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ThesisItem Open Access Role of salicylic acid to ameliorate the effect of salt stress in chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.)(CCSHAU, 2019) Preeti; Neeraj KumarThe present investigation entitled “Role of salicylic acid to ameliorate the effect of salt stress in chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.)” was investigated in the screen house during the Rabi season of 2018. Before sowing, the desired levels of salinity (control, 4 and 6 dS m-1) were developed by saturating each pot. Salicylic acid (25, 50, 75 and 100 ppm) was applied exogenously after 35 and 70 days after sowing (DAS) under stressed as well as non- stressed plants. Plants at 6 dS m-1 did not survive and hence, data of only 4 dS m-1 was given. Sampling was done at 45 and 80 DAS. Growth parameters i.e. plant height and dry weight of shoot and roots decreased with increasing levels of salinity, whereas foliar application of salicylic acid enhanced the growth of plants at both stages. Similarly, the water potential (ψw) of leaves (from -0.40 to -0.46 MPa), osmotic potential (ψs) of leaves (from -0.890 to -1.027 MPa) and roots (from -0.763 to -0.850 MPa) decreased with increasing level of salinity from control to 4 dS m-1 at 45 DAS. With increase in salinity levels, RWC (%) of leaves and roots also declined at 45 DAS. A similar trend of change in the ψw of leaves, ψs of leaves and roots and RWC (%) was observed at 80 DAS. However, exogenous application of different concentrations (25, 50, 75 and 100 ppm) of salicylic acid helps in the amelioration of plant water status by increasing water and osmotic potential to the less negative value and by increasing the RWC at both the sampling stages. The level of osmolytes i.e. proline, glycinebetaine and total soluble carbohydrates increase with increasing salinity levels (control to 4 dS m-1) and application of salicylic acid further enhanced these values at both 45 and 80 DAS. A marked increase in hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), lipid peroxidation (MDA) and relative stress injury (RSI %) was notices in leaves and roots at 45 DAS. A similar trend was observed at 80 DAS. But application of SA ameliorates the adverse effect of salinity to some extent at both stages. Salinity levels increased the Cl- concentration in leaves by 41.96% and SO42- content in leaves by 8.1% at 4 dS m-1 as compared to their respective control. This concentration of Cl- and SO42- content was decreased by foliar application of SA. Similarly, CSI and photochemical quantum yield also showed declining trend from control to 4.0 dS m-1 of salinity at 45 DAS. Application of SA helps in the amelioration of salinity stress at 45 and 80 DAS. Specific activity of antioxidative enzymes (SOD, CAT and POX) and glutathione content enhanced abruptly under salinity and application of salicylic acid further enhanced these values at both 45 and 80 DAS. Despite, the increase in the activity of these enzymes, AsA decreased at 4 dS m-1 salinity respective to their control. Similar trend was observed at 80 DAS. Higher Na+/K+ ratio was observed under salt stress but Na+/K+ ratio was further lowered upon application of SA. Pollen viability (%), in vitro pollen germination and pollen tube length were also adversely affected by salinity and its effect was mitigated by SA. SDS-PAGE revealed more deletion than addition of polypeptide bands with increasing levels of salinity and salicylic acid in leaves and roots at both sampling stages. The yield parameters like number of pods plant-1, number of seeds pod-1, seed weight pod-1, 100 seed weight, biological yield and seed yield plant-1 decreased with increasing salinity levels. Conclusively, based on the above studies it can be concluded that foliar spray of SA (25, 50, 75 and 100 ppm) mitigates salinity stress by maintaining higher plant water status, antioxidant defence system, seed yield and lower values of MDA content, electrolyte leakage and H2O2 content. SA treatments not only mitigate the inhibitory effect of salinity on plants, but also showed, a stimulating effect and 100 ppm of SA was found to be more effective at both sampling stages i.e. 45 and 80 DAS.ThesisItem Open Access Adoption level of various farm implements by women of Haryana(CCSHAU, 2019) Preeti; Vijaya RaniA study was conducted to access the adoption level of various farm implements and the constraints faced , by rural women in Haryana state. The districts of Haryana state were first arranged into ascending order of mechanization Index and then divided into 5 groups for selection of districts. The districts of Fatehabad, Kurukshtra, Rewari, Rohtak and Sonipat were selected for the study. From these districts, three blocks were randomly selected and from each block, three villages were randomly selected. From each village, six women farmers were interviewed using a predesigned questionnaire thereby making a sample of 270 respondents for the study. The results showed that none of the respondents used any implement for tillage and sowing/planting operation. For interculture operations, simple tools were used by majority of the respondents while only 0.37% respondents used wheel hand hoe. Rural women in haryana