0.27, 11.12 ± 0.27and <1.80 ± 0.27respectively.Control and T1 were having highest and T4 was having least E. coli count.Effect of effluent treatments between the farm size revealed that parameters like pH, turbidity, COD and BOD 5 showed significant difference between treatment and farms and parameters like colour, TDS, TCC and E. coli had no significant difference between treatment and farms. The pH value of water from small farm (8.40 ± 0.12) was not significantly different from medium farm (8.32 ± 0.12)but significantly different from large farm (7.94 ± 0.12) in the control group. The turbidity (NTU) of water was significant different between treatments and farms. There was no significant difference between T3 and T4 in small, medium and large farms. The COD (mg/L) of water in small, medium and large farms, control (small- 1401.08 ± 26.05, medium- 1378.05 ± 26.05 and large- 1564.16 ± 26.05)were significantly higher (p<0.05) than that of T4, T3, T2 and T1. The BOD 5 (mg/L) was significant difference between treatments and farms. In small, medium and large farms, control was significantly higher (p<0.05) than that of T4, T3, T2 and T1.`Effect of effluent treatment between the seasons revealed that for all the water quality parameters like colour, TDS, pH, turbidity, COD, BOD5, TCC and E. coli count had no significant difference between treatment and seasons. The water quality parameters colour, TDS, pH, turbidity, Total Coliform Count and E. coli count were within the limits of Indian standards IS 10500. COD and BOD 5 were slightly higher than the limits of the Indian standards (IS 10500), so this water must be treated for reuse. The overall results in the study indicated that T4 having better efficacy compared to all other treatments. The results of the study indicated that the wastewater generated in the dairy farm can be effectively treated using the four stage treatment (C- control, T1- Screening, T2- sedimentation, T3- Filtration and T4- chlorination) in this study and the reclaimed water can be reused in the dairy farms for cleaning the shed, toconserve water and to reduce the water body contamination. The cost of the fourth treatment is comparatively higher however effectiveness of effluent treatment indicated that T4 is better in comparison with other treatments.
Open Access
MINERAL PROFILE OF LIVESTOCK FARM WASTE AND ITS BIO ACCUMULATION EFFECTS IN CROSS BRED CATTLE
(College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences Mannuthy, Thrissur, 2018-03-03) JUSTIN DAVIS; Anil. K.S
The present study was conducted for a period of one year and divided to summer, monsoon and post monsoon seasons. The objective of the research was to estimate the minerals in soil, slurry, feed, fodder, dung and vermicompost and also assessment of bioaccumulation of minerals in crossbred cattle. The fodder plots were selected and placed under three treatments. The first treatment plots irrigated by pig slurry, second by cattle slurry and third by irrigation water alone. The soil, slurry and irrigation water were collected at the three different seasons for mineral estimation. The fodder yield from plots were measured. Three treatment groups of six male calves each were randomly selected and maintained under similar management and concentrate feeding for one year. The treatment groups of calves received fodder from corresponding fodder plots. The feed, fodder, blood, dung were collected for mineral estimation. Vermicompost produced from dung and fodder waste from the experimental animals was collected. The carcass traits were studied during their slaughter at Meat Technology Unit, Mannuthy and meat, liver, kidney, skin and bone samples were collected for mineral estimation. All the samples were processed and digested by microwave digestion for mineral analysis. Nitrogen element was estimated by Macro Kjeldhal method. The minerals P, K, Na, Ca, Mg, Mn, Fe, Cu, Zn, Cd, Cr and Pb were estimated using Inductively Coupled Plasma Optical Emission Spectrometer. The concentration of N and Mg was highest for first treatment in soil, slurry, fodder, dung, blood, liver, kidney and bone. The concentration of P, K, Ca, Cu was highest for second treatment group in soil, slurry, fodder, dung, bone samples. The concentration of Mn and Zn was highest for third treatment group in fodder, dung, vermicompost, meat, kidney and bone samples. The final body weight of experimental animals was highest for T1 and daily weight gain was highest for T3 animals. The total fodder yield was highest for plots irrigated with pig slurry. The bio-accumulation of heavy metals could not be detected in any animal tissue under the present study. Further studies may be required in crossbred cattle with more years of feeding trials to find out bio-accumulation of heavy metals.
