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Open Access
Response of finger millet (Eleusine coracana) as influenced by establishment methods and fertility levels in temperate agro-ecological region
(SKUAST Kashmir, 2023) Yashaswini H.S; Amjad Masood
A field experiment entitled “Response of Finger Millet (Eleusine Coracana) as Influenced by Establishment Methods and Fertility Levels in Temperate Agro-Ecological Region” was conducted at crop research farm of Division of Agronomy, Faculty of Agriculture, Wadura, Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology of Kashmir during kharif -2022 with the objective to study the effect of growth and productivity of finger millets under different establishment methods and fertility levels on the response of finger millet. The soil of the experimental field was clay loam with neutral pH, medium in available nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium and organic carbon. All the crop management practices were altered and done as per recommended package of practice with establishment methods and fertility level to study their effect on growth and development, yield, nutrientuse efficiency and economics of finger millet. The experiment consisted of two establishment methods viz. (Direct seeding and Transplanting) and four fertility levels viz. (F1 = 00:00:00, F2 = 20:10:10, F3 = 40:20:20, F4 = 60:30:30) was laid out in spilt plot design with 3 replications. Significant variations in growth, yield, nutrient use efficiency and economics were recorded among various treatments tested. In plant growth parameters the plant height, number of tillers/m-2, leaf area index and dry matter accumulation irrespective of establishment methods TPR was recorded significantly higher than DSR. Irrespective of the plant height, number of tillers/m-2, leaf area index and dry matter accumulation were found significantly higher in F4 = 60:30:30 than rest of fertility level. In yield parameters the number of fingers per shoot, average weight of fingers (g) and test weight of seeds irrespective of establishment methods DSR was produced significantly higher than TPR. Irrespective of the number of fingers per shoot, average weight of fingers (g) and test weight of seeds was significantly higher in F4 = 60:30:30 then rest of fertility level. DSR was produced significantly higher grain yield and computed more harvest index than TPR, however straw yield and biological yield were produced statistically greater in TPR than DSR. In case of fertility levels 60:30:30 level harvested significantly greater grain, straw and biological yield followed by 40:20:20 than 20:10:10 and 00:00:00 but the harvest index was found statistically similar under all the fertility levels. Partial factor productivity, agronomic efficacy, apparent nutrient recovery and physiological nutrient use efficiency were revealed higher in DSR with fertility level 20:10:10 than all other combination of treatments. In case of economic viability DSR with fertility level 20:10:10 was recorded higher benefit cost ratio as compared to rest of the treatment combination. So that it can be concluded that based on grain yield DSR with fertility level 40:20:20 was recommended but if framers emphases more on fodder yield then TPR with fertility level 40:20:20 is recommended. However, on the basis of economics DSR with fertility level 20:10:10 was found more economical.