had no significant role in plant protection operation as a knapsack sprayer was used only by 0.37% respondents. Sickle was only tool used for harvesting crops and for threshing operation, thresher was used by 5.92% respondents. Tubewell for irrigation was operated by 9.63% respondents while chaff cutter was used by majority of respondents (87.77%). The respondents had a poor access to market and information sources. They reported a poor extension contact and a lack of training programmes. They lack adequate knowledge and skill regarding use of implement and were hesitant in using new implements. Lack of credit facilities, large family size and high cost of implements were among other constraints faced by rural women in Haryana. It was observed that small machines being overtaken by large machines was a major constraint in adoption of new implements by rural women in Haryana. The present study can prove to be of great help in improving the current adoption level of farm machinery by rural women. Further research needs to be carried out on ergonomically designed farm implements for women so that women become more active in adopting new technology which will reduce drudgery, save time and make farm work easier for them.ThesisItem Open Access Development and characterization of transgenic chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) plants with OsRuvB gene for salt stress tolerance(CCSHAU, 2018) Preeti; Kharb, PushpaChickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) is a nutrient rich, second most important legume crop after soybean. Production and productivity of chickpea is affected by various abiotic stresses but salt stress is the most deleterious accounting for upto 100% yield losses. In the present study, transgenic chickpea plants (var. HC-1) carrying OsRuvB gene were developed for salt stress tolerance using Agrobacterium tumefaciens strain LBA4404 with pCAMBIA1301 (Kharb et al., 2012). Putative transformants were screened at early stage through PCR amplification using gene specific primers and a transformation frequency of 17% was observed. Southern blot and real time PCR analysis revealed stable and single copy insertion of the transgene in chickpea genome. Seeds from each of the PCR positive T0 chickpea plants were sown to raise T1 generation and a total of 74 plants (out of 170) showed the presence of OsRuvB gene. Physio-biochemical analysis of selected T1 transgenic plants subjected to 100 mM salt stress showed that transgenic plants were able to maintain higher chlorophyll content, relative water content, proline content, total soluble sugars, catalase and peroxidase activity compared to the wild type plants. Whereas, electrolytic leakage and lipid peroxidation were relatively less as compared to the wild type plants under 100 mM stress. Among all transgenic lines, line 8 performed well with respect to all the parameters studied and can be taken further for the development of transgenic chickpea plants for salt stress tolerance.ThesisItem Open Access Livelihood security of small and marginal farm families in Hisar division of Haryana State(CCSHAU, 2018) Preeti; Kaushik, SushmaThe present study was conducted in Hisar division of Haryana state. Two districts i.e. Bhiwani and Hisar were selected randomly. One block from each district and two villages from each block were selected randomly. Seventy five small and marginal farm families from each selected village were drawn randomly for making a total of 300 respondents. Data regarding dependent and independent variables were collected with the help of pre tested interview schedule. The inferences were drawn on the basis of frequency; percentage weighted mean score and Pearson‟s coefficient of correlation. Results revealed that majority of the respondents belonged to 35-50 years of age, were educated upto secondary, belonged to OBC caste, having nuclear families with medium family size and had farming as their main occupation. Majority of them had no social participation, used high localite sources, medium cosmopolite sources and high mass media exposure for obtaining information. Majority of farmers followed double cropping pattern with medium cropping intensity. All were grown grain crops and cash crops. Human capital, social capital and financial capital were found to be of medium level. Physical capital was found high while natural capital was found medium in Bhiwani district and it was found low in Hisar district. Food security index in both the districts was found to be quite high (76.00 and 73.2%). Shelter/water and sanitation security, access to institutions, economic security and health security were found to be of moderate level, but the nutritional security index was found to be less than 50 per cent. Farm families faced small land size, lack of capital, no timely procurement, doesn‟t have good quality of seeds and fertilizers are main livelihood problems. A video film was developed on „Poshan Suraksha‟ by using standard procedure. Effectiveness of VCD was assessed in terms of audio, visual quality, content importance and presentation of message and it was perceived high on all the parameters by all the judges. Family size, family education status, occupation and annual income was positively and