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Subject: Floriculture and Landscaping ×

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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    Effect of Indole-3-butyric acid, Water dip and Time of Stem cuttings on Rhizogenesis of Chamaecyparis pisifira and Cupressus macrocarpa
    (2022) Wani, Barkat Ul Islam; Lone, Raiz Ahmad
    The studies on “Effect of Indole-3-butyric acid, water dip and time of stem cuttings on rhizogenesis of Chamaecyparis pisifira and Cupressus macrocarpa” were carried out during the year 2020-2021 at the experimental farm of the Division of Floriculture and Landscape Architecture, SKUAST-K, Shalimar campus to investigate the effects of dipping cuttings in running water, rooting hormone (IBA) and different time of planting on rooting ability of Chamaecyparis pisifira and Cupressus macrocarpa. For this purpose, four experiments were carried out, each experiment comprised of 12 treatment combinations replicated thrice and were laid under Completely Randomized Design. Each treatment comprised of twenty cuttings. Treatment combinations consist of four levels of IBA (0 ppm, 1500 ppm, 3000 ppm and 4500 ppm) and three different months of planting in both the ornamental plants. Cuttings were given quick dip treatment of (50-60 seconds) with various concentrations of IBA. In first two experiments the cuttings of Chamaecyparis pisifira and Cupressus macrocarpa were planted in three different months viz., 1st week of July, 1st week of August and 1st week of September. In both experiments the cuttings planted in the 1st week of July was most effective in inducing earlier root formation and maximum number of primary adventitious roots, number of secondary adventitious roots, length of primary root per cutting, root volume, length of cutting, collar diameter, percent cuttings rooted and survival of rooted cuttings. Among various levels of IBA, 4500 ppm IBA was most effective than other concentrations of IBA (1500 ppm & 3000 ppm). In other two experiments, both Chamaecyparis pisifira and Cupressus macrocarpa cuttings were dipped in running water for 12 hours, 24 hours and 36 hours, then treated with the various concentrations of IBA (0ppm, 1500 ppm, 300 ppm and 4500 ppm). Both the experiments comprised of 12 treatment combinations replicated thrice and were laid under Completely Randomized Design. Each treatment comprised of twenty cuttings. The results obtained from both the experiments revealed that the highest values of rooting parameters like number of primary and secondary adventitious roots, length of primary root per cutting, root volume, length of rooted cuttings, collar diameter, percent cuttings rooted, survival of rooted cuttings and early root formation was obtained from cuttings that are dipped in running water for 24 hours and subsequently treated with 4500ppm of IBA.
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    Influence of harvesting stage and pulsing on post-harvest life of cut Shasta Daisy (Leucanthemum x superbum)
    (SKUAST Kashmir, 2022) Ubaid Ayaz; Masoodi, N. H.
    An experiment entitled “Influence of Harvesting Stage and Pulsing on Post-Harvest Life of Cut Shasta Daisy (Leucanthemum × superbum)” was conducted at the Laboratory of the Division of FLA, SKUAST-K, Shalimar during 2020-2021 to standardize the concentration of Citric acid and Sucrose for improving vase life of Cut Shasta Daisy. The investigation involved 10 pulsing levels (P0: Without Pulsing, P1: Sucrose 2.5% + Citric acid 100 ppm, P2: : Sucrose 2.5% + Citric acid 150 ppm, P3: Sucrose 2.5% + Citric acid 200 ppm, P4: Sucrose 5% + Citric acid 100 ppm, P5: Sucrose.5% + Citric acid 150 ppm, P6: Sucrose 5% + Citric acid 200 ppm, P7: Sucrose 7.5% + Citric acid 100 ppm, P8: Sucrose 7.5% + Citric acid 150 ppm, P9: Sucrose 7.5% + Citric acid 200 ppm) having 2 stages (S1: Half open stage and S2: Full bloom stage ) and 2 Durations (D1:4hrs and D2:8hrs.) laid out in completely randomized design and replicated thrice. The total number of treatment combinations was 40. The results of the study revealed that highest water uptake was recorded in S2(4.66), D2(3.77), P9(3.99) S2D2P9 (Pulsing of full bloom flowers with Sucrose 7.5% + Citric acid 200 ppm for 8 hrs) (4.73) , water loss S2(2.11), D2(2.21), P9(2.48) S2D2P9(3.50), water balance S2(2.55), D2(1.56), P9(1.51) S2D2P9 (1.23), fresh weight changes S2(4.13), D2(4.13), P9(5.27) S2D2P9 (5.59), flower diameter S2(3.93), D2(3.99), P9(4.66) S2D2P9(4.79) while as vase life was recorded highest in S2(8.96), D2(8.95), P9(9.42) S1D2P9 (Pulsing of half open flowers with Sucrose 7.5% + Citric acid 200 ppm for 8 hrs).(9.28).
