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ThesisItem Open Access Effect of sowing time, leaf cuttings and nitrogen levels on growth and yield of Beet leaf (Beta vulgaris var. bengalensis)(CCSHAU, Hisar, 2022-12) Vivek; Tehlan, S.K.The field experiment was conducted during rabi season of 2018-19 and 2019-20 at Research Farm of the Department, Vegetable Science, CCS Haryana Agricultural University, Hisar to study the effect of sowing time, leaf cuttings and nitrogen levels on growth and yield of beet leaf. The experiment was laid out in a Split-Split Plot Design with 27 treatment applications comprised of three sowing dates (22th October, 05th November and 20th November) as main plots, three levels of nitrogen fertilizer (60, 80 and 100 kg N/ha) as sub plots and three levels of leaf cutting (no leaf cutting, one leaf cutting and two leaf cuttings) as sub-sub plots replicated thrice. Morphological parameters like plant height, leaf number, leaf dimensions were recorded significantly higher in 22th October crop with application of 80 kg N/ha and one leaf cutting, as compared to other levels. Phenological parameters like days to 50 % bolting and seed maturity was recorded significantly higher in 22th October crop with application of 100 kg N/ha and two leaf cuttings, as compared to other levels. Yield contributing parameters viz., number of spikes per plant, number of seeds per spike, seed yield per hectare and biological yield along with quality parameters viz., test weight, germination, seedling length, seedling dry weight and vigour indices were recorded highest in 22th October crop with 80 kg N/ha and one leaf cutting, as compared to other levels. Further, the interaction of sowing time, nitrogen level and leaf cutting significantly affected almost all the growth, yield and seed quality parameters. The highest BC ratio (1.71 and 1.75) with net returns (INR 118668/ha and INR 126462/ha) was observed in beet leaf crop sown on 22th October with application of 80 kg N/ha & one leaf cutting. In the end, it is concluded that for achieving the higher yield, better seed quality and net profit, the beet leaf crop may be sown on 22th October with application of 80 kg N/ha and one leaf cutting.ThesisItem Open Access Response of okra [Abelmoschus esculentus (L.) Moench] to levels of irrigation, nitrogen and mulch under drip irrigation system(CCSHAU, Hisar, 2022-10) Sangeet Kumar; Batra, V. K.The field experiment was conducted during spring summer season of 2019-20 and 2020-21 at Research Farm of the Department, Vegetable Science, CCS Haryana Agricultural University, Hisar to study the response of okra to levels of irrigation, nitrogen and mulch under drip irrigation system. The experiment was laid out in a Split-Split Plot Design with 27 treatment combinations comprised of three levels of drip irrigation (80, 100 and 120% ET) as main plots, three levels of nitrogen fertigation (75, 100, and 125 kg/ha) as sub plots and three level of mulch (no mulch, white plastic mulch and yellow plastic mulch) as sub-sub plots and one control treatment replicated thrice. The growth parameters were recorded maximum under drip irrigation at 120% ET, 125 kg/N per ha and yellow plastic mulch as compared to other levels, respectively, whereas all the yield and quality parameters were recorded maximum with white plastic mulch, 125 kg/N per ha and drip irrigation at 100 and 80% ET, respectively, as compared to other levels. The use of plastic mulch minimizes the weed population and maximizes the weed control efficiency. The lowest Weed dry weight and weed density and maximum weed control efficiency were recorded with white plastic mulch. However, the maximum WUE (71.03, 60.10 and 65.56 kg/ha/mm, respectively) and NUE (152.47, 148.31 and 150.39 kg/ha/kg, respectively) was observed from the level drip irrigation at 80% ET and 125 kg/N per ha, respectively. Further, the interaction of irrigation with nitrogen fertigation and mulch significantly affected almost all the growth, yield and quality parameters. The highest net returns (Rs.128289/ha and Rs.124478/ha) and benefit cost ratio (2.00 and 1.99) were recorded in the treatment drip irrigation at 100% ET with 125 kg/ha nitrogen fertigation and white plastic mulch as compared to rest of the treatments combinations. In the end it is concluded that for achieving the higher yield, better quality, maximum NUE, WUE and net profit, the okra