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Phosphorus and potassium forms in soil as affected by their long term use under different cropping sequences
(CCSHAU, 2005) MANAS BUL KEZEKIA; NARENDERA SINGH
The present study was conducted on a long term field experiment basis which is in progress since July 1979 at Soil Research Farm of Chaudhary Charan Singh, Haryana Agricultural University, Hisar to study the effect of Phosphours and Potassium on depletion of potassium under bajra-wheat jowar-wheat and -123- moongbean-wheat crop rotations. Soil samples from two depths 0-15 and 15-30cm were collected from the field of the study, grain and straw yields of crops were recorded at harvest, Jowar fodder was harvested at 70 days after sowing and samples were analysed in the laboratory for N, P and K contents. Soil samples from each rotation were analysed for different forms of Phosphorus and Potassium. Application of 60 kg P2O5/ha significantly increased the different P fractions i.e. available, inorganic, organic and total P over their no P application. Potassium treatment also increased these fractions over their control plots. Application of 60 kg P2O5/ha significantly decreased all the K forms viz. water soluble, exchangeable, non-exchangeable, lattice and total K in both soil depths as compared with plots received no P application. Potassium applications, in another hand, increased the contents of different K fractions as compared with plots without K application. Maximum decreased in K fractions was recorded under P0K0 followed by P60K0 plots. 60 kg P2O5/ha treatment improved significantly the grain and straw yields of both kharif (bajra, jowar and moongbean) and rabi (wheat) crops over no P treatment. Potassium fertilization, in general, increased grain and straw yields of both the crop seasons compared with the control plots. Total annual uptake of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium were improved significantly by phosphorus and potassium fertilization and higher uptake was found in bajra-wheat rotation than in jowar-wheat and moongbean-wheat rotation.
Open Access
Characterization of ground water quality of Asandh and Nissing blocks of district Karnal, Haryana
(CCSHAU, 2005) Devraj Singh; Verma, S.L.
Present study entitled, “Characterisation of ground water quality of Nissing and Asandh blocks of district Karnal, Haryana” and to assess the effect of different quality waters on physico-chemical properties of soils in respective blocks, was under taken. With the objective in view 407 and 357 tube-well water samples from 46 villages of Asandh and 50 villages of Nissing block respectively were collected. On the basis of water analysis, soil samples from Asandh and Nissing blocks were collected and analyzed for their physical and chemical properties. pH, EC, SAR and RSC in irrigation waters of Asandh varied from 7.15-9.2, 0.48-6.52 dSm-1, 0.26-19.86 (m mol l-1)½ and Nil-18.1 ml l-1 respectively. Likewise corresponding values of water quality varied from 7.2-9.1, 0.48-4.19 dSm-1, 1.05-19.86 (m mole l-1)½ and Nil-18.0 me l-1 respectively, in Nissing block. Dominant cation was sodium followed by magnesium and calcium. Likewise, in case of anions, bicarbonate was the dominant anion followed by chloride and sulphate upto EC 3dSm-1 and after EC range between 3-4 dSm-1 and above the trend was Cl- > SO42- >HCO3- >CO32- type water in Asandh block. In Nissing block, bicarbonates were the dominant anion followed by chloride and sulphate upto EC range 2-3 dSm-1 , in EC range 3-4 dSm-1 HCO3- > SO42- > Cl- > CO32- type waters and after EC 4 dSm-1 the trend was Cl- > HCO3- > SO42- > CO32- type water in respect of anions. RSC was observed only in tube-well waters having EC upto 3 and 4 dSm-1 respectively in Asandh and Nissing blocks and subsequent EC range of water did not show presence of RSC. In both Asandh and Nissing blocks maximum number of underground water samples (185 and 195) had EC between 1 and 2 dSm-1 and with the increase in EC, number of tube-well water samples decreased, under various range. As per Manchanda classification 49.4, 18.7, 0, 24.6 and 7.3 per cent waters of Asandh block were classified under good, marginal, saline, sodic and saline-sodic categories, respectively. Likewise 53.5, 6.4, 0.6, 38.7 and 0.8 per cent of the respective underground waters were found in the corresponding category in Nissing block. As per AICRP (1989) classification 35.63, 19.9, 5.41, 2.46, 15.48, 15.97 and 5.15 per cent waters of Asandh block were classified under good, marginally saline, saline, high SAR saline, marginally alkali, alkali and highly alkali categories, respectively. Likewise 45.7, 8.7, 0.3, 0.6, 20.2, 19.2 and 5.3 per cent of the respective underground waters were found in the corresponding categories in Nissing block. The use of poor quality water resulted salt accumulation in both the surface (0-15 cm) and sub surface (15-30 cm) layers. Mostly highest ECe and SARe were observed in the upper layer (0-15 cm) of soil.
