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ThesisItem Open Access Mitigation of salt stress using exogenous ortho-silicic acid and analysing its effect on physiological traits in forage sorghum (Sorghum bicolor L.)(CCSHAU, Hisar, 2022-07-19) Pankaj; Sarita DeviThe present study entitled “Mitigation of salt stress using exogenous ortho-silicic acid and analysing its effect on physiological traits in forage sorghum (Sorghum bicolor L.)” was investigated in the screen house during the kharif season of 2021. Before sowing, the desired levels of salt stress (control, 4, 6 and 8 dS m-1) were maintained by saturating each pot. Seeds of Sorghum bicolor L. were grown in pots under screen house conditions on 16th July 2021. Ortho-silicic acid (1.5 and 2.5 ppm) was applied exogenously after 30 days after sowing (DAS) under stressed as well as non-stressed plants in both genotypes (CSV33MF and SSG 59-3). Sampling was done at 40 DAS and at the time of harvest. Growth parameters decreased with increasing levels of salt stress, whereas foliar application of ortho-silicic acid enhanced the growth of plants. Similarly, physiological parameters of leaf were enhanced after the application of ortho-silicic acid which were negatively affected by salt stress. Plant water relation, gaseous exchange studies, chlorophyll index and photochemical quantum yield also showed declining trend from control to 8 dS m-1 of salt level in both genotypes, but more percent decrease was observed at 8 dS m- 1 of salt stress like in ψw (71.83%), ψs (55.29), photosynthetic rate (46.45%), transpiration rate (93.22%) and stomatal conductance (84.21%) in SSG 59-3, over their respective control. The values ranged from 8.89 to 6.61, 25.9 to 22.4 and 52.6 to 51.5 in protein, fiber and in- vitro dry matter digestibility, respectively, at 8 dS m-1 of salt stress in CSV33MF at 40 DAS. Application of OSA helped in the maintenance of plant water status, enhanced the exchange of gases and chlorophyll index irrespective of salt stress in both genotypes. Reversibly, electrolyte leakage and ash content enhanced with every increment of salt stress but application of OSA ameliorated the adverse effect of salt stress to some extent. Increment in Na+ but a decrease in K+ and Ca2+ content was noted under salt stress. While, the reverse trend was noticed after application of OSA. In nut shell, sorghum genotypes CSV33MF and SSG 59-3 performed better under salt stress and showed better response in alleviating salt stress with foliar application of 2.5 ppm ortho-silicic acid.ThesisItem Open Access Photosynthetic efficiency and nutrient uptake in wheat grown under timely, late and very late sown conditions(CCSHAU Hisar, 2022-07) Rawal, Bharti; Anita KumariThe present investigation was conducted with six wheat genotypes viz. WH147, WH711, WH 1105, WH 1184 WH1021 and HD2967 grown to study the photosynthetic efficiency and nutrient uptake and other physiological traits under timely (TS), late (LS) and very late (VLS) conditions on six wheat genotypes, during rabi season of 2021-22 at screen house, Department of Botany and Plant Physiology, CCS HAU, Hisar. Data were recorded for various morphological traits including number of days to heading, number of days to maturity, plant height (cm), spike length (cm), number of spikelets per spike, number of grains per spike, 1000-grain weight (g), grain yield per plant (g), plant biomass (g), heat susceptibility index. The physiological parameters include canopy temperature, transpiration rate, photosynthetic rate, stomatal conductance, chlorophyll content, anothocynin content, NPK content were studied. Reduction in physiological parameters, growth and yield components was observed in all genotypes under LS and VLS in all genotypes. Photosynthetic rate, maximum in WH1021 followed by HD2967 at 7 and 14 DAA under TS, LS and VLS conditions. Wheat variety HD2967 showed maximum N, P, K content followed by WH1021 under TS, LS and VLS conditions. Plant biomass was maximum in HD2967 followed by WH711 and WH1021. However grain yield (g/plant) and 1000 grain weight was reported maximum in HD2967 followed by WH1021, WH1184, WH1105, WH711 and WH147. Similar results were observed for 1000 grain weight under LS and VLS conditions. Wheat genotype HD2967 followed WH1021 can be considered as heat tolerant on the basis of less reduction in growth, physiological traits, yield and its attributes under LS and VLS as compared to TS conditions.ThesisItem Open Access Ethylene-induced evaluation of heat tolerance and stay-green trait in bread wheat(Chaudhary Charan Singh Haryana Agricultural University hisar, 2022-10) Soni, Aarti; Munjal, RenuThe present study entitled ―Ethylene-induced evaluation of heat tolerance and stay-green trait in bread wheat‖ was conducted in three experiments. First experiment was conducted in the field of the wheat research area of the Department of Genetics & Plant Breeding with 30 wheat genotypes during rabi 2018-19 under late and very late environments. Second experiment was carried out with seedling of three genotypes (BWL 5391, HTW 64 and WH 1124) selected out of 30 genotypes based on their performance in fields along with source and inhibitor of ethylene, in the growth chamber at the Department of Botany and Plant Physiology, CCS HAU, Hisar during rabi 2019-20. Seedlings were studied for biochemical traits, including ROS, H2O2, protease, MDA, MTS, FRSA, chlorophyll, and proline. A third experiment was carried out applying AVG and ethrel with the same three genotypes at the net house of the Department of Botany and