Open Access
Evaluation of CERES-Model (DSSAT v4.7) for Impact Assessment of Climate Change of Different Rice Varieties Under Temperate Conditions
(SKUAST Kashmir, 2023) Waseem Akram; Mahdi, Syed Sheraz
Sowing environment and varieties are the two important factors that influence growth and final yield of rice (Oryza sativa L.). A field experiment was conducted during Kharif-2022 at Research Farm, Faculty of Agriculture, SKUAST-K, Wadura to study the performance of different rice varieties to different sowing windows under temperate climatic conditions of Kashmir valley. The treatments comparing of three rice cultivars viz. Shalimar rice-4 (V1), Shalimar rice-5 (V2) and K-332 (V3), transplanted at three dates viz. 10th June (T1), 20th June (T2) and 30th June (T3), in a Factorial-Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) with three replications. The results revealed that crop transplanted on 10th June recorded maximum plant height, leaf area index and dry matter accumulation than crop transplanted on 20th and 30th June. Among varieties, Shalimar rice-4 recorded significantly taller plants with higher leaf area index and dry matter accumulation compared to other varieties. With respect to phenology, crop transplanted on 10th June took maximum number of days to attain various phenological stages viz. maximum tillering, anthesis and physiological maturity. Among varieties, Shalimar ric-4 took maximum number days to attain different phenological stages than Shalimar rice-5 and K-332. The June 10th transplanted crop recorded significantly higher grain yield (54.59 q/ha), straw yield (83.88q/ha), and harvest index (39.29%) as compared to mid and late June transplanted crop. With regard to varieties, Shalimar rice-4 registered significantly higher grain yield (59.82q/ha), straw yield (84.40q/ha), and harvest index (41.60%) followed by Shalimar rice-5 and K-332. The 10thJune transplanted crop took the maximum calendar days, growing degree days, helio-thermal units and photo thermal units to attain different phenological stages as compared to 20th June and 30th June transplanted crop. Heat use efficiency was also found to be the highest in crop transplanted on 10th June. Among the varieties, Shalimar rice-4 took the maximum calendar days, GDD, HTU and PTU to attain different phenological stages than Shalimar rice-5 and K-332. For impact assessment of climate change on the above different rice varieties, the DSSAT v4.7 model was calibrated using two-year (2020 & 2021) experimental data procured from MRCFC, Khudwani and validated with single year (2022) experimental data conducted at FoA, Wadura. The observed days to anthesis, days to physiological maturity, leaf area index and grain yield were well matched with simulated values of DSSAT v4.7. The root mean square error (RMSE) is 2.97, 0.18, 4.22 and 274.06 for anthesis, LAI, physiological maturity and grain yield respectively. D-index, R2 and error percentage were also in acceptable range for different phenological stages, LAI and grain yield. Based on these results it can be concluded that the model was very robust in predicting the critical phenological growth stages and yield of different rice cultivars under different sowing environment. Results from sensitivity analysis indicated that successive increase of maximum temperature by 1°C, 2°C, 3°C and 4°C has caused substantial changes in crop phenology and grain yield. With increase in temperatures, days to reach different phenological stages viz., anthesis and physiological maturity gradually decreased in all the three rice varieties. Similarly, grain yield of SR-5 and K-332 also decrease ranging by 5.1 to 33.98% with increasing temperatures. Decrease in yield was mainly associated with lowering growth duration with increasing temperature. So, from this study, it can be concluded that all the three rice varieties viz. Shalimar rice-4, Shalimar rice-5 and K-332 transplanted on 10th performed better in terms of their growth and yield. Therefore, transplanted on 10th June for these rice varieties can be recommended for realizing the higher growth and yield. DSSAT v4.7 rice model was very robust in predicting the growth and yield of the above rice varieties. The impact of increasing temperatures on phenology and yield was quite detrimental indicating to opt shifting of planting dates to the most appropriate window.