Open Access
Effect of sodic water irrigation depth and gypsum on wheat and soil properties with sprinkler system
(CCSHAU, 2005) Saini, Jagmohan; Yadav, Satyaveer Singh
A field experiment was conducted during 2004-2005 to study the effect of sodic water irrigation depth (4, 5 and 6 cm through sprinkler system) and gypsum levels [G0, G50, G75 and G100 per cent neutralization of RSC (12.0 me l-1) with gypsum] on wheat and soil properties. This experiment was initiated in 2002 on Regional Research Station of CCS Haryana Agricultural University at Bawal (Rewari). Increased volume of sodic water and gypsum levels significantly influenced the growth parameters. The data indicated that grain yield of wheat under 4, 5 and 6 cm irrigation depth with sodic water through sprinkler was 34.27, 36.90 and 39.0 q ha-1 and with gypsum level G0, G50, G75 and G100 per cent neutralization of RSC was 34.07, 36.28, 37.87 and -XVI- 38.69 q ha-1, respectively. The increase in rain yield due to 6 cm irrigation depth over 4 and 5 cm was 13.8 and 5.7 per cent, respectively. Neutralization of RSC with gypsum decreased Na : Ca and Na : K ratio in plants. Similar results were also obtained in case of straw yield of wheat. The one of the most mimportant finding indicated that neutralization of RSC upto 75 per cent with gypsum was found at par with 100 per cent neutralization thereby indicating that under sprinkler system 75 per cent neutralization of RSC is sufficient. Application of gypsum increased the contents of N, P, K, Ca, Mg and S while Na content was decreased in grain and straw of wheat. Relatively higher pH and ESP were observed in soil under 5 and 6 cm as compared to 4 cm depth of irrigation. Soil pH and ESP decreased with increasing level of gypsum irrespective of depth of irrigation. The content of pH, EC, ESP and CaCO3 was increased with increasing soil depth and irrigation depth and decreased with increasing level of gypsum, while organic carbon was decreased with increasing soil depth. The results revealed that the hydraulic conductivity and infiltration rate of the soil increased with increasing gypsum levels but decreased with the increasing irrigation depth. The hydraulic conductivity and infiltration rate was increased by 115 and 363 per cent, respectively with the application of G100 as compared to G0 levels. The dispersion ratio and soil strength however showed an increasing trend with increasing irrigation depth but decreased with levels of gypsum.
Open Access
Characterization of ground water quality of asandh and nissing blocks of district Karnal, Haryana
(CCSHAU, 2005) Devraj Singh; Verma, S.L.
Present study entitled, “Characterisation of ground water quality of Nissing and Asandh blocks of district Karnal, Haryana” and to assess the effect of different quality waters on physico-chemical properties of soils in respective blocks, was under taken. With the objective in view 407 and 357 tube-well water samples from 46 villages of Asandh and 50 villages of Nissing block respectively were collected. On the basis of water analysis, soil samples from Asandh and Nissing blocks were collected and analyzed for their physical and chemical properties. pH, EC, SAR and RSC in irrigation waters of Asandh varied from 7.15-9.2, 0.48-6.52 dSm-1, 0.26-19.86 (m mol l-1)½ and Nil-18.1 ml l-1 respectively. Likewise corresponding values of water quality varied from 7.2-9.1, 0.48-4.19 dSm-1, 1.05-19.86 (m mole l-1)½ and Nil-18.0 me l-1 respectively, in Nissing block. Dominant cation was sodium followed by magnesium and calcium. Likewise, in case of anions, bicarbonate was the dominant anion followed by chloride and sulphate upto EC 3dSm-1 and after EC range between 3-4 dSm-1 and above the trend was Cl- > SO42- >HCO3- >CO32- type water in Asandh block. In Nissing block, bicarbonates were the dominant anion followed by chloride and sulphate upto EC range 2-3 dSm-1 , in EC range 3-4 dSm-1 HCO3- > SO42- > Cl- > CO32- type waters and after EC 4 dSm-1 the trend was Cl- > HCO3- > SO42- > CO32- type water in respect of anions. RSC was observed only in tube-well waters having EC upto 3 and 4 dSm-1 respectively in Asandh and Nissing blocks and subsequent EC range of water did not show presence of RSC. In both Asandh and Nissing blocks maximum number of underground water samples (185 and 195) had EC between 1 and 2 dSm-1 and with the increase in EC, number of tube-well water samples decreased, under various range. As per Manchanda classification 49.4, 18.7, 0, 24.6 and 7.3 per cent waters of Asandh block were classified under good, marginal, saline, sodic and saline-sodic categories, respectively. Likewise 53.5, 6.4, 0.6, 38.7 and 0.8 per cent of the respective underground waters were found in the corresponding category in Nissing block. As per AICRP (1989) classification 35.63, 19.9, 5.41, 2.46, 15.48, 15.97 and 5.15 per cent waters of Asandh block were classified under good, marginally saline, saline, high SAR saline, marginally alkali, alkali and highly alkali categories, respectively. Likewise 45.7, 8.7, 0.3, 0.6, 20.2, 19.2 and 5.3 per cent of the respective underground waters were found in the corresponding categories in Nissing block. The use of poor quality water resulted salt accumulation in both the surface (0-15 cm) and sub surface (15-30 cm) layers. Mostly highest ECe and SARe were observed in the upper layer (0-15 cm) of soil.
