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Subject: Zoology × End date: 2023 × Start date: 2023 × Thesis Type: Ph.D ×
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    Effect of parasites and minerals on growth performance of Litopenaeus vannamei (Boone)
    (CCSHAU, Hisar, 2023-01) Khushbu; Gulati, Rachna
    On the basis of cultural area, shrimp farmers were classified into three groups: small farmers having up to 2 ha area, medium farmers with 2 to 4 ha area and large farmers having above 4 ha area. Maximum shrimp farmers procured shrimp seed of size post larvae PL 9-11from Tamil Nadu (60%) followed by West Bengal (25%) and Andhra Pradesh (15%) at price ranges between 0.50-0.60₹. Shrimp farmers stocked their ponds at different densities: less than 40 (70%), 40-60 (26%), above 60 (4%) numbers/m2. The shrimp farmers raised two crops (65%), more than two (35%) every year. The majority of shrimp farmers physically checked the soil and water quality characteristics of the ponds on weekly (35%) and monthly basis (65%). Fifty eight percent shrimp farmer faced poor feed conversion ratio (>1.5) and forty percent good FCR (<1.5). Farmers generally engaged farm consultants (87%) from adjacent shrimp farms and two laborers per hectare are employed from surrounding villages and other states and they were paid 8000-15000₹/labor/month. In 90-120 days, the average shrimp harvest yielded 5000 kg to 9000 kg/ha/crop.The total and operational cost was 3164561, 3051033.03, 2930496.03₹ and 2461473.00, 2379772.00 and 2305630₹ for small, medium and larger farmer. Benefit cost ratio for small, medium and large farmers was 1.05, 1.15 and 1.23. Bacterial disease was maximum recorded at Faridabad (17%) followed by Fatehabad (14%), Gurugram (13%), Jind(11%), Bhiwani (11%), Dadri (7%), Kaithal (6%) , Hisar (4%) and Jhajjhar (4%) and least number of bacterial disease was encountered at Rohtak shrimp culture pond (2%). The plankton analysis of shrimp culture ponds of Haryana recorded that varied between 50000-126,000/m3. Maximum concentration of nickel, zinc, copper, cobalt and chromium was at Guroothi (0.307ppm), Meham (1.680ppm), Bangaon (0.840ppm), Bangaon(0.560ppm), Kalayat (0.812ppm) and Kherilamba (3.225ppm). Growth performance of shrimp revealed that pathogenicity of Enterocytozoonhepatopenaei varied with different challenge methods in L. vannamei. EHP challenge via oral and injection in HP were more potent in reducing the growth of shrimps. It indicated that significantly higher Litopenaeusvannameiweight was recorded in healthy shrimp of control at all days of exposure and lesser increase in weight was recordedin oral (1.33g to 2.85g) and injection in hepatopancreas (1.44g-2.84g)method of EHP infection. The weight of shrimps was significantly higher (11.73 g) in control (0 ppm) and it decreased to 8.47, 7.88, 5.30, 3.83, 3.37, 3.12g with an increase in zinc sulphate dose from 0.5 to 1, 2, 4, 6 and 8 ppm. The weight of shrimps was significantly lower (11.73g) in control (102ppm) and it increased to 12.21, 12.90, 16.83g with an increase in calcium oxide dose from 200-600ppm. But at concentration higher than 600ppm weight of shrimps was significantly decrease 6.64, 5.29g at 700ppm and 800ppm. The results on the growth performance of shrimp revealed that higher doses of potassium chloride showed toxicity against L. vannamei. The weight of shrimps was significantly lower (11.73g) in control (155ppm) and it increased to 14.18, 14.99, 18.34, 23.23g with an increase in magnesium sulphate dose from 200-700 ppm. The weight of shrimps was significantly higher (11.73 g) in control (852ppm) and it increased to 13.33, 14.14, 17.49, 22.38 with an increase in sodium chloride dose from 1000 to 2000, 4000, 6000 and 8000 ppm. he LC50 values (concentration at which 50 percent mortality occur in L. vannamei) along with regression statistics for zinc sulphate, calcium oxide, potassium chloride, magnesium sulphate and sodium chloride was 0.71,720, 505.5,1 284 and 8565.4ppm. The weight of shrimps was significantly higher (7.89 g) in Azolla based feed than commercial feed (6.55g).