Open Access
Bioefficacy of Herbicides and Crop Weed Competition in Direct Seeded Rice
(SKUAST Kashmir, 2023) Tabia Mehraj; Bhat, Raies Ahmad
A field experiment entitled “Bioefficacy of Herbicides and Crop Weed Competition in Direct Seeded Rice” was conducted at Crop Research Farm of Division of Agronomy, Faculty of Agriculture, Wadura, Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology of Kashmir during Kharif 2020 with the objective to study the bioefficacy of herbicides and crop weed competition in direct seeded rice. All the crop management practices were kept uniform and done as per the recommended package of practices and only the weed management practices were altered to study their effect on growth and development, yield and economics of direct seeded rice and also on weed dynamics. The treatments were: Pyrazosulfuron ethyl @ 25 g a.i. ha-1 + Pretilachlor @ 700 g a.i. ha-1fb 1 Hand weeding at 20 DAS (T1), Pyrazosulfuron ethyl @ 25 g a.i. ha-1 + Pretilachlor @ 700 g a.i. ha-1 fb Cyhalofop butyl @ 100 g a.i. ha-1 at 20 DAS (T2), Bensulfuron methyl @ 60 g a.i. ha-1 + Pretilachlor @ 700 g a.i. ha-1 fb Cyhalofop butyl @ 100 g a.i. ha-1 at 20 DAS (T3), Penoxsulam @ 22 g a.i. ha-1 (pre-emergence) (T4), Penoxsulam @ 22 g a.i. ha-1 (post-emergence, 15 DAS) (T5), Butachlor @ 1.5 kg a.i. ha-1 fb1 Hand weeding at 20 DAS (T6), Weed free upto maximum tillering (T7), Weedy upto maximum tillering (T8), Weed free upto flowering (T9), Weedy upto flowering (T10), Weedy check (T11) and Weed free upto harvest (T12). The experiment was laid out in randomized complete block design with 3 replications. It was revealed that among the weed management practices, weed free upto harvest recorded the highest grain yield. Pyrazosulfuron ethyl @ 25 g a.i. ha-1 + Pretilachlor @ 700 g a.i. ha-1fb Cyhalofop butyl @ 100 g a.i. ha-1 was found significantly superior to rest of the herbicides in all growth and yield parameters like plant height, tillers m-2, dry matter accumulation, leaf area index and grain yield as well as yield attributing characters. Application of Pyrazosulfuron ethyl @ 25 g a.i. ha-1 + Pretilachlor @ 700 g a.i. ha-1fb Cyhalofop butyl @ 100 g a.i. ha-1 also led to significantly higher nutrient uptake over rest of the herbicides. Among the different herbicides, Pyrazosulfuron ethyl @ 25 g a.i. ha-1 + Pretilachlor @ 700 g a.i. ha-1fb Cyhalofop butyl @ 100 g a.i. ha-1 recorded lowest weed density, weed dry weight and highest weed control efficiency. The highest benefit cost ratio was recorded with the application of Penoxsulam @ 22 g a.i. ha-1 (post-emergence, 15 DAS).
Open Access
Quality of Silage and Green Fodder Yield of Sorghum (Sorghum bicolor L.) as Influenced by Harvesting Stages
(SKUAST Kashmir, 2023) Bhat, Tabasum; Dar, Khursheed Ahmad
A field experiment entitled “Quality of Silage and Green Fodder Yield of Sorghum (Sorghum bicolor L.) as Influenced by Harvesting Stages” was carried out at Faculty of Agriculture, Wadura, Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences & Technology of Kashmir with a view to find out the optimum harvesting time to improve productivity and quality of silage. The experiment was laid out in randomized complete block design with five replications and four treatments (harvesting stages) viz., Early flowering, Late flowering, Soft dough and Physiological maturity. The results indicated that the significantly highest yield parameters viz., plant height (276.52 cm), stalk girth (1.87 cm), and dry matter yield (30 t/ha) were recorded when plant was harvested at physiological maturity stage (S4), the highest green fodder yield was recorded when crop was harvested at soft dough stage (S3) (62.08 t/ha) which was at par with physiological maturity stage (S4) while all these growth parameters and green fodder yield were lowest when the crop was harvested at early flowering stage (S1). With regard to the silage quality parameters the highest crude protein content (7.35 %) and ether extract content (3.61 %) were registered when harvesting was done at early flowering (S1), while lowest values were registered with harvesting at physiological maturity. The maximum and minimum (50.43 %, 24.30 %) respectively value of dry matter and maximum and minimum (30.28 %, 19.28 %) respectively value of crude fibre content of sorghum silage were recorded when harvesting was done at physiological maturity (S4) and early flowering stage (S1) respectively. The highest gross returns (155200), net returns (109610) and benefit-cost ratio (2.40) was recorded when harvesting was done at soft dough stage (S3) and lowest at early flowering stage (S1). In conclusion, the study revealed that among the harvesting stages, harvesting fodder sorghum at soft dough stage (S3) resulted in the highest gross returns, net returns, and B:C ratio and with regard to silage best quality silage was obtained when crop was harvested from late flowering stage to soft dough stage.