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    Growth, Flowering and Seed Production of Gypsophila paniculata L.as Influenced by Growth regulators, Time of Planting, Spacing and Pinching
    (SKUAST Kashmir, 2022) Tabinda Niyaz; Neelofar
    The present study entitled ‘‘Growth, Flowering and Seed Production of Gypsophila paniculata L as influenced by Growth Regulators, Time of Planting, Spacing and Pinching” was carried out at Division of Floriculture and Landscape Architecture, SKUAST-K, Shalimar campus during Nov(2020) – July (2021). The study comprised of two experiments. The first experiment entitled “Effect of Gibberellic Acid (GA3) and Benzyl Adenine (BA) on Growth, Flowering and Seed Production of Gypsophila paniculata L.” involved application of 4 levels of each GA3 and BA@ 0ppm, 100ppm, 200ppm and 300ppm) with 16 treatment combinations. The results indicated that GA3 @ 300ppm significantly improved plant height (79.64cm), number of primary branches (4.29), length of primary branches (76.98cm), number of secondary branches (34.06), length of flowering shoot (52.91cm), number of panicles/primary branch (44.85), number of flowers/primary branch (1498.78), fresh weight of flowering shoot (25.17g), cut flower yield/plant (3.75), cut flower yield/ha (181,000), seed yield/plant (13.71g), and seed yield/ha (658.44kg). BA@300ppm significantly increased the plant height (74.18cm), number of primary branches (4.29), length of primary branches (72.30cm), number of secondary branches (33.31), length of flowering shoot (48.08cm), stem thickness (8.12mm) ,number of panicles/primary branch (42.88), number of flowers/primary branch (1350.84), fresh weight of flowering shoot (28.53g), cut flower yield/plant (4.05), cut flower yield/ha (194,000), seed yield/plant (14.56g) and seed yield/ha (699.00kg) .GA@300pmm in combination with BA@300ppm significantly improved the plant height (81.50cm), number of primary branches (5.55), length of primary branches (79.70cm), number of secondary branches (40.65), length of flowering shoot (54.10cm), girth of secondary branches (4.68mm), number of panicles/primary branch (51.10), number of flowers/primary branch (1667.05), fresh weight of flowering shoot (31.65g), cut flower yield/plant (4.50), cut flower yield/ha (216,000), seed yield/plant (15.61g), seed yield/ha (749.28kg) The second experiment entitled “Effect of Time of Planting, Spacing and Pinching on Growth, Flowering and Seed Production of Gypsophila paniculata L.’’ comprised of three planting dates (1st November 2020 T1, 1st December 2020 T2 and 1st March 2021 T3) three spacings (30×30cm D1, 30×40cm D2 , 30×60cm D3) and two levels of pinching (No pinching,P1 and Pinching P2). November planting significantly increased the plant height (79.40cm), number of primary branches (4.46), length of primary branches (76.49cm), length of the flowering shoot (59.20cm), main stem thickness(11.36mm) , number of secondary branches (30.04), girth of secondary branches (3.90mm), number of panicles/ primary branch (31.27) , number of flowers/primary branch(930.07) , cut flower yield/plant(4.07), cut flower yield/ha (264000), seed yield/plant (17.39g) and seed yield/ha (995.33kg). Closer spacing of 30×30 cm increased plant height (75.55cm), cut flower yield/ha (210), seed yield/ha (1041.06kg) whereas the wider spacing of 30×60cm increased number of primary branches/plant (4.40), length of primary branches (73.30cm), main stem thickness (11.21mm), length of flowering shoot (58.45cm), cut flower yield/plant (6.00), seed yield/plant (22.96g). Significantly increased plant height (75.53cm), length of primary branches (69.64cm) and length of flowering shoot (56.55cm) were obtained in non-pinched plants whereas pinched plants resulted in maximum ,number of primary branches (3.97), number of secondary branches (26.31), maximum girth of secondary branch (3.63mm) fresh weight of flowering shoots (26.50g) number of panicles/primary branch (27.58), number of flowers/primary branch (839.17) cut flower yield/plant (3.61), cut flower yield/ha(187.00), seed yield/plant(15.38g), seed yield/ha (852.91kg).