Open Access
Effect of sodic water irrigation depth and gypsum on wheat and soil properties with sprinkler system
(CCSHAU, 2005) Saini, Jagmohan; Yadav, Satyaveer Singh
A field experiment was conducted during 2004-2005 to study the effect of sodic water irrigation depth (4, 5 and 6 cm through sprinkler system) and gypsum levels [G0, G50, G75 and G100 per cent neutralization of RSC (12.0 me l-1) with gypsum] on wheat and soil properties. This experiment was initiated in 2002 on Regional Research Station of CCS Haryana Agricultural University at Bawal (Rewari). Increased volume of sodic water and gypsum levels significantly influenced the growth parameters. The data indicated that grain yield of wheat under 4, 5 and 6 cm irrigation depth with sodic water through sprinkler was 34.27, 36.90 and 39.0 q ha-1 and with gypsum level G0, G50, G75 and G100 per cent neutralization of RSC was 34.07, 36.28, 37.87 and 38.69 q ha-1, respectively. The increase in rain yield due to 6 cm irrigation depth over 4 and 5 cm was 13.8 and 5.7 per cent, respectively. Neutralization of RSC with gypsum decreased Na : Ca and Na : K ratio in plants. Similar results were also obtained in case of straw yield of wheat. The one of the most mimportant finding indicated that neutralization of RSC upto 75 per cent with gypsum was found at par with 100 per cent neutralization thereby indicating that under sprinkler system 75 per cent neutralization of RSC is sufficient. Application of gypsum increased the contents of N, P, K, Ca, Mg and S while Na content was decreased in grain and straw of wheat. Relatively higher pH and ESP were observed in soil under 5 and 6 cm as compared to 4 cm depth of irrigation. Soil pH and ESP decreased with increasing level of gypsum irrespective of depth of irrigation. The content of pH, EC, ESP and CaCO3 was increased with increasing soil depth and irrigation depth and decreased with increasing level of gypsum, while organic carbon was decreased with increasing soil depth. The results revealed that the hydraulic conductivity and infiltration rate of the soil increased with increasing gypsum levels but decreased with the increasing irrigation depth. The hydraulic conductivity and infiltration rate was increased by 115 and 363 per cent, respectively with the application of G100 as compared to G0 levels. The dispersion ratio and soil strength however showed an increasing trend with increasing irrigation depth but decreased with levels of gypsum.
Open Access
Characterization of ground water quality of asandh and nissing blocks of district Karnal, Haryann
(CCSHAU, 2005) Devraj Singh; Verma, S.L.