Open Access
Phenology and Yield of Maize Hybrids as Influenced by Irrigation Scheduling under Temperate Climate of Kashmir
(SKUAST Kashmir, 2023) Mir, Suhail Ahmad; Latief Ahmad
A field experiment entitled “Phenology and yield of maize hybrids as influenced by irrigation scheduling under temperate climate of Kashmir” was conducted at the crop research farm of Division of Agronomy, Faculty of Agriculture, Sher-e- Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology of Kashmir during Kharif, 2021 with the objective to study the phenology of maize hybrids on growth and yield of maize with respect to agrometeorological indices.The soil of the experimental field was clay loam with neutral pH, medium in available nitrogen, phosphorous, potassium and organic carbon.The experiment consisted of two factors: Factor A being irrigation at various stages as; I1 (Irrigation at early vegetation stage, knee height, flowering and grain filling), I2 (Irrigation at knee height, flowering and grain filling), I3 (Irrigation at flowering and grain filling), I4 (Irrigation at flowering), I5( Irrigation at IW/CPE ratio of 0.8) and I6 (Rainfed) and Factor B as different varieties (Shalimar Hybrid -2 and Shalimar Hybrid -3) laid out in split plot design with 3 replications. Significant variations in growth parameters, yield attributes and yield were recorded among varieties and various irrigation treatments under investigation. Significantly higher plant growth parameters and yield attributes were recorded in Shalimar Hybrid-3 variety than Shalimar Hybrid-2. Among treatments I5 (Irrigation at IW/CPE ratio of 0.8) recorded statistically higher growth and yield parameters, minimum values were observed in I6 (Control). I5 (Irrigation at IW/CPE ratio of 0.8) recorded statistically higher grain and stover yield of 80.22 q ha-1and 121.05 q ha-1 as compared to the rest of the treatments. In case of economic suitability, treatment combination I5V2 (Irrigation at IW/CPE ratio of 0.8 and Shalimar Hybrid-3) revealed highest net returns of 160327.3 and benefit: cost ratio of 2.26.
Open Access
Efficacy of Nano-Urea on Nitrogen Use Efficiency and Productivity of Wet Direct Seeded Rice
(SKUAST Kashmir, 2023) Sheikh, Danish Bashir; Bhat, Tauseef Ahmad
A field experiment was conducted at the Faculty of Agriculture, Wadura SKUAST-Kashmir, during Kharif-2022 to study “Efficacy of Nano-Urea on Nitrogen use Efficiency and Productivity of Wet Direct Seeded Rice”. The experiment comprised of 10 treatments - T0 (Control : no nitrogen application), T1 (Recommended dose of prilled urea), T2 (Nano-urea 2 sprays @ 6 ml L-1 at active tillering and panicle initiation stage), T3 (Nano-urea 2 sprays @ 8 ml L-1 at active tillering and panicle initiation stage), T4 (50 % recommended dose of prilled urea as basal + nano-urea 2 sprays @ 2 ml L-1 at active tillering and panicle initiation stage), T5 (50 % recommended dose of prilled urea as basal + nano-urea 2 sprays @ 4 ml L-1 at active tillering and panicle initiation stage), T6 ( 25 % recommended dose of prilled urea as basal + nano-urea 2 sprays @ 2 ml L-1 at active tillering and panicle initiation stage), T7 (25 % recommended dose of pilled urea as basal + nano- urea 2 sprays @ 4 ml L-1 at active tillering and panicle initiation stage), T8 (25 % recommended dose of prilled urea as basal + nano-urea 2 sprays @ 6 ml L-1 at active tillering and panicle initiation stage), T9 (25 % recommended dose of prilled urea as basal + nano-urea 2 sprays @ 8 ml L-1 at active tillering and panicle initiation stage). The experiment was laid out in a Randomized Complete Block Design with three replications. The data revealed that treatment T5 (50 % recommended dose of prilled urea as basal + nano-urea 2 sprays @ 4 ml L-1 at active tillering and panicle initiation stage) recorded a significant increase in growth parameters viz., plant height, Leaf area index, dry