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    Effect of NPK Sprays, Growing Media and PGR’s on Growth and Flowering of Geranium (Pelargonium zonale L.)
    (SKUAST Kashmir, 2022) Sayima Javeed; Banda, Neelofar
    The present investigation entitled “Effect of NPK sprays, Growing media and PGR’s on Growth and Flowering of Geranium (Pelargonium zonale L.)” was undertaken at the research field of Division of Floriculture and Landscape Architecture SKUAST K, Shalimar during June – December 2021. The study comprised of two experiments. The first experiment entitled “Effect of growing media and NPK sprays on growth and flowering of geranium” involved 6 levels of growing media Soil, soil + sand (1:1 v/v), soil + sand + vermicompost (1:1:1 v/v), soil + sand + sheep manure (1:1:1 v/v), soil + sand + dalweed (1:1:1 v/v), soil + sand + FYM (1: 1: 1 v/v) and 4 levels of NPK sprays (20:20:20) (0g, 1g, 2g, 3g/ L). The results indicated that growing media comprising soil + sand + vermicompost significantly improved plant height (37.91 cm), plant spread (32.35 cm), number of branches plant-1 (5.41), number of leaves plant-1 (39.52), leaf area (1536.82 cm2) and stem diameter (8.72 mm). The same treatment recorded minimum days to first bud appearance (56.10), color break of inflorescence (60.24), full opening of inflorescence (4.02), maximum number of inflorescences plant-1 (16.83), number of florets inflorescence-1 (53.99), inflorescence diameter (10.42 cm), floret diameter (3.18 cm), pot presentability (89.69) and NPK % in leaves (2.18, 0.95 and 1.55 respectively) . Foliar spray NPK (20:20:20) @ 3g/L sprayed five times at 15 day intervals recorded maximum plant height (31.71 cm), plant spread (28.30 cm), number of branches plant-1 (4.92), number of leaves plant-1 (33.56), leaf area (1182.75 cm2) and stem diameter (8.25 mm). The same treatment also recorded minimum days to first bud appearance (57.83), color break of inflorescence (63.18), full opening of inflorescence (4.55), maximum number of inflorescences plant-1(15.16), number of florets infloresence-1(46.16), inflorescence diameter (8.98 cm), floret diameter (2.58 cm), pot presentability (87.81) and NPK % (1.32, 0.35 0.96 respectively). Interaction between soil + sand + vermicompost and NPK spray @ 3g/L recorded maximum plant height (40.83 cm), plant spread (36.60 cm), number of branches plant-1 (6.33), number of leaves plant-1 (44.22) leaf area (1693.20 cm2) and stem diameter (9.56 mm). The same treatment also recorded minimum days to first bud appearance (52.66), color break of inflorescence (56.44), full opening of inflorescence (3.22), maximum number of inflorescences plant-1(20.00), number of florets infloresence1 (56.77), inflorescence diameter (11.00 cm), floret diameter (3.43 cm), pot presentability (92.55) and maximum NPK % (2.51 0.99 1.61 respectively). The second experiment entitled “Effect of PGR’s on growth and flowering of geranium.” involved 4 levels of GA3 (0, 500, 1000, 1500 ppm) and 4 levels of BA (0, 50, 100, 150 ppm) with 16 treatment combinations. Results indicated that GA3 @ 1500 ppm recorded maximum plant height (34.75 cm), plant spread (30.85 cm), number of branches plant-1 (4.24), number of leaves plant-1 (35.41) and leaf area (1539.44 cm2) .The same treatment recorded minimum days to first bud appearance (56.10), color break of inflorescence (60.24), full opening of inflorescence (4.19), maximum number of inflorescences plant-1(12.77), number of florets inflorescence-1(54.27) inflorescence diameter (9.40 cm), floret diameter (2.60 cm), and pot presentability (87.86). BA @ 150 ppm significantly improved plant height (32.58 cm), plant spread (29.54 cm), number of branches plant-1(4.33), number of leaves plant-1 (36.16) leaf area (1438.25 cm2) and stem diameter (8.04 mm). The same treatment also recorded minimum days to first bud appearance (57.55), color break of inflorescence (61.99), full opening of inflorescence (4.47), maximum number of inflorescences plant-1(9.91), number of florets infloresence-1(46.55), inflorescence diameter (8.32 cm), floret diameter (2.58 cm) and pot presentability (87.30). GA3 @ 1500 ppm in combination with BA @ 150 ppm recorded maximum plant height (37.00 cm), plant spread (33.00 cm), number of branches plant-1 (5.11), number of leaves plant-1 (42.22) leaf area (1778.52 cm2) and stem diameter (8.04). The same treatment also recorded minimum days to first bud appearance (52.66), color break of inflorescence (56.44), full opening of inflorescence (3.55), maximum number of inflorescence plant-1(13.22), number of florets inflorescence-1(56.00), inflorescence diameter (9.63 cm), floret diameter (2.84 cm), and pot presentability (91.00).
