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Subject: Soil Science × End date: 2009 × Start date: 2006 × Thesis Type: M.Sc ×
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    Quality appraisal of underground waters of Karnal Block in Karnal District, Haryana
    (CCSHAU, 2006) Jitender Singh; Sagwal, O. P.
    Present study entitled “quality appraisal of under ground waters of Karnal Block of District Karnal, Haryana” and to study the chemical composition and quality of irrigation waters and their effect on soils physical chemical properties, irrigation water samples were collected from 69 villages. 6 with the objectives in view 673 tubewell water samples from 69 village of Karnal block were collected. Soil samples from (8) egith sites irrigated with tube well water were collected and analyzed for their physical and chemical properties. The pH, EC, SAR and RSC in irrigation waters varied from 7.26-.24, 0.4-2.6 dSm-1, 0.989 (mmol l-1)½ and 1.8 to 25 me l-1 with mean value of 8.30, 1.13, 1.35 and 1.25 respectively. The cations and anions vix. Ca++, Mg+, Na+, K+ CO3-, HCO3- Cl-1 and SO4-1, in irrigation waters varied from 1-12.6, 0.5-5, 0-18.5, 0-2.4, absent, 1.8-25, 0-48 and 0.05 to 8.4 me l-1 respectively with mean value of 5.42, 2.38, 2.47, 0.22, absent, 8.30, 1.27 and 1.22 me l-1 respectively. Dominant certion was calcium followed by sodium and Magnesium Liteewise, in case of anions bicarbonate was the dominant anion followed by chloride and -iiii sulphate. NO3- and F- of irrigation waters varied from Nil-10.68 and Nil 10.00 ppm with average value 1.63 and 0.20 ppm respectively. In Karnal block maximum number of water underground samples (307) had EC between 0.5 and 1.00 dSm-1 followed by EC 1.00 and 1.5 dSm-1, 270 samples. As per Machanda (1976) classification 82, 1 and 17 per cent of waters of Karnal block were classified under good, marginal and sodic category. As per AICRP (1989) classification 82, 9, 8 and 1 per cent waters of Karnal block were classified under good, alkali, Marginal alkali and Marginal saline, categories, respectively. Effect of irrigation with high RSC waters on salt accumulation was highest at surface layer, which decreased with increase in profile depth. Effect of higher EC of irrigation water is more pronounced in heavy texture soils as compared to light texture soil. Significant positive correlation existed between ECiw and EC1.2 at 1% level. SARiw and Na+ build up in the soil profile was significantly correlated.
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    Long-term effects of organic manures and fertilizers in pearl millet-wheat cropping sequence
    (CCSHAU, 2006) Mandeep Singh; Antil, R. S.
    A long-term field demonstration entitled, “Long-term effects of organic manures and fertilizers in pearl millet-wheat cropping sequence” going on the Research Area of the Department of Soil Science, CCS Haryana Agricultural University, Hisar (Haryana), Since 1995 was selected for the present study. Soil and plant sampling was done during 2005 after 10th cycle of pearl millet-wheat cropping sequence. Lowest yield of pearl millet and wheat was obtained when only organic manures were applied. A significant increase in yield was obtained with the combined application of organic manures with N or NP fertilizers. Higher uptake of N, P and K by pearl millet and wheat was recorded with the application of organic manures in conjunction with NP fertilizers over no manure was applied. Application of organic manures did not have much effect on soil pH. Lowest pH was obtained with the application of FYM15N150. The EC of soil increased with the application of organic manures alone or in combination with NP fertilizers. EC of the surface soil was higher as compare to sub-surface soil. Organic carbon content of the soil decreased from its original value, when only NP fertilizers were applied and increased significantly with the application of organic manures (FYM, poultry manure, pressmud) applied alone or with NP fertilizers. The highest organic carbon content of the soil has approached to 0.99 percent in plot receiving FYM15N150P30 ha-1. The organic carbon content was higher in surface soil as compare to sub-surface soil. The application of organic manures and NP fertilizers could not sustain the original level of N. Among the different treatments application of pressmud7.5N150P30 recorded highest build up of available N (90.2 mg kg-1) in soil. The build up of available N was higher in surface soil as compare to sub-surface soil. The application of organic manures with fertilizers increased the available P and K content of soil. The available P content of soil increased from its original value 12.6 mg kg-1 to 26.80 mg kg-1 with the application of poultry manure5. Available K content of soil also increased with the application of organic manures. The highest available K content was found in plot receiving FYM15plus N150P30. Available P and K were higher in surface soil than subsurface soil. The DTPA extractable micronutrients (Zn, Fe, Mn and Cu) content of soil increased with the application of organic manures (FYM, poultry manure, pressmud). The DTPA extractable micronutrients were higher with the application of FYM as compare to poultry manure and pressmud. In sub-surface soil same trend was followed but rate of increase was less than the surface soil. These results indicate that the use of organic manures in conjunction with chemical fertilizer is very important for ensuring better crop productivity for sustainable basis, so that the soil health can be maintained.