matter accumulation, tillers (shoots) m-2 and yield attributes viz., panicle density, panicle length, panicle weight, and filled grains panicle-1 as compared to other treatments. The highest grain and straw yield of 66.57 and 87.76 q ha-1 was also recorded in treatment T5 (50 % recommended dose of prilled urea as basal + nano-urea 2 sprays @ 4 ml L-1 at active tillering and panicle initiation stage) as compared to other treatments respectively. The nitrogen use efficiencies like agronomic efficiency (3976.76 kg grain kg N-1 applied) physiological efficiency (81.85 kg grain kg N-1 uptake), partial factor productivity (17133.77 kg grain kg N-1 applied), and apparent nutrient recovery (4785.03) were recorded highest in treatment T2. Furthermore, the economic analysis revealed that the highest B: C of 1.86 also recorded in treatment T5 (50 % recommended dose of prilled urea as basal + nano-urea 2 sprays @ 4 ml L-1 at active tillering and panicle initiation stage) followed by treatment T4 (50 % recommended dose of prilled urea as basal + nano-urea 2 sprays @ 2 ml L-1 at active tillering and panicle initiation stage) with a B: C ratio of 1.66. Hence, it can be concluded that 2 sprays of nano- urea @ 4 ml at active tillering and panicle initiation along with 50 percent prilled urea as basal dose can enhance the productivity of direct seeded rice.
Open Access
In-situ Soil Moisture Conservation Practices in Soybean (Glycine max L. Merrill) using Pusa hydrogel and Foliar Nutrient Sprays
(SKUAST Kashmir, 2023) Bhat, Shabir Ahmad; Bahar, Fayaz Ahmed
A field experiment entitled "In-situ Soil Moisture Conservation Practices in Soybean (Glycine max L. Merrill) using Pusa hydrogel and Foliar Nutrient Sprays" was conducted at crop research farm, Division of Agronomy, Faculty of Agriculture, Wadura, Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology of Kashmir during Kharif 2022 with the objective to study effect of pusa hydrogel and foliar nutrient sprays on growth, yield and quality parameters of soybean. The results revealed that with increase in the concentration of pusa hydrogel the plant height, dry matter, number of branches, number of leaves, leaf area index, relative water content, number of nodules, nodule weight, root volume, number of rootlets, yield attributes, quality parameters increase with the graded levels of pusa hydrogel, however hydrogel level @ 2.5 kg/ha showed results at par with hydrogel level @ 5.0 kg/ha although both the treatments show significant difference compared to control.Root length doesn’t reveal significant difference both with respect to levels of pusa hydrogel and foliar nutrient sprays. Among the foliar nutrient sprays thiourea 500 ppm performed significantly better than others with respect to growth parameters viz., plant height, dry matter accumulation, leaf area index , CGR, RGR and NAR however, with respect to yield,vermiwash @ 1:10 outperformed than rest of foliar nutrient sprays. No significant difference was recorded with respect to to seed index. Days taken to germination show significant variation with respect to levels of pusa hydrogel application and decreased at graded levels of pusa hydrogel. Non-significant difference was observed with respect to harvest index among all treatments . The economic aspect revealed that highest B:C ratio of 1.86 was observed with treatment combination H₂F5. Therefore for achieving higher yield and economic returns, pusa hydrogel @ 2.5 kg/ha along with vermiwash @ 1:10 can be recommended under temperate conditions of north west Himalayas under rainfed ecology
Open Access
Productivity of Fodder Maize (Zea mays L.) SFM-1 Under Varied Sowing Dates and Nitrogen Levels
(SKUAST Kashmir, 2023) Saima Nisar; Zahida Rashid