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    Effect of Foliar Nutrient Spray on Growth, Flowering and Yield Attributes in Gerbera under Greenhouse Conditions
    (SKUAST Kashmir, 2022) Yatoo, Mahraj Ud Din; Malik, K. M.
    The present experiment entitled "Effect of Foliar Nutrient Spray on Growth, Flowering and Yield Attributes in Gerbera under Greenhouse Conditions” was carried out at the Experimental field of Division of Floriculture and Landscape Architecture, SKUAST-Kashmir, Shalimar campus, Srinagar during (June to October) in growing season of 2020. The experiment involved seven different monthly nutrient foliar sprays (1. Water spray, 2. MS nutrients @ 20ml/L, 3. MS nutrients @ 40ml/L, 4. MS nutrients @ 20ml/L with double calcium concentration, 5. MS nutrients @ 40ml/L with double calcium concentration, 6. Calmax Gold @ 2ml/L, 7. Calmax Gold @ 4ml/L) on vegetative growth, flowering and yield of four gerbera cultivars (BRT Pink, Pal White, Kat Red and Artist) comprising 28 treatment combinations replicated two times in a Randomized Complete Block Design. Monthly application of foliar nutrient spray S4: MS nutrients @ 20ml/L with double calcium concentration enhanced vegetative growth, flowering and yield in terms of plant height (40.84 cm), plant spread (67.44 cm), number of leaves plant-1 (32.22), leaf area (3323 cm2), days taken from bud appearance to flower opening (12.03), length of ray florets (5.45 cm), flower diameter (12.38 cm), stalk length (59.75 cm), stalk thickness (0.65 cm) and number of flowers open plant-1 at a time (3.19), highest total flowers (23.53) plant-1, number of ‘A’ grade flowers (12.98) plant-1 and total flowers (54.52 thousand) yield/500m2 produced for six months (June-October) followed by treatment S5 and minimum results were observed in control. Among the four cultivars BRT Pink recorded improved growth, flowering and yield in terms of plant height (38.36 cm), plant spread (67.73 cm), number of leaves plant-1 (32.86), leaf area (3573 cm2), days taken from bud appearance to flower opening (12.54), length of ray florets (5.28 cm), flower diameter (12.45 cm), stalk length (59.48 cm), stalk thickness (0.62 cm), number of flowers open plant-1 at a time (2.61), highest total flowers (19.39) plant-1, number of ‘A’ grade flowers (10.98) plant-1 and total flowers (44.93 thousand) yield/500m2 produced for six months (June-October) followed by cultivar Pal White and minimum results were observed in Kat Red cultivar. The study also found that nutrient foliar spray MS nutrients @ 20ml/L with double calcium concentration at monthly interval was most feasible with benefit-cost ratio of (3.07).
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    Growth, Flowering and Bulb Production in Lilium as influenced by Precision Nutrient Application
    (SKUAST Kashmir, 2022) Audil Nazir; Rather, Z.A.