Open Access
EVALUATION OF EFFLUENT TREATMENT METHODS IN DAIRY FARM
(COLLEGE OF VETERINARY AND ANIMAL SCIENCES-MANNUTHY,THRISSUR, 2018) JONATHAN JAMES MOONNUMACKAL; A. Kannan
A study was conducted to evaluate the efficacy of different effluent treatment methods in dairy farm and to analyze cost effectiveness of effluent treatments. An initial survey was conducted among hundred farms of Thrissur district using a well structured questionnaire and data was collected regarding the farming system and their effluent management. The farms were categorised into small, medium and large. Six farms from each category were selected randomlyfor effluent collection in two different season namely summer and monsoon. Effluent was collected in the morning at 8am and evening at 5pm and pooled together. Representative sample (15 litres) of pooled effluent was taken from each farm and was subjected for different treatment protocols. After the end of each treatment water quality parameters were analysed. From the data of survey, it was found that there was a positive correlation between number of animals (96 per cent) and total water used (98 per cent) with effluent output. Effluent subjected with different treatment protocols (C- control, T1- Screening, T2- sedimentation, T3- Filtration and T4- chlorination). After the end of each treatment, the water were subjected to evaluation of quality parameters like colour, Total Dissolved Solids (TDS), pH, turbidity, Biological Oxygen Demand (BOD), Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD), Total Coliform count (TCC) and E. coli count. Data were compared with Indian Standards for reuse in dairy farm. The colour (Hazen) of water indicated that control (958.50 ± 4.18) was significantly higher than the rest of treatments. There was no significant difference between colour value of water from T3 (266.80 ± 5.8) and T4 (249.13 ± 8.66). T3 (filtered water) and T4 (chlorinated water) were lesser due to the respective treatments. The TDS (mg/L)of water from treatments T3 (1404.47 ± 31.68), T2 (2358.63 ± 34.52), T4 (2408.05 ±48.23) and T1 (3354.55 ± 29.65) with increasing trend were significantly lower than that of control (5161.22 ± 28.94). T2 (2358.63 ± 34.52) and T4 (2408.05 ± 48.23) were not significantly different from each other and T4 was significantly higher than that of T3. The pH of water from control (8.20 ± 0.07)and T1 (8.19 ± 0.05), T3 (7.40 ± 0.05)and T4 (7.26 ± 0.06)were significantly not different from each other where T2 (6.98 ± 0.10)was significantly different from all other treatments. The turbidity (NTU) of water from control (718.80 ± 6.86)and T1 (669.36 ± 10.16), T2 (76.38 ± 2.02)and T3 (42.26 ± 1.53) were significantly different from each other where T3 (42.26 ± 1.53) and T4 (38.00 ± 1.74)were not significantly different from each other. The BOD5 (mg/L) of water from control (154.30 ± 1.31), T1 (131.75 ± 1.31), T2 (77.16 ± 1.31), T3 (52.41 ± 1.31) and T4 (41.44 ± 1.31) were significantly different from each other. The COD (mg/L) of water from control (1447.83 ± 15.04), T1 (1222.08 ± 19.40), T2 (672.00 ± 6.62), T3 (426.80 ± 10.37) and T4 (316.50 ± 8.51) were significantly different from each other. The TCC (MPN/100 ml) of water for control, T1, T2, T3 and T4 were 22.25 ± 0.27, 21.44 ± 0.27, 12.93 ± 0.27, 11.12 ± 0.27 and < 1.80 ± 0.27respectively.Control and T1 were having highest and T4 was having least TCC. The E. coli count (MPN/100 ml) of water for control, T1, T2, T3 and T4 were 22.22 ± 0.27, 21.13 ± 0.27, 12.93 ± 0.27, 11.12 ± 0.27and <1.80 ± 0.27respectively.Control and T1 were having highest and T4 was having least E. coli count. Effect of effluent treatments between the farm size revealed that parameters like pH, turbidity, COD and BOD5 showed significant difference between treatment and farms and parameters like colour, TDS, TCC and E. coli had no significant difference between treatment and farms. The pH value of water from small farm (8.40 ± 0.12) was not significantly different from medium farm (8.32 ± 0.12)but significantly different from large farm (7.94 ± 0.12) in the control group. The turbidity (NTU) of water was significant different between treatments and farms. There was no significant difference between T3 and T4 in small, medium and large farms. The COD (mg/L) of water in small, medium and large farms, control (small- 1401.08 ± 26.05, medium- 1378.05 ± 26.05 and large- 1564.16 ± 26.05)were significantly higher (p<0.05) than that of T4, T3, T2 and T1. The BOD5 (mg/L) was significant difference between treatments and farms. In small, medium and large farms, control was significantly higher (p<0.05) than that of T4, T3, T2 and T1.