significantly correlated with all livelihood capital expect natural capital. Family education status, occupation and annual income were positively and significantly correlated with all the livelihood securities.ThesisItem Open Access Genetic diversity and effects of selective intermating on genetic variability in bread wheat (Triticum aestivum L. em. Thell)(CCSHAU, 2018) Preeti; Panwar, I.S.The present investigation “Genetic diversity and effects of selective intermating on genetic variability in bread wheat (Triticum aestivum L. em. Thell)” was conducted to evaluate 75 bread wheat genotypes to assess magnitude of genetic diversity among wheat germplasm lines for grain yield, its components and quality traits. The character association for yield and quality traits was also studied. Analysis of variance revealed considerable amount of variability among genotypes for most of the characters under study. Sedimentation value followed by grain yield per plot, and harvest index exhibited high GCV. The differences between GCV and PCV values were minimum for most of characters which show least environmental influence. Heritability estimates were high for all the characters except plant height (cm), number of effective tillers per meter, number of grains per ear, biological yield per plot(g), harvest index (%). Sedimentation value (ml) followed by grain yield per plot (g) exhibited high genetic advance as per cent of mean alongwith high heritability estimates. The grain yield per plot showed significant and positive correlation with number of effective tillers per meter, number of grains per ear, 1000-grain weight, biological yield per plot and harvest index and significant negative correlation with canopy temperature (post-anthesis 7 and post-anthesis 21 days) in normal as well as heat stress environment. Harvest index, biological yield per plot (g), effective tillers per meter in both normal and heat stress environment had positive direct effect on grain yield. So, direct selection for these traits will be effective to increase the grain yield. On the basis of Euclidean cluster analysis, 75 genotypes were grouped into 9 clusters in both the environments, which indicated the presence of considerable amount of genetic diversity among the genotypes studied. Cluster II and cluster IX showed maximum genetic divergence in both the environments and also having higher mean values for important yield traits and thus involving genotypes of cluster II and cluster IX in hydbridization programme is advocated in order to achieve high yielding segregants. Second experiment aimed at comparing the variability under different systems of selective intermating. On comparison of the selective intermated populations and F2 populations of two crosses Cross I (WH542/WH1080) and Cross II (WH1105/RAJ3765//WH283) the higher mean values were obtained in all selected intermated populations SIM-I, SIM-II and SIM-III in order and wider range values for genetic variability in SIM-III compared to F2 populations of two crosses for most of the characters studied which might be due to additional variability released by selective intermating accumulating favourable genes. The efficiency of intermating over F2 was witnessed in this investigation in terms of days to heading, number of tillers per plant, number of grains per ear,1000 grain weight (g), biological yield per plant (g) and grain yield per plant (g) and other yield related traits. The wider range accompanied by a higher values of mean, phenotypic coefficient of variation, heritability and genetic advance as percentage of mean for biological yield per plant(g) and grain yield per plant(g) in selective intermated populations provides opportunity for further selection in intermated populations for further yield improvement in bread wheat.ThesisItem Open Access Inter generation media habits of urban respondents(CCSHAU, 2017) Preeti; Kaushik, SushmaThe study was conducted in the Hisar city of Haryana State. Two localities were selected randomly viz. Sector-15 A and Jawahar Nagar. Out of each selected locality, 20 respondents each from different age categories i.e. 16-30 years, >30-45 years, >45-60 years and above 60 years were selected randomly. A set of nine independent variables including socio –economic and personal profile and three dependent variable were taken namely media ownership& access, media preferences and media habits. The study revealed that cent percent respondents had TV and mobile phone and majority of the respondents had newspaper (97.5%), computer (84.3%), and internet connection (89.3%) in their households. Mobile was the first preference of all age categories except above 60 age group who preferred TV at first place. The study also revealed that TV was the most preferred source of news for almost all age groups except above 60 age group who preferred newspaper. In 16-30 and >30-45 age group, internet was the most preferred source of entertainment and information. Most of the respondents gave preference to serials followed by news/politics and movies. Majority, of the respondents did multitasking while watching T V like eating (87.2%) and texting (63.9%). Almost all respondents used mobile for making/receiving call, listen music and social media. Majority of the respondents had profile on social media in all age categories 16-30 (97.5%), >30-45 (72.5%), >45-60 year (70%). Newspaper was perceived as most reliable media in all four age categories. 