crop can be irrigated at 80% ET through drip irrigation in combination with 125 kg/ha nitrogen fertigation and milky white coloured plastic mulch.ThesisItem Open Access Effect of additive series intercropping on growth, yield and quality parameters of onion seed crop(Chaudhary Charan Singh Haryana Agricultural University hisar, 2022-12) Saini, Karan Singh; Dhankhar, S.KA field study was conducted in Experimental field of Department of Vegetable Science at Chaudhary Charan Singh Haryana Agricultural University during 2018-19 and 2019-20 with the objectives to find out the suitable intercropping system of onion and beet leaf crop under different cuttings and row spacing. Onion was taken as main crop and the variety was Hisar Onion 3 while the variety of beet leaf HS 23. The seeds of these varieties were obtained from Department of Vegetable Science. The experiment was conducted in randomized block design with three replications. The treatments were T1 : Onion seed crop (sole crop); T2 : Beet leaf seed crop (sole crop); T3 : Beet leaf 6 leaf cuttings (sole crop); T4 : Onion + Beet leaf (1 row) 3 cuttings; T5 : Onion + Beet leaf (1 row) 3 cuttings and left for seed crop; T6 : Onion + Beet leaf (1 row) 4 cuttings; T7 : Onion + Beet leaf (1 row) 4 cuttings and left for seed crop; T8 : Onion + Beet leaf (1 row) 5 cuttings; T9 : Onion + Beet leaf (1 row) 5 cuttings and left for seed crop; T10 : Onion + Beet leaf (1 row) 6 cuttings; T11: Onion + Beet leaf (2 rows) 3 cuttings; T12 : Onion + Beet leaf (2 rows) 3 cuttings and left for seed crop; T13: Onion + Beet leaf (2 rows) 4 cuttings; T14: Onion + Beet leaf (2 rows) 4 cuttings and left for seed crop ; T15 : Onion + Beet leaf (2 rows) 5 cuttings; T16 : Onion + Beet leaf (2 rows) 5 cuttings and left for seed crop; and T17: Onion + Beet leaf (2 rows) 6 cuttings. The results revealed that intercropping system treatment T4: Onion + Beet leaf (1 row) 3 cuttings and uprooting the beet leaf crop resulted into maximum number of seed stalks per bulb (9.4 and 9.7), maximum length of flowering stalks (103.0 and 99.6 cm), number of seeds per plant (6601 and 7204), seed weight per umbel (2.50 and 2.65 g), the seed weight per plant (23.29 and 25.57 g), seed yield (4.81 and 4.94 q/ha), test weight per 1000 seeds (3.53 and 3.55 g) during both years 2018-19 and 2019-20, respectively. However, in onion crop, number of seeds per umbel were found maximum in the treatment T12: Onion + Beet leaf (2 rows) 3 cuttings and left for seed crop 845 and 943 seeds per umbels during both cropping years 2018-19 and 2019-20, respectively. Likewise, among the quality parameters in onion crop, maximum germination (74.0 and 76.0 % ), seed vigour index-I (1162.8 and 1211.3), seed vigour index-II (122.4 and 123.0 ), maximum per cent of tetrazolium test values (92.0 and 92.0%), maximum accelerated ageing test values (46.7 and 46.0%), minimum electric conductivity (0.21 μS/cm/50 seeds and 0.21 μS/cm/50 seeds ) during both years 2018-19 and 2019-20 by intercropping system treatment T4: Onion + Beet leaf (1 row) with 3 cuttings and uprooting the beet leaf crop. In beet leaf, the highest beet leaf yield by treatment T17: Onion + Beet leaf (2 rows) 6 cuttings yield was obtained 245.5 and 255.5 quintals during years 2018-19 and 2019-20, respectively. However, intercropping treatment system T5: Onion + Beet leaf (1 row) 3 cuttings and left for seed crop, resulted into maximum seed yield per plant (4.00 and 4.28 g/plant), test weight of 1000 seeds (13.6 and 13.8 g), germination percentage (70.7 and 71.3), vigour index-I (1313.0 and 1327.8), vigour index-II (120.3 and 121.2), tetrazolium test per cent values (86.7 and 88.0%) and accelerated ageing test per cent values (53.3 and 54.0%) during 2018-19 and 2019-20, respectively. The seed yield was found maximum (12.28 and 12.48 q/ha) in intercropping treatment T12: Onion + Beet leaf (2 rows) 3 cuttings and left for seed crop during 2018-19 and 2019-20, respectively. The various indices related to assessment of yield advantage revealed that intercropping treatment T16: Onion + Beet leaf (2 rows) 5 cuttings and left for seed crop resulted into maximum onion equivalent yield (631.68 and 648.54 kg/ha), ATER (1.65 and 1.65), during years 2018-19 and 2019-20, respectively. However, maximum LER (1.76 and 1.76) were IER (1.76 and 1.76) achieved with the intercropping system treatment T14: Onion + Beet leaf (2 rows) 4 