` Effect of effluent treatment between the seasons revealed that for all the water quality parameters like colour, TDS, pH, turbidity, COD, BOD5, TCC and E. coli count had no significant difference between treatment and seasons. The water quality parameters colour, TDS, pH, turbidity, Total Coliform Count and E. coli count were within the limits of Indian standards IS 10500. COD and BOD5 were slightly higher than the limits of the Indian standards (IS 10500), so this water must be treated for reuse. The overall results in the study indicated that T4 having better efficacy compared to all other treatments. The results of the study indicated that the wastewater generated in the dairy farm can be effectively treated using the four stage treatment (C- control, T1- Screening, T2- sedimentation, T3- Filtration and T4- chlorination) in this study and the reclaimed water can be reused in the dairy farms for cleaning the shed, to conserve water and to reduce the water body contamination. The cost of the fourth treatment is comparatively higher however effectiveness of effluent treatment indicated that T4 is better in comparison with other treatments.
Open Access
Development of protocol for management of hoof problems in crossbred cattle
(College of Veterinary and animal Science,Mannuthy, 2018) POOJA U; Anil K.S
The present study was conducted to identify predisposing factors of hoof problems in crossbred dairy cattle and to develop a protocol for the management of hoof problems in crossbred cattle of Kerala. A total of 45 private farms in Thrissur and Palakkad districts and 2 farms under KVASU were taken for the study. The study covered small scale farms(1-2 animal), medium scale farms(3-10 animals) and large scale farms(>10animals) of both districts and two organized farms viz, University livestock farm, Mannuthy, and Cattle breeding farm, Thumburmuzhy. Hoof problems were identified using In stall lameness indicators and severity was assessed using locomotion score and body condition score of the animal. The large scale farms had maximum incidence (41.2 per cent) followed by medium (26.7 per cent) and small scale farms (20.0 per cent). The incidence in organized farms was thirteen per cent. The incidence of hoof problem was more in large-medium land holdings (56.3 per cent) farms where as in marginal-small farms incidence was less (10.3 per cent). The incidence of hoof problem in crossbred HF and crossbred Jersey were 31.7 per cent and 16.7 per cent respectively. The effect of age and body weight of the animal was found to be significant (p<0.05) on hoof disorder. The animals which are stall fed were found to be more suffering from hoof problem (36.8 per cent) compared to a combination of grazing and stall feeding (p<0.05). The animals fed with less than 15 kg green fodder/day were found to have more hoof disorders (77.8 per cent) with p<0.01. The hoof problem was about 87.5 per cent in animals that are fed with unconventional feed like brewer’s yeast. The quantity of unconventional feed was found to be the most affecting factor for the occurrence of hoof problem( p<0.05). The incidence of hoof problem was 80.0 per cent in animals without vitamin and mineral supplementation (p>0.05). The animal reared on concrete floor had more incidence of hoof problems (46.4 per cent) compared to stone pavement which was (20 per cent). In slippery/pitted floor hoof disorders for cattle was 36.8 per (p<0.05). The incidence of hoof problem was more with asbestos as roof material (59.1 per cen). As frequency of animal bathing increases the incidence of hoof problem was found more (46.7 per cent). The average lactation yield per day was less than five litres in all animals with hoof problem and also in early stage of lactation hoof problem was found more. The animal with parity two (61.5%) is found to have more incidence hoof disorders compared to one and three. The 75 percent of animal having hoof problems was also suffering from anestrum (p<0.05). The incidence of hoof problem was only 13.6 per cent in farms with provision of foot bath whereas it was 44 per cent in farms without footbath although. The occurrence of hoof problem was more in rainy season (70.2 per cent) than in summer and post monsoon. In 2.3 per cent of farms culling was done due to hoof problems. The incidence of hoof problem was 20.7 per cent in farms where hoof trimming was carried out and 44.4 per cent incidence in farms without hoof trimmi. The average locomotion score in private farms was 4.31±0.96 whereas in organized farms it was 3.97±0.133. The average body condition score was 1.82±0.099 for private farms and for organized farms was 2.38±0.140 (p<0.05) . From this study it can be concluded that hoof disorders are a serious problem in crossbred cattle under field conditions and all efforts are needed to control by providing adequate inputs.