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    PCR based detection methods of stored mites and their damage potential in cattle feed
    (CCSHAU, Hisar, 2023-07) Verma, Deepak; Gulati, Rachna
    During present investigation, t he amount of DNA isolated from mite, Aleuroglyphus ovatus by CTAB method and DNA extraction kit ranged from 6.30 to 62.20 ng/μl and 4.90 to 57.40 ng/μl in handpicked mites, respectively whereas, these ranged from 42.90 to 108.00 ng/μl and 31.70 to 88.30 ng/μl from sieved stock culture of mites by two methods, respectively. The quality of DNA was better when the DNA extraction kit was used than by CTAB method which exhibited slight contamination with organic acids or proteins. Sequence no. M1 ITS2, S1 ITS2, S2 ITS2 and M2 ITS2 showed 88, 87, 90 and 88 percent homology, respectively, with sequences in the GenBank database of species Aleuroglyphus ovatus. The limit of detection remained at 4000 pg/ μl. Significantly higher mite population on cattle feed concentrate was recorded during the month of August at Bhiwani (106.00 mites/100g), Hansi (35.67 mites/100g), Hisar Gaushala (312 mites/100g), Adampur (98.33 mites/100g) and Sirsa (450.33 mites/100g). Amongst all the collection sites mite count was highest at Hisar gaushala (140.61 mites/ 100g cattle feed concentrate) and lowest was found at Hansi (9.42 mites/ 100g cattle feed concentrate). Mite count on gram chuni at Mangali harboured significantly more number of mites (53.03 mites/100 g gram chuni) than at Bawani Khera (19.97 mites/100 g gram chuni), Barwala (23.19 mites/100 g gram chuni) and Dabri (21.28 mites/100 g gram chuni).Cotton seed cake samples at Mangali and Barwala did not show any mite occurrence throughout the study period. In pellet feed, significantly higher number of mites were observed during the months of August (13.33 mites/100 g pellet feed) and September (13 mites/100 g pellet feed). The month of August and September recorded maximum, minimum temperature, relative humidity, wind speed, rainfall as 35.50C, 26.60C, 74.00 percent, 5.80 km/h, 66.70 mm and 32.30C, 25.40C, 83.00 percent, 5.30 km/h, 428.20 mm, respectively which helped building significantly higher mite populations in cattle feeds as compared to other months.The results showed that A. ovatus population count on all the seven feeds were statistically significant with each other, however, gram chuni harboured significantly more number of A. ovatus mites (10753.19 mites/5g feed) than cattle feed concentrate (8526.57 mites/5g feed), groundnut cake (6055.14 mites/5g feed), cattle feed pellet (3812.05 mites/5g feed), soyabean meal (2876.14 mites/5g feed), cottonseed cake (1465.48 mites/5g feed) and mustard oil cake (772.57 mites/5g feed). Irrespective of the feed type, significantly higher A. ovatus population was recorded at 90 days of sampling (14465.29 mites/5g feed) followed by 60 days (11297.57mites/5g feed), 120 days (4468.05 mites/5g feed), 150 days (1752.14 mites/5g feed) and 30 days (1461.57 mites/5g feed). Least number of mites were recorded at 180 days of sampling (796.52 mites/5g feed). Amongst the various cattle feeds, per cent weight loss was significantly more on cattle feed concentrate (35.30%), corresponding to high A. ovatus population followed by weight loss in gram chuni (29.40%), groundnut cake (28.00%), soyabean meal (15.47%), cattle feed pellet (15.17%), cottonseed cake (12.10%) and mustard oil cake (10.23%).The loss in total soluble sugars was more in groundnut cake (6.05 to 56.6 %), reducing sugars in gram chuni (2.64 to 41.12 %), non-reducing sugars in groundnut cake (6.36 to 59.6 %), starch in soyabean meal (1.82 to 31.27 %) and crude protein in soyabean meal (49.02 to 52.02 %).