    An experiment entitled “Growth, Flowering and Bulb Production in Lilium as Influenced by Precision Nutrient Application” was carried out at the Research Farm of Division of Floriculture and Landscape Architecture, SKUAST- K, Shalimar during the year 2019. The experiment comprised of eight treatments viz. T1- Nitrogen (0g m-2), T2 - Nitrogen (10g m-2), T3-Nitrogen (20g m-2), T4-Nitrogen (30g m-2), T5 - Nitrogen (0g m-2) + NPK 19:19:19@ (1g L-1) as foliar spray, T6-Nitrogen (10g m-2) + NPK 19:19:19@ (1g L-1) as foliar spray, T7-Nitrogen (20g m-2) + NPK 19:19:19 @ (1g L-1) as foliar spray, T8-Nitrogen (30g m-2) + NPK 19:19:19 @ (1g L-1) as foliar spray, with three replications laid out in RCBD. The findings of the study revealed that T7-Nitrogen (20g m-2) + NPK 19:19:19 @ (1g L-1) as foliar spray statistically at par with T6 recorded maximum plant height (91.95 cm) and number of bulbs plant-1 (1.38). T7-Nitrogen (20g m-2) + NPK 19:19:19 @ (1g L-1) as foliar spray again recorded maximum bulb weight (45.23g), bulb circumference (18.86cm), number of bulblets plant-1 (2.20) and weight of bulblets plant-1 (4.15g). On the other hand, T6-Nitrogen (10g m-2) + NPK 19:19:19 @ (1g L-1) as foliar spray recorded maximum stem thickness (13.75 mm), number of leaves plant-1 (84.05), leaf area plant-1 (842.30 cm2) and leaf area index (2.81). T6 also recorded minimum days to first bud emergence (43.38 days), colour break stage (55.57 days) and days to first flower opening (58.86 days) and maximum flower bud length (9.95cm), flower diameter (20.25 cm), number of flowers plant-1 (6.41), number of ‘A’ grade spikes (6) and spike length (83.95 cm). The economic analysis revealed that T6-Nitrogen (10g m-2) + NPK 19:19:19@ (1g L-1) as foliar spray exhibited maximum BC ratio (1.36)
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    Studies on growth, flowering and raceme production of Honesty (Lunaria annua L.)
    (SKUAST Kashmir, 2023) Bhat, Reyaz Ahmad
    Studies on growth flowering and raceme production of Honesty (Lunaria annua L.) under variable planting dates, geometry, PGRs application and nutrient management were conducted during 2020-21 and 2021-22, based on three experiments. Experiment I was conducted to study the “Effect of different planting dates and spacing on growth flowering and dry raceme production of Honesty (Lunaria annua L.)”. The experiment was laid out in randomized complete block design (RCBD) with twelve treatments replicated three times, treatments consist of four different planting dates (D1- 30th September, D2- 30th October, D3- 15th March and D4 – 15th April) and three plant spacing (S1- 30 × 30 cm, S2- 30 × 40 cm and S3- 30 × 50 cm). Planting date D1 (30th September) significantly reduced days to appearance of raceme (DAP) (196.8), days to full bloom (228.3) (DAP) and days to harvest (287.1) (DAP). Increasing planting density i.e. closer spacing (S1- 30 × 30) cm increased plant height (77.0 cm) and seed yield (1605 kg ha-1). On the other hand wider planting density significantly improved, plant spread (59.9 cm), leaf area (6445.1 cm-2), number of leaves (85.9), leaf width (8.7 cm), leaf length (12.4 cm), number of primary (4.2) and secondary branches (14.8), length of dry raceme (26.1 cm), Number of racemes plant-1(19.3). Experiment II was conducted to study the “Effect of GA3 and Nutrient application on Growth, flowering and dry raceme production of Honesty (Lunaria annua L.)”Experiment was laid out in RCBD having sixteen treatments replicated thrice. N3 (NPK @ 3 g l-1) significantly improved plant height (86.3cm), no. of leaves (86.5), plant spread (62.5 cm), days to full bloom (218.2) (DAP) and seed yield ha-1 (2216 kg). Similarly G3 (GA3 200ppm) significantly improved plant height (86.8cm), no. of leaves (87), plant spread (62.2cm), days to full bloom (218.4) (DAP) and seed yield ha-1 (2150 kg). Experiment III was conducted to evaluate the influence of seed priming treatments on some physiological attributes of Honesty (Lunaria annua L.). Seeds of Honesty were subjected to priming with different levels of concentrations of potassium nitrate and calcium chloride, constituting a total of 9 treatments along with control. Seeds primed with 1 % KNO3 significantly improved days to 50% germination (10.0),germination percentage (72.4%), seedling fresh weight (116.5mg), seedling dry weight (25.7mg), root length(6.9 cm), shoot length (7.1 cm), and seedling vigour index (670).
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    Studies on Growth, Flowering and Bulb Production in Lilium
    (SKUAST Kashmir, 2022) Bhat, Irfan Gani; Rather, Z. A.