A field experiment entitled “Productivity of Fodder Maize (Zea mays L.) SFM-1 Under Varied Sowing Dates and Nitrogen Levels" was carried out at Faculty of Agriculture, Wadura, Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences & Technology of Kashmir during kharif, 2022. The experiment was laid out in the split-plot design with four sowing dates (15th April, 15th May, 15th June and 15th July) and four nitrogen levels (0, 60, 120 and 180 kg ha-1) with three replications. The soil of the experimental field was silty clay loam in texture with neutral pH, medium in available nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium. The growth parameters viz., plant height, leaf area index, number of leaves per plant were significantly influenced by varying sowing dates and nitrogen levels and higher values of these parameters were obtained with early sowing of 15th April. The dry matter accumulation, number of leaves per plant and green fodder yield were significantly higher at early sowing of 15th April. The maximum crude protein content (%) and ash content (%) were also recorded with sowing on 15th April. In case of nitrogen levels, the growth, yield and quality parameters viz., plant height, leaf area index, leaf stem ratio, number of leaves per plant, dry matter yield, green fodder yield, dry fodder yield, crude protein and ash content were significantly improved up to nitrogen level N3. However, NDF (%) and ADF (%) decreased with an increase in nitrogen levels and was lowest at N3 level. In case of economic suitability, treatment combination of S1N3 (15th April + 180 kg ha-1) had the highest net returns of ₹143841.7 ha-1 and benefit: cost ratio of 2.87 followed by S1N2 (15th April + 120 kg ha-1) with net return of ₹120721.3 ha-1 and benefit: cost ratio of 2.45.
Open Access
Agronomic Responses and Weed Smothering Effects in Maize-Legume Intercropping System
(SKUAST Kashmir, 2023) Sadaf Salam; Saad, Ahmad Abdullah
A field experiment was conducted during Kharif season of 2022 at the Agronomy Research Farm of Faculty of Agriculture, SKUAST-K Wadura to evaluate the productivity, resource use efficiency and weed smothering efficiency of maize-legume intercropping system. The intercrops namely, cowpea, soybean, mungbean and common-bean were grown in additive series with maize in 1:1 and 1:2 row ratios, consisting total 13 treatments including sole cropping of each crop. The experiment was laid out in randomized block design having three replications. Among intercropping, maize grown in association with mungbean and cowpea in 1:2 recorded significantly higher values of growth parameters such as plant height, LAI, dry matter accumulation. The intercropping resulted in decrease in yield and yield attributes as compared with sole cropping system. Among different intercropping combinations, the maize equivalent yield MEY) was highest with maize + cowpea (9.2 t ha-1) in 1:1 ratio, that was found to be at par with maize + cowpea (8.9 t ha-1) in 1:2 ratio. Also LER of 1.52 & 1.48 was observed higher in maize + cowpea in 1:2 and maize + cowpea in 1:1 ratio, respectively. The nutrient-use efficiency of 59.4 kg MEY Kg-1 NPK applied and labour- use efficiency of 160 kg MEY manday-1 were highest with maize +cowpea in 1:1 ratio. Higher weed smothering efficiency was recorded in maize + cowpea and maize + soybean in 1: 2 ratio at 30 and 50 DAS. Based on economic aspect, it was observed that maize + cowpea in 1:1 and 1:2 ratio resulted in achieving maximum BCR of 2.80 and 2.64 respectively. However, it was followed by maize + soybean in 1:1 and 1:2 row ratios with BCR of 2.64 and 2.59 respectively. From the present study it can be concluded that intercropping of maize with cowpea and soybean in 1:2 ratio are biologically and economically suitable intercropping systems for rainfed conditions of Kashmir valley. Thus, results of investigation showed that maize-legume intercropping system acts as best intercultural operation for suppression of weeds.

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