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    Effect of different organic wastes, plants on production of common carp, Cyprinus carpio (L., 1758) and its post harvest impact with bio-fuel production
    (CCS HAU, Hisar, 2023-07-27) Rekha; Gupta, Rajender Kumar
    To accomplish the 1st and 2nd sustainable development goals of reducing poverty and hunger at zero level, it is necessary to provide food for the growing population. For this, the present work of Effect of different organic wastes, plants on production of common carp, Cyprinus carpio (L., 1758) and its post harvest impact with bio-fuel production was carried out. Moringa oliefera and Eichhornia crassipes both are rich source of protein consisting of amino acids (essential and non essential) alanine, aspartic, tryptophan, serine, isoleucine, proline, glycine, threonine, leucine, tyrosine, phenylalanine, valine, lysine and methionine were fed to fish at concentration 10%, 20%, 30% and 5%, 10%, 20% respectively. M. Oliefera up to 20% and E. crassipes up to 10% of commercial feed in fish diet gave best growth with 20g and 13-15g weight gain respectively in a period of 6 month from June 2022 to November 2023. It has been found that there is significant loss qualitatively (Rs 31.5/1 kg of fish) as well as quantitatively (105g /1000g of fish flesh) during transportation chain and bio-processing of fish. This means that farmers and butchers may be losing over 10% of the total fish flesh they are handling, which can have a direct impact on their profitability. The alternative to efficiently use of waste produced can be production of biodiesel by transesterification reaction. A yield of 80% is produced from common carp waste as it was having high amount of oleic (53%) acid in fat. (105g /1000g of fish flesh) during transportation chain and bio processing of fish. This means that farmers and butchers may be losing over 10% of the total fish flesh they are handling, which can have a direct impact on their profitability. The alternative to efficiently use of waste produced can be production of biodiesel by transesterification reaction. A yield of 80% was produced from common carp waste as it was having high amount of oleic (53%) acid in fat.
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    Analysis of vermiwash as a biofertilizer and heavy metal genotoxicity in earthworm, Eisenia fetida
    (Chaudhary Charan Singh Haryana Agricultural University hisar, 2023-01) Renu; Gupta, R. K
    The present study was carried out to investigate the toxicity of As and Cr on earthworms, E. fetida and to analyze the vermiwash as a biofertilizer. The LC50 values of both heavy metals for E. fetida were calculated by paper contact toxicity and substrate contact toxicity method. LC50 of As and Cr at 24 h for adult E. fetida were 1.95% w/v and 0.14% w/v, respectively, while at 14 days were 273.23 and 205.09 mg/kg, respectively that confirm the higher toxicity of Cr compared to As. Then the earthworms were exposed to lower doses than LC50 of both heavy metals to analyze their effects on survival, growth, reproduction, behaviour, antioxidant system and DNA damage. The survival, reproduction and growth were decreased with increased heavy metal concentrations. Earthworms also showed a clear avoidance response to both the heavy metals, with strong and significant (p<0.05) differences in all treatments. The maximum reduction in antioxidant enzyme activities from 14 to 28 days of heavy metal exposure i.e. 38.13% in SOD, 30.03% in CAT, 53.16% in POD and 9.36% in GST activity was observed in earthworms exposed to T8. The maximum increase (45.59%) in MDA content from 0 to 28 days of heavy metals exposure was observed in T8 followed by T4. The significant increase in comet tail length and percent tail DNA across all treatments clearly provided evidence that As and Cr effectively damaged the DNA.Three types of vermiwash (VW I, II and III) were prepared and analyzed for different physico-chemical parameters and bacterial diversity. The maximum micro and macronutrients were observed in the VW III followed by VW I and VW II. The effects of these vermiwashes on various growth, yield and physiological parameters of okra and chilli were studied. The results showed that the application of different concentrations of vermiwash significantly enhanced the vegetative growth, yield and physiology of both okra and chilli plants.