Present study entitled, “Characterisation of ground water quality of Nissing and Asandh blocks of district Karnal, Haryana” and to assess the effect of different quality waters on physico-chemical properties of soils in respective blocks, was under taken. With the objective in view 407 and 357 tube-well water samples from 46 villages of Asandh and 50 villages of Nissing block respectively were collected. On the basis of water analysis, soil samples from Asandh and Nissing blocks were collected and analyzed for their physical and chemical properties. pH, EC, SAR and RSC in irrigation waters of Asandh varied from 7.15-9.2, 0.48-6.52 dSm-1, 0.26-19.86 (m mol l-1)½ and Nil-18.1 ml l-1 respectively. Likewise corresponding values of water quality varied from 7.2-9.1, 0.48-4.19 dSm-1, 1.05-19.86 (m mole l-1)½ and Nil-18.0 me l-1 respectively, in Nissing block. Dominant cation was sodium followed by magnesium and calcium. Likewise, in case of anions, bicarbonate was the dominant anion followed by chloride and sulphate upto EC 3dSm-1 and after EC range between 3-4 dSm-1 and above the trend was Cl- > SO4 2- >HCO3 - >CO3 2- type water in Asandh block. In Nissing block, bicarbonates were the dominant anion followed by chloride and sulphate upto EC range 2-3 dSm-1 , in EC range 3-4 dSm-1 HCO3 - > SO4 2- > Cl- > CO3 2- type waters and after EC 4 dSm-1 the trend was Cl- > HCO3 - > SO4 2- > CO3 2- type water in respect of anions. RSC was observed only in tube-well waters having EC upto 3 and 4 dSm-1 respectively in Asandh and Nissing blocks and subsequent EC range of water did not show presence of RSC. In both Asandh and Nissing blocks maximum number of underground water samples (185 and 195) had EC between 1 and 2 dSm-1 and with the increase in EC, number of tube-well water samples decreased, under various range. As per Manchanda classification 49.4, 18.7, 0, 24.6 and 7.3 per cent waters of Asandh block were classified under good, marginal, saline, sodic and saline-sodic categories, respectively. Likewise 53.5, 6.4, 0.6, 38.7 and 0.8 per cent of the respective underground waters were found in the corresponding category in Nissing block. As per AICRP (1989) classification 35.63, 19.9, 5.41, 2.46, 15.48, 15.97 and 5.15 per cent waters of Asandh block were classified under good, marginally saline, saline, high SAR saline, marginally alkali, alkali and highly alkali categories, respectively. Likewise 45.7, 8.7, 0.3, 0.6, 20.2, 19.2 and 5.3 per cent of the respective underground waters were found in the corresponding categories in Nissing block. The use of poor quality water resulted salt accumulation in both the surface (0-15 cm) and sub surface (15-30 cm) layers. Mostly highest ECe and SARe were observed in the upper layer (0- 15 cm) of soil.
Open Access
Quality appraisal of underground waters of Karnal Block in Karnal District, Haryana
(CCSHAU, 2006) Jitender Singh; Sagwal, O. P.
Present study entitled “quality appraisal of under ground waters of Karnal Block of District Karnal, Haryana” and to study the chemical composition and quality of irrigation waters and their effect on soils physical chemical properties, irrigation water samples were collected from 69 villages. 6 with the objectives in view 673 tubewell water samples from 69 village of Karnal block were collected. Soil samples from (8) egith sites irrigated with tube well water were collected and analyzed for their physical and chemical properties. The pH, EC, SAR and RSC in irrigation waters varied from 7.26-.24, 0.4-2.6 dSm-1, 0.989 (mmol l-1)½ and 1.8 to 25 me l-1 with mean value of 8.30, 1.13, 1.35 and 1.25 respectively. The cations and anions vix. Ca++, Mg+, Na+, K+ CO3-, HCO3- Cl-1 and SO4-1, in irrigation waters varied from 1-12.6, 0.5-5, 0-18.5, 0-2.4, absent, 1.8-25, 0-48 and 0.05 to 8.4 me l-1 respectively with mean value of 5.42, 2.38, 2.47, 0.22, absent, 8.30, 1.27 and 1.22 me l-1 respectively. Dominant certion was calcium followed by sodium and Magnesium Liteewise, in case of anions bicarbonate was the dominant anion followed by chloride and -iiii sulphate. NO3- and F- of irrigation waters varied from Nil-10.68 and Nil 10.00 ppm with average value 1.63 and 0.20 ppm respectively. In Karnal block maximum number of water underground samples (307) had EC between 0.5 and 1.00 dSm-1 followed by EC 1.00 and 1.5 dSm-1, 270 samples. As per Machanda (1976) classification 82, 1 and 17 per cent of waters of Karnal block were classified under good, marginal and sodic category. As per AICRP (1989) classification 82, 9, 8 and 1 per cent waters of Karnal block were classified under good, alkali, Marginal alkali and Marginal saline, categories, respectively. Effect of irrigation with high RSC waters on salt accumulation was highest at surface layer, which decreased with increase in profile depth. Effect of higher EC of irrigation water is more pronounced in heavy texture soils as compared to light texture soil. Significant positive correlation existed between ECiw and EC1.2 at 1% level. SARiw and Na+ build up in the soil profile was significantly correlated.
Open Access
Long-term effects of organic manures and fertilizers in pearl millet-wheat cropping sequence
(CCSHAU, 2006) Mandeep Singh; Antil, R. S.