    The present investigation entitled “Studies on Growth, Flowering and Bulb Production in Lilium”was conducted at the Experimental Field of Division of Floriculture and Landscape Architecture, SKUAST-Kashmir during the year 2017-18 and 2018-19. The present investigation was based on two field experiments, which were laid out simultaneously in the same field and same month during both the years of study. Observations were recorded on growth, floral and bulb parameters. The data was analyzed using statistical package for split plot design (SPD) and randomized complete block design (RCBD). First experiment entitled “ Effect of nutrient sprays on growth, flowering and bulb production in lilium cultivars under different environments” was undertaken with sixty three treatment combinations consisting of three environments (50%, 75% shade net& 2 layers of 50% shade net), three cultivars (Nashville, Navarin & Indian Summerset) and seven nutrient sprays [ N1 (water spray), N2 (macro nutrients -18:18:18 @ 2.0 g L-1), N3 (macro nutrients - 18:18:18 @ 4.0 g L-1), N4 (macro nutrients - 18:18:18 @ 2.0 g L-1 + micronutrients @ 1.0 ml L-1), N5 (macro nutrients - 18:18:18 @ 4.0 g L-1 + micronutrients @ 1.0 ml L-1), N6 (macro nutrients - 18:18:18 @ 2.0 g L-1 + micronutrients @ 2.0 ml L-1), N7 (macro nutrients - 18:18:18 @ 4.0 g L-1 + micronutrients @ 2.0 ml L-1). All the treatments were replicated thrice under split plot design. Cultivar had a significant effect on all growth, flowering and bulb parameters. Days to sprouting were maximum for cv. Nashville (12.90 days) followed by cv. Indian Summerset (12.68 days) and cv. Navarin (12.77 days). Highest bulb sprouting (100%) was recorded in all the three cultivars. Maximum plant height (76.95 cm), stem length (57.71 cm), stem diameter (7.32 mm), number of leaves plant-1 (91.91), leaf length (7.50 cm), leaf width (2.97 cm), leaf chlorophyll content (47.28 SPAD), flower bud length (7.41 cm), flower bud circumference (44.10 mm), flower size (17.16 cm), number of florets spike-1 (3.11), total bulb weight plant-1 (60.58 g), weight of main bulb plant-1 (57.80 g), total number of bulbs/bulblets plant-1 (4.14), size of main bulb (6.44 cm) and propagation coefficient ( 4.14 ) were recorded with cv. Nashville along with minimum days to flower bud appearance (46.14), days to colour break (64.74) and days to opening of first flower (67.52). The values for all these parameters were recorded minimum with cv. Navarin followed by cv. Indian Sumerset. Shade nets had a significant effect on all growth and flowering parameters. Maximum plant height (73.38 cm), stem length (54.14 cm), stem diameter (7.63 mm) number of leaves plant-1 (88.35), leaf length (7.86 cm), leaf width (3.32 cm), leaf chlorophyll content (45.66 SPAD), flower bud length (7.68 cm), flower bud circumference (47.10 mm), flower size (17.52 cm), number of florets spike-1 (3.24), total bulb weight plant-1 (60.78 g), weight of main bulb plant-1 (57.79 g) weight of bulblets plant-1 (2.99 g) total number of bulbs/bulblets plant-1(3.89) size of main bulb (6.66 cm) and propagation coefficient (3.89) were recorded under 75% shade net along with minimum days to flower bud appearance (45.68), days to colour break (64.28) and days to opening of first flower (67. 06). Minimum values for all these parameters were observed under 2 layers of 50% shade net. Nutrient spays significantly improved growth, flowering and bulb production in lilium cultivars. Combined application of macro nutrients + micronutrients (Calimax gold) was more effective than macronutrients alone. Maximum plant height (78.02 cm), stem length (58.78 cm), stem diameter (7.74 mm), number of leaves plant-1 (92.98), leaf length (8.12 cm), leaf width (3.52 cm), leaf chlorophyll content (48.10 SPAD), flower bud length (7.83 cm), flower bud circumference (48.58 mm), flower size (17.71 cm), number of florets spike-1 (3.67), total bulb weight plant-1 (61.13 g), weight of main