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    Effect of long-term FYM and nitrogen application in bajra-wheat cropping system on fractions of S, fe and mn in soil
    (CCSHAU, 2006) Reddy, Ramanjaneya A.; Balwan Singh
    A long-term field experiment, going on at the research farm, Department of Soil Science, CCS HAU, Hisar, since Rabi-1967, was selected for present investigation. The treatments consisted of three times of FYM application (in Kharif, Rabi and both seasons), three levels of FYM application (15, 30 and 45 Mg FYM ha-1), one control and three levels (0, 60 and 120 kg N ha-1) of fertilizer nitrogen application through urea. Long-term effect of FYM and N application on uptake of sulphur, iron and manganese by wheat crop were estimated. Application of different levels of FYM and N significantly increased the yield as well as the uptake of sulphur, iron and manganese by wheat crop. Highest uptake of sulphur, iron and manganese was found in 45 Mg FYM and 120 kg N ha-1 in both seasons treated plots followed by Rabi and Kharif. Long-term FYM and N application effect was also studied on different fractions of sulphur, iron and manganese in soil at surface (0-15 cm) and sub-surface (15-30 cm) level. Increasing level of FYM application increased the content of sulphur, iron and manganese in all fractions. Highest content of sulphur, iron and manganese in all fractions was recorded in plots receiving FYM 45 Mg ha-1 in both seasons followed by Rabi and Kharif. Higher amounts of sulphur, iron and manganese was found in surface soils as compared to sub-surface soils, except carbonate bound iron and manganese, whose contents were slightly higher in the sub-surface soils than surface soils. The percent contribution of different fractions of sulphur to total sulphur in soil at surface and sub-surface depths were in the following order: Organic sulphur > residual sulphur > heat soluble sulphur > sulphate sulphur > water-soluble sulphur and the percent contribution of different fractions of iron and manganese to total iron and manganese in soil at surface and subsurface depths were in the following order: Residual > organically bound > oxide bound > carbonate bound > exchangeable. The fertilizer N application did not significantly affect any of the sulphur, iron and manganese fractions in soil at surface and sub-surface level.
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    Effect of fluorine and phosphorus on the growth and chemical composition of wheat in sodic soils
    (CCSHAU, 2006) Bhardwaj, Seema; Dahiya, S.S.
    Screen house experiments were conducted to investigate the effect of varying levels of fluorine (0, 50, 100 and 200 mg kg-1) and phosphorus (0, 12.5, 25 and 50 mg kg-1) at varying ESP levels (0, 30, 45 and 60) on the yield and chemical composition of wheat in sodic soil. The soil of different ESP 0, 30, 45 and 60 were prepared by applying different amount of sodium bicarbonate in distilled water to the calculated volume of saturation percentage of soil. The observed ESP were 5.8, 26.3, 44.5 and 56.6, respectively. The results revealed that in grain with application of P the yield increase 50.17% in ESP 5.8 and 190% of at ESP 56.6 at maximum level of (50 mg kg-1). The decrease in straw yield was 15.18% at ESP 5.8 and 21.3% at ESP 56.6 and with application of P the yield increase was 43.74% at 5.8 ESP and 30.65% at ESP 56.6 at maximum level of P (50 mg kg-1) as compared to control. The grain and straw yield decreased with increasing levels of fluorine at maximum level of F (200 mg kg-1) along with increasing ESP and with the application of P the yield of both grain and straw increased. The adverse effect of added F was more marked at higher ESP level and the deleterious effect of added F was counteracted to some extent by addition of phosphorus. The fluoride concentration in both grain and straw increased clearly with increasing level of added F and P concentration in soil along with increase in ESP and P concentration in grain and straw of wheat also increased with increasing level of P but decreased with increasing level of F while concentration decreased with higher ESP. The application of F also resulted in decreased Ca, Mg, K, Zn and Mn concentration in the plant while no definite trend was observed on Na and Cu concentration in wheat straw and grain. The laboratory experiment was carried out to study the effect of incubation on extractability of F and P in soil at ESP 5.8 and ESP 56.6, incubation studies were conducted with levels of fluorine ranging from 0 to 100 mg kg-1 and P ranging from 0 to 50 mg kg-1 at incubation periods varying from 1, 2, 3, 7, 14, 21, 28, 35 day at 250C. Moisture was maintained at field capacity by addition of distilled water. The results indicated that extractability of F in soil increased with increasing levels of P and F application alongwith increased ESP. Similarly Olsen’s extractability of P in soil also increased with increasing levels of F, P and ESP. However the extractability of both F and P decreased with increase in incubation period.