A long-term field demonstration entitled, “Long-term effects of organic manures and fertilizers in pearl millet-wheat cropping sequence” going on the Research Area of the Department of Soil Science, CCS Haryana Agricultural University, Hisar (Haryana), Since 1995 was selected for the present study. Soil and plant sampling was done during 2005 after 10th cycle of pearl millet-wheat cropping sequence. Lowest yield of pearl millet and wheat was obtained when only organic manures were applied. A significant increase in yield was obtained with the combined application of organic manures with N or NP fertilizers. Higher uptake of N, P and K by pearl millet and wheat was recorded with the application of organic manures in conjunction with NP fertilizers over no manure was applied. Application of organic manures did not have much effect on soil pH. Lowest pH was obtained with the application of FYM15N150. The EC of soil increased with the application of organic manures alone or in combination with NP fertilizers. EC of the surface soil was higher as compare to sub-surface soil. Organic carbon content of the soil decreased from its original value, when only NP fertilizers were applied and increased significantly with the application of organic manures (FYM, poultry manure, pressmud) applied alone or with NP fertilizers. The highest organic carbon content of the soil has approached to 0.99 percent in plot receiving FYM15N150P30 ha-1. The organic carbon content was higher in surface soil as compare to sub-surface soil. The application of organic manures and NP fertilizers could not sustain the original level of N. Among the different treatments application of pressmud7.5N150P30 recorded highest build up of available N (90.2 mg kg-1) in soil. The build up of available N was higher in surface soil as compare to sub-surface soil. The application of organic manures with fertilizers increased the available P and K content of soil. The available P content of soil increased from its original value 12.6 mg kg-1 to 26.80 mg kg-1 with the application of poultry manure5. Available K content of soil also increased with the application of organic manures. The highest available K content was found in plot receiving FYM15plus N150P30. Available P and K were higher in surface soil than subsurface soil. The DTPA extractable micronutrients (Zn, Fe, Mn and Cu) content of soil increased with the application of organic manures (FYM, poultry manure, pressmud). The DTPA extractable micronutrients were higher with the application of FYM as compare to poultry manure and pressmud. In sub-surface soil same trend was followed but rate of increase was less than the surface soil. These results indicate that the use of organic manures in conjunction with chemical fertilizer is very important for ensuring better crop productivity for sustainable basis, so that the soil health can be maintained.
Open Access
Effect of long-term FYM and nitrogen application in bajra-wheat cropping system on fractions of S, fe and mn in soil
(CCSHAU, 2006) Reddy, Ramanjaneya A.; Balwan Singh
A long-term field experiment, going on at the research farm, Department of Soil Science, CCS HAU, Hisar, since Rabi-1967, was selected for present investigation. The treatments consisted of three times of FYM application (in Kharif, Rabi and both seasons), three levels of FYM application (15, 30 and 45 Mg FYM ha-1), one control and three levels (0, 60 and 120 kg N ha-1) of fertilizer nitrogen application through urea. Long-term effect of FYM and N application on uptake of sulphur, iron and manganese by wheat crop were estimated. Application of different levels of FYM and N significantly increased the yield as well as the uptake of sulphur, iron and manganese by wheat crop. Highest uptake of sulphur, iron and manganese was found in 45 Mg FYM and 120 kg N ha-1 in both seasons treated plots followed by Rabi and Kharif. Long-term FYM and N application effect was also studied on different fractions of sulphur, iron and manganese in soil at surface (0-15 cm) and sub-surface (15-30 cm) level. Increasing level of FYM application increased the content of sulphur, iron and manganese in all fractions. Highest content of sulphur, iron and manganese in all fractions was recorded in plots receiving FYM 45 Mg ha-1 in both seasons followed by Rabi and Kharif. Higher amounts of sulphur, iron and manganese was found in surface soils as compared to sub-surface soils, except carbonate bound iron and manganese, whose contents were slightly higher in the sub-surface soils than surface soils. The percent contribution of different fractions of sulphur to total sulphur in soil at surface and sub-surface depths were in the following order: Organic sulphur > residual sulphur > heat soluble sulphur > sulphate sulphur > water-soluble sulphur and the percent contribution of different fractions of iron and manganese to total iron and manganese in soil at surface and subsurface depths were in the following order: Residual > organically bound > oxide bound > carbonate bound > exchangeable. The fertilizer N application did not significantly affect any of the sulphur, iron and manganese fractions in soil at surface and sub-surface level.

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