bulb plant-1 (58.06 g), weight of bulblets plant-1 (3.08 g), total number of bulbs/bulblets plant-1(4.09), size of main bulb (6.77 cm) and propagation coefficient ( 4.09 ) along with minimum days to flower bud appearance (45.20), days to colour break (63.81) and days to flower opening (66.59) were recorded with spraying of N7 (macro nutrients - 18:18:18 @ 4.0 g L-1 + micronutrients @ 2.0 ml L-1). Minimum values for all these parameter were recorded with spray treatment N1 (water spray). Second experiment entitled “Effect of Biofertilizers and GA3 on growth, flowering and bulb production in Lilium cultivars.” was undertaken with forty eight treatment combinations consisting of three gibberellic acid sprays (water spray, 100 ppm and 200 ppm GA3), two cultivars (Archachon and Pavia) and eight biofertilizers [ B1 (no biofertilizer), B2 (Azotobacter), B3 (Phosphate Solubilizing Bacteria), B4 (Potassium Solubilizing Bacteria), B5 (Azotobacter + Phosphate Solubilizing Bacteria), B6 (Azotobacter + Potassium Solubilizing Bacteria), B7 (Phosphate Solubilizing Bacteria + Potassium Solubilizing Bacteria) and B8(Azotobacter + Phosphate Solubilizing Bacteria + Potassium Solubilizing Bacteria). All the treatments were replicated thrice under randomized completely block design. Cultivar had a significant effect on all growth, flowering and bulb parameters. Days to sprouting were maximum for cv. Archachon (14.24 days) followed by cv. Pavia (14.71 days). Highest bulb sprouting (100%) was recorded in both the cultivars. Maximum plant height (63.96 cm), stem length (48.62 cm), stem diameter (7.93 mm), number of leaves plant-1 (73.55), leaf length (8.99 cm), leaf width (2.78 cm), leaf chlorophyll content (43.91 SPAD), flower bud length (7.92 cm), flower bud circumference (65.41 mm), flower size (17.97 cm), number of florets spike-1 (3.39), total bulb weight plant-1 (58.60 g), and size of main bulb (6.58 cm) were recorded with cv. Archachon along with minimum days to flower bud appearance (46.94), days to colour break (67.98) and days to opening of first flower (70.07). The values for all these parameters were recorded minimum with cv. Pavia. Gibberellic acid sprays had a significant effect on all growth and flowering parameters. Maximum plant height (64.16 cm), stem length (48.83 cm), stem diameter (8.00 mm), number of leaves plant-1 (81.81), leaf length (9.71 cm), leaf width (3.37 cm), leaf chlorophyll content (47.16 SPAD), flower bud length (8.17 cm), flower bud circumference (67.14 mm), flower size (19.30 cm), number of florets spike-1 (3.43), total bulb weight plant-1 (59.62 g), weight of main bulb plant-1 (57.17 g), total number of bulbs/bulblets plant-1(1.93) size of main bulb (6.86 cm) and propagation coefficient (1.93) were recorded in gibberellic acid sprays 100 ppm along with minimum days to flower bud appearance (46.78), days to colour break (66.85) and days to opening of first flower (68.97). Minimum values for all these parameters were observed in water spray. Biofertilizer application significantly improved growth, flowering and bulb production in lilium cultivars. Combined application of biofertilizers was more effective than alone. Maximum plant height (66.60 cm), stem length (51.26 cm), stem diameter (8.75 mm), number of leaves plant-1 (79.42), leaf length (8.46 cm), leaf width (2.90 cm), leaf chlorophyll content (45.62 SPAD), flower bud length (7.79 cm), flower bud circumference (75.35 mm), flower size (18.84 cm), number of florets spike-1 (4.22), total bulb weight plant-1 (61.72 g), weight of main bulb plant-1 (59.15 g), total number of bulbs/bulblets plant-1(2.29), size of main bulb (7.21 cm) and propagation coefficient (2.29) along with minimum days to flower bud appearance (44.07), days to colour break (65.13) and days to flower opening (68.86) were recorded with application of B8(Azotobacter + PSB + KSB). Minimum values for all these parameter were recorded with treatment B1 (no biofertilizers).