Open Access
EVALUATION OF PERFORMANCE OF CROSSBRED CALVES UNDER DIFFERENT FEEDING SYSTEMS
(COLLEGE OF VETERINARY AND ANIMAL SCIENCES-MANNUTHY,THRISSUR, 2018) KAMALAHASAN.K; Sabin George
The present study was conducted to study the growth performance and economics of feeding different milk replacers in crossbred calves. Eighteen healthy crossbred calves both male and female around one week of age were selected and randomly divided into three groups of six each (T1, T2, and T3), as uniformly as possible with regard to age, sex, and body weight. The calves of T1 received whole milk as per routine farm practice, T2 group was offered commercial milk replacer as per manufacturers recommendations and T3 group was offered a formulated milk replacer @ 12.5 per cent of body weight. The milk and milk replacers fed to T1, T2 and T3 groups had 25.68, 20.63 and 24.85 per cent crude protein respectively. The calf starter and green fodder provided to calves contained 21.4 and 12.18 per cent crude protein respectively. The green fodder was offered ad libitum to all the calves. The dry matter intake (DMI), body weight gain, body measurements, feed conversion efficiency (FCE), faecal consistency score, haematological values and digestibility of nutrients were calculated along with the techno-economics of calf feeding. There was significant difference (P<0.01) in average daily DMI (kg) among different dietary treatments T1 (0.800), T2 (0.704) and T3 (0.640). The mean cumulative feed conversion efficiency was lowest in T2 (3.50±0.44) calves than T1 (2.61±0.13) and T3 (2.59±0.26). Average initial body weight of the calves in T1, T2 and T3 were 25.83±1.64, 25±1.15 and 24.16±1.27 kg, respectively. The mean final body weight (kg) was maximum in T1 (53.95±4.00) followed by T3 (47.9±2.80) and lowest in T2 (44.26±2.33). The average daily gain (g) in body weight (ADG) of calves were high in T1 (312.33) followed by T3 (263.66) and T2 (214). The mean body measurements for length, height at withers and heart girth at the start and end of the experiment were not significantly different between groups. There was no significant difference in faecal consistency score among the groups. Haematological parameters such as haemoglobin, blood urea nitrogen (BUN), plasma total protein, glucose, calcium and phosphorus recorded at the beginning and at the end of the experiment were not significantly differenct (P>0.05). The digestibility of nutrients was not having significant difference (P>0.05) among the treatment groups. The feed cost per kg weight gain in T1, T2 and T3 were Rs. 375.68, 333.11 and 249.67 respectively. The total feeding cost was maximum in T1 and minimum in T3. Based on the study it could be concluded that feeding of formulated milk replacer is better option for commercial dairy producers and farmers.