cuttings and left for seed crop during 2018-19 and 2019-20, respectively. The gross returns of the treatment T15: Onion + Beet leaf (2 rows) 5 cuttings was recorded maximum Rs. 613600 and Rs. 637600 followed by the treatment T13: Onion + Beet leaf (2 rows) 4 cuttings was recorded Rs. 6,03,280 and Rs. 6,29,280 /ha during both years 2018-19 and 2019-20, respectively. Among the intercropping treatment T11: Onion + Beet leaf (2 rows) 3 cuttings was recorded maximum net returns of Rs. 3,68,906 and Rs. 387329 per hectare during both years 2018-19 and 2019-20, respectively. The minimum total cost was recorded in the treatment T2: Beet leaf seed crop (sole crop) Rs. 135415 and Rs. 142281 per hectare during years 2018-19 and 2019-20, respectively. Among the intercropping systems, the total cost was found minimum (Rs. 2, 00,686 and Rs. 2, 07,663/ha) in treatment T4: Onion + Beet leaf (1 row) 3 cuttings during both years respectively. The maximum benefit cost ratio among the intercropping system was estimated in the treatment T4: Onion + Beet leaf (1 row) 3 cuttings i.e., 2.76 and 2.75 during 2018-19 and 2019-20, respectively. On the basis of the above results it can be concluded that intercropping system T4: Onion + Beet leaf (1 row) 3 cuttings performed well in terms of growth, yield, quality, yield assessment indices (OEY, LER, IER, ATER) and economics resulting into highest benefit cost ratio during both years of study.ThesisItem Open Access Genetic studies in bottle gourd [Lagenaria siceraria (Mol.) Standl.](Chaudhary Charan Singh Haryana Agricultural University, 2022-10) Sehgal, Nidhi; Panghal, V.P.S.The current investigation entitled “Genetic studies in bottle gourd [Lagenaria siceraria (Mol.) Standl.]” was conducted at Research Farm and laboratory of the Department of Vegetable Science, CCS Haryana Agricultural University, Hisar during kharif 2018, summer 2019 and kharif 2019. Bottle gourd accessions acquired from NBPGR, New Delhi were utilized for the genetical studies. In the current investigation, the magnitude of phenotypic coefficient of variation (PCV) was higher to that of genotypic coefficient of variation (GCV) for all the traits under examination suggesting that the apparent variation is attributed to environmental factors in addition to the genotypes. This further indicates improvement in fruit yield will be done by selection through these traits only on phenotypic basis. Fruit yield per vine had a positive and highly significant correlation with female-male flower ratio, number of fruits per vine, and average fruit weight at both genotypic and phenotypic levels. Heterosis studies revealed that the lines NDBG-10, IC-342077, IC-322278, IC-339209, IC-411915, Pusa Santushti, IC-342078 and IC-276413 are found to be more heterotic over better parent, local check (HBGH-35) as well as over national check (Pusa Hybrid-3). Therefore, these lines might be used as promising parents for hybridization programmes. Preponderance of dominant gene action along with over dominance in parents for most of the traits suggested that heterosis breeding approach might be more rewarding than selection in bottle gourd. The parent IC-342077, IC-342078 and Lucknow Collection were found to be the best general combiners for most of the traits based on the per se performance and gca effects and they may also act as valuable parents in hybridization or multiple crossing programme for obtaining high yielding varieties or transgressive segregants to produce new bottle gourd cultivars. Three crosses viz., IC-276413 × Pusa Santushti, IC-322278 × NDBG 10 and IC-398543 × Lucknow Collection are found to be the good specific combiners for fruit yield per vine as well as certain other yield attributes and therefore, might be utilized for yield enhancement in breeding programmes. Further, generation mean analysis via six parameter model revealed that the epistatic interaction model was sufficient to describe the type of gene action in majority of the parameters studied. In cross Pusa Naveen × G2, dominance (h) and dominance × dominance (l) gene effects displayed opposite signs for days to 50% germination, nodes to first female flower, days to anthesis of first staminate and pistillate flower, fruit diameter, length-diameter ratio of fruit and number of fruits per vine indicating duplicate epistasis which revealed that selection in later generations would be more effective for these traits.