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    Studies on In-vitro Propagation, Mutagenesis and Somatic Embryogenesis in Lilium
    (SKUAST Kashmir, 2022) Iqra Farooq; Neelofar
    The experiment was conducted during 2018-2020 to arrive at an efficient protocol for successful in vitro propagation, Somatic Embryogenesis and Mutagenesis of two Lilium LA Hybrids, “Indian Summerset” and “Nashville”. Two types of explants viz., Bulb Scales and Leaf segments were tried for development of protocol for in vitro propagation of bulblets. Maximum culture asepsis was recorded in cv. “Nashville” in shoot tip and leaf segment explants. Sterilization treatment combination containing Carbendazim 0.02% for 30 minutes plus mercuric chloride 0.1% 10 minute dip followed by ethyl alcohol 70% dip for 10 seconds was superior to all other treatments in recording highest per cent culture asepsis in bulb scale explant (85.41 in case of “Indian Summerset” and 89.58% in case of “Nashville) while as in leaf segment explants, sterilization treatment combination containing Carbendazim 0.02% for 30 minutes plus mercuric chloride 0.1% for 5 minute dip followed by ethyl alcohol 70% for 10 seconds was superior to all other treatments. Highest survival percentage was recorded in treatment combination Carbendazim 0.02% for 20 minutes plus mercuric chloride 0.1% for 5 minute dip followed by ethyl alcohol 70% for 10 seconds in case of bulb scale explants and treatment combination Carbendazim 0.02% for 20 minutes plus mercuric chloride 0.1% for 2 minute dip followed by ethyl alcohol 70% for 10 seconds proved to be best in survival for leaf segment explants. Maximum average survival rates were observed in cv. “Nashville”. Highest culture establishment (99.9 % in tip explant and 95.82 % in base explants) in cv. “Indian Summerset” was recorded in MS media fortified with BAP 1.50 mg L-1 + NAA 0.50 mg L-1 in both the explants types (Base and Tip of Bulb scale). Similar combinations gave the best establishment rates of 91.66% and 95.82% in tip and base respectively in cv. “Nashville” as well. Two treatment combinations containing MS+ BAP 1.50 mg L-1 + NAA 0.50 mg l-1and MS+ BAP 1.50 mg L-1 + NAA 0.50 mg l-1showed initiation of bulblets in least number of days (10.5 and 11 respectively) and resulted in higher number of bulblets formed in both the cultivars. MS media supplemented with BAP 1.00 mg L-1 + NAA 2.00 mg L-1+ Sucrose 9% proved to be best for development of largest bulblet (5.91 cm and 5.28 cm in “Indian Summerset” and “Nashville” respectively). BAP 1.00 mg L-1 + NAA 0.5 mg L-1+ Sucrose 9% resulted in highest values for shoot length per culture (11.85 cm and 10.80 cm in Indian Summerset” and “Nashville” respectively). Highest callus induction and callus weight was observed in treatment MS + BAP 1.5 mg L-1 + 2,4-D 3.0 mg L-1 in both the cultivars. Ex vitro survival of 93.75 % and 96.87% in “Indian Summerset” and “Nashville” respectively was recorded on hardening media combination of perlite + vermiculite (1:1). Transverse Thin Cell Layers (tTCLs) were tried as explants for development of protocol for somatic embryogenesis in Lilium LA Hybrids, “Indian Summerset” and “Nashville”. Highest survival in tTCLs were recorded in treatment combination MS+ 2, 4-D 1.0 mg L-1 + Picloram 2.0 mg l-1in both the cultivars. MS media fortified with 2, 4-D 2.0 mg L-1 + Picloram 2.0 mg l-1proved to be best for callus induction, formation of ELS, number of ELS per culture, fresh weight and survival of of ELS per culture. Highest germination percentage was observed in MS+ 2, 4-D 1.0 mg L-1 + Picloram 1.5 mg l-1. In vitro grown shoots were exposed to 2.5, 5, 10, 20 and 30 Gy gamma irradiation at 100 Gy minute-1 keeping unirradiated shoots as control. Survival was significantly low under 30 Gy treatment as compared to the control. Radiation dose of 30 Gy delayed shoot initiation, suppressed shoot proliferation and multiplication in successive subcultures. All the rhizogenesis parameters decreased with the increase in irradiation dose from 2.5 Gy to 30 Gy. Survival in primary hardening declined with the increase in irradiation dose from 2.5 Gy to 30 Gy. Molecular characterization was conducted to study the influence of markers on polymorphism among potential Lilium mutants and parents of LA Hybrid Cultivars, “Indian Summerset” and “Nashville” using SSR markers. Polymorphic information content (PIC) of each primer was calculated and ranged from 0.61to 0.93 with an overall average of 0.71.SSR-4 primer yielded best characterization On the basis of PIC value among mutants and parents.