Open Access
EFFECT OF TENDERIZATION ON BUFFALO MEAT QUALITY
(COLLEGE OF VETERINARY AND ANIMAL SCIENCES, POOKODE WAYANAD, 2018) NEETHU DIVAKAR; Renuka Nayar
The present study was conducted in the Department of Livestock Products Technology, CVAS, Pookode to study the effect of application of curd, lemon juice and blade tenderisation on quality of buffalo meat. Longissimus dorsi muscles from carcasses of buffaloes aged 8-9 years were divided into six equal groups and then subjected to various treatments. The treatments included C- control, T1- blade tenderised sample, T2- application of 20 % curd, T3- blade tenderisation with application of 20 % curd, T4- application of 20% lemon juice, T5- application of blade tenderisation with 20% lemon juice. The samples were then aerobically packed and stored in the chiller (4±10C). Analyses were conducted on days 0, 1, 3, 6 and 9 or until spoilage, whichever is earlier for both control and treatments. C and T 1 had significantly (p<0.01) lower drip loss on all days of evaluation and the values did not differ significantly across the storage period. Cooking loss was significantly (p<0.01) higher for T 3, T 4 and T and lowest for T 1. There was significant (p<0.01) difference between samples with regard to TBA number on all storage days with C and T 1 showing significantly (p<0.01) higher TBA numbers when compared to other samples. T 3 and T 5 samples showed significantly (p<0.01) lower TBA numbers on all storage days. ‘L’ values were significantly (p<0.01) lower in C and T 1 when compared to others. There was a significant (p<0.01) difference in the redness or ‘a’ values between all samples, with C and T 1 showing significantly higher values and T 4 and T 5 showing the lowest values. A significant (p<0.01) difference in shear force values between samples was observed, whereas T 1 showed a significantly (p<0.01) lower and C showed a significantly higher shear force value throughout the storage period. Among the samples the lowest (p<0.01) collagen content was observed for T 1, followed by T 2 and the highest for C. A significant (p<0.01) difference in myofibrillar fragmentation index was noticed between samples on all storage days with C showing the highest values and T 1 showing the lowest values. There was significant difference (p<0.01) in the aerobic plate counts between the samples on all storage days. The highest count was observed for T 3 closely followed by T 2. T 1 had superior scores for tenderness, juiciness and overall acceptability on day 0 and maintained the scores throughout the storage period. T 2 and T 3 samples attained similar sensory scores as that of T 1, only on day 9. C, T 4 and T 5 had the lowest sensory scores on all storage days. On storage in chiller, sensory attributes improved in all the samples stressing the importance of ageing. Blade tenderisation is recommended as the most preferred tenderisation technique. As a cost effective tenderisation treatment, T 2 is recommended as application of curd alone can make the meat tender in 9 days, with similar sensory scores as T 1.
Open Access
COMPARATIVE EVALUATION OF DIFFERENT MILKING SYSTEMS IN CROSSBRED DAIRY CATTLE
(COLLEGE OF VETERINARY AND ANIMAL SCIENCES, POOKODE WAYANAD, 2018) DEEPAK BIRADAR; John Abraham
Milking operation is the major activity of every dairy farm affecting the quantity, quality and the cost of the milk produced. This study was envisaged to compare and evaluate electrical milking machine (T1), hand milking (T2) and manual milking machine (T3), on crossbred dairy cattle. Fifteen freshly calved crossbred dairy cows were randomly selected and allotted to three different treatment groups adopting switch-over design. The cows were milked for 60 days both in the morning and evening sessions. There was no significant difference in the average daily milk yield obtained by different milking systems. The average total retained milk was significantly (P <0.01) higher in T3 compared to T1 in both the milking sessions. The average milk extraction rate was significantly (P <0.01) higher in T1 (i.e. 1.26 ± 0.10 kg/min) compared to T2 and T3 (0.69 ± 0.04 kg/min and 0.66 ± 0.05 kg/min, respectively). The milk composition, revealed no significant difference in the fat per cent, but significant (P <0.01) difference in Solid-Not-Fat, specific gravity and protein. The mean average electrical resistance of milk was significantly (P <0.01) higher in T1 and T3 compared to T2. The physiological parameters of the milker (Blood Pressure, Heart Rate and Respiratory Rate) compared before and after milking revealed that, the stress undergone by the milker was higher in T2 compared to T1 and T3. The Somatic Cell Count was more in the milk obtained by hand milking followed by manual machine and electrical milking machine (5.145 ± 0.080, 5.791 ± 0.093 and 5.152 ± 0.094 somatic cells/ml). The Total Viable Count of bacteria in milk was significantly (P <0.01) higher in hand milking (T2) (456.867 ± 37.838 x 103 cfu/ml) than in T1 and T3 (280.70 ± 30.428 and 312.93 ± 29.705 x 103 cfu/ml). The study revealed that, hand milking caused much stress to the milker and the microbiological quality of milk was poor. The cost of milk production was least in T3 compared to T1 and T2. The Electric milking machine was found to be superior in terms of quality of milk and ergonomics of milking. However, Manual milking machine, intermediate in terms of cost, quality and ergonomics, can be recommended for small holder dairy farmers with the benefit of cost effectiveness and improved milk quality than hand milking. Key words: Milking systems, ergonomics, milk quality, hand milking, machine milking.

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