35.6 per cent of the respondents watched TV for 1-2 hours, while, majority of the respondents used their mobile phone 2-3 hours a day. Regarding, newspaper most of the respondents read newspaper less than 30 minutes in a day. Most of 16-30 and >30-45 years respondents were likely to miss plans due to smart phone, had hard time concentrating, were constantly checking smartphone, using smart phone longer and said that they felt impatient when not holding phone. Regarding smart phone addiction, 16-30 and >30-45 age groups had high addiction towards mobile/internet while >45-60 and above 60 age groups respondents had medium addiction. The overall mean scores of opinion towards TV across various age category indicated that 16-30 years respondents had positive opinion about TV while all other categories had mixed feelings and neutral opinion. While, respondents from all age categories had neutral opinion about radio. Among the respondents of 16-30 years and >30-45 years had positive opinion about mobile phone while the other two categories had neutral opinion. The overall mean scores revealed that respondents of all age categories had positive opinion towards the internet, maximum score obtained by 16-30 years age group. The respondents of 45-60 and above 60 age categories had positive opinion for print media, whereas the other two category had neutral opinion. Age, type of family, size of family were negatively and significantly related with media control while education and family income were positively and significantly associated. Further, Age, education and family income were positively and significantly associated with print media utilization. Age and size of family were negatively and significantly related while education, occupation, income of respondents and family income were positively and significantly related with social networking media at 0.05% level of significance.ThesisItem Open Access Evaluation of mycobiota of spoilt wheat in expediting ethanol production(CCSHAU, 2014) Preeti; Goel, SnehEthanol besides being a known feedstock for chemical and beverage industry is also being used as an additive to fuel for automobiles. Over the years, its demand in general, has been on an increase and India is no exception. Clearly, maximization of ethanol production becomes imperative and could be achieved by considering, among others, the addition of yeast nutrients to the fermentation liquor. These nutrients by accelerating the rate of fermentation reduce the fermentation time and in turn lead to maximization of ethanol volumes on a daily basis. Usually, N and P represent these nutrients and in the Indian distilleries they are conventionally sourced from chemical fertilizers, which do have a certain carbon footprint. Ideally, organic/ renewable yeast nutrients would be more suitable, as they have a low net green house gas emission. However, so far, no dedicated nutrient formulation is available in the Indian market. Spoilt wheat which ferments faster than its normal version has been shown to offer a potential for such a formulation, as it contains factor(s)/activity that is responsible for expediting rate of ethanolic fermentation. This ethanol-expediting activity has been speculated due to in situ production of yeast nutrients viz., low molecular weight peptides and free amino acids by the activities of resident bacterial and fungal flora of spoilt wheat. So, fungal flora of spoilt wheat was screened for its ethanolexpediting capability, leading to the retrieval of the best isolate. Such an isolate might later contribute to the development of more useful, environment friendly and activity-enriched wheat-based supplements to expedite ethanolic fermentation by yeast. The spoilt wheat (SW) sample tested positive for ethanol-expediting activity on 30% normal wheat (NW) hydrolysate, as its supplementation @ 15%, both as coarse flour or its aqueous extract, produced 10.6% and 11% (v/v) ethanol, respectively, against 8% (v/v) by the control. Clearly, the SW sample under study was fit for isolation of fungi. Based on colony morphology, 30 fungal isolates were recovered from the SW sample. Screening of the isolates for amylolytic, proteolytic and lipolytic activities on the plate revealed that all the 30 isolates were positive for the amylolytic, 13 were positive for proteolytic and 18 for the lipolytic activities. Thus, only three bacterial isolates viz., SWF-6, SWF- 11 and SWF-20 having dissolution factor of >1 were further utilized to explore their ethanol-expediting capabilities by producing laboratory spoilt wheat grains and subsequently estimating ethanol production by yeast on 30% laboratory developed spoilt wheat as well as on 30% normal wheat (NW) hydrolysate, as its supplementation @ 15%, both as coarse flour or its aqueous extract. Ethanol estimation at 24h showed that three isolate viz., SWF-6, SWF-11 and SWF-20 did produce a boost to alcohol production from 11 to 12.2% (v/v). These three isolates based on morphological characterization were identified to belong most probably to genus Aspergillus.