Plant Physiology, CCS HAU, Hisar during rabi 2019–20 under late and very late environments. SG characteristics such as Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI), SPAD Chlorophyll Meter Reading (SCMR), Leaf Senescence Rate (LSR), Chlorophyll Fluorescence and yield & its attributes were recorded in the field as well as in the nethouse. From the field experiment, genotypes were characterized into three categories viz slow senescing, intermediate slow senescing and fast senescing based on their rate of senescence. The results indicate that the slow senescing genotype had a significantly higher yield as compared to the fast-senescing genotype. Among 30 genotypes, BWL 5391, BWL 5179, BWL5233, BWL 5388 and BWL 5422 were the SG genotypes and also had higher grain yield. AVG treatment at the seedling stage was significantly more effective for providing tolerance to heat stress as indicated by high proline, FRSA, low MDA and ROS. Foliar spray of 2ppm AVG at 50% heading stage was found effective for increasing grain yield in WH 1124 under LS environment.ThesisItem Open Access Silicon induced amelioration of salinity stress through physiological and biochemical alterations in mungbean (Vigna radiata L. wilczek) and wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)(CCSHAU, Hisar, 2022-07) Sinky; Sharma, Kamal DuttThe present investigation was conducted under two experiments one on mungbean (MH 318) and other on wheat (WH 1223) crop grown in earthen pots under screen-house conditions of Botany and Plant Physiology department, CCS Haryana Agricultural University, Hisar, to study ef fect of silicon application on plant growth characterestics, gas exchange attributes, biochemical changes, yield and its attributes and nutrient uptake under control and salinity stress conditions. The experiment was laid out in CRD consisting of three chloride dominated salinity levels i.e., 0 dS/m, 4dS/m and 6dS/m stress in mungbean and 0, 5dS/m, 10dS/m in wheat. Silicon was applied in the form of sodium meta-silicate (Na2SiO3.5H20) through soil application before sowing in mungbean (50 ppm) and in wheat (80 ppm) and foliar application of 50, 100 ppm in mungbean and 100, 150 ppm in wheat. Salinity stress decreased the growth of mungbean and wheat by affecting morphophysiological and biochemical traits a nd nutrient uptake of the crop. The plant water relation parameters such as leaf water potential, leaf osmotic potential, RWC and gas exchange attributes were negatively affected under salinity stress condition. Chlorophyll stability index and membrane stability index decreased with increasing salinity stress. However, silicon application increased the growth parameters under control as well as under salinity stress condition in both the crops. A significant increase in the activity of SOD, CAT, POX and total antioxidant activity occur under salinity stress and silicon treatments further enhanced their level indicating the role of silicon in enhancing antioxidant capacity of the crop. Silicon application enhanced the K, Fe, Zn and Si content in different plant parts and reduced the uptake of Na, Cl. Silicon application improved the yield and its attributes by maintaining plants water status and various physiological and biochemical processes and nutrient uptake. Foliar application of 100ppm silicon was found more effective in mungbean and 150ppm foliar application in wheat compared to other treatments. Grain/seed yield showed significant positive correlation with different physio–biochemical and yield components such as photosynthetic rate, stomatal conductance, chlorophyll fluorescence but SOD, CAT and POX showed negative correlation with yield and other yield attributes.ThesisItem Open Access Effect of foliar application of salicylic acid and silicon on key physiological & biochemical attributes in Sorghum bicolor L. under salt stress(hisar, 2022-12) Jangra, Manish; Sarita DeviThe current study, entitled "Effect of foliar application of salicylic acid and silicon on key physiological & biochemical attributes in Sorghum bicolor L. under salt stress," was conducted in the screen house during the kharif season of 2019 and 2020. Before sowing, the desired levels of salt stress (7.5 and 10 dS m-1 of NaCl) were maintained in soil by saturation of each pot. After 60 days of sowing (DAS), foliar applications of salicylic acid (1.0, 1.5 and 2.0 mM), silicon (0.5, 1.0 and 1.5 mM) and their combinations SA + Si (SA 1.0 mM x Si 1.0 mM, SA 1.5 mM x Si 1.0 mM, SA 1.0 mM x Si 1.5 mM and SA 1.5 mM x Si 1.5 mM) were given in each level of salt stress in all varieties (HJ 513, HJ 541 and HC 308). Data collection was carried out one week after foliar spray (67 DAS). On the 19th of July 2019 and the 23rd of July 2020, seeds of Sorghum bicolor L. were sown in pots under screen house conditions. All the studies were carried out in the stress physiology laboratory of the Department of Botany and Plant Physiology, cotton section GP&B, CCS HAU Hisar and CSSRI, Karnal. Growth indices, in terms of plant height, fresh weight per plant, dried weight per plant, leaf number and leaf area, salt stress restricted the growth of sorghum varieties (HJ 513, HJ 541 and HC 308). Treatment with salicylic acid, silicon and their combinations, on the other hand, improved the growth parameters values under stress conditions. With increasing salt levels, plant water relations, gaseous exchange studies, total chlorophyll, chlorophyll content (SPAD units), photochemical quantum yield and total protein content all reduced. Regardless of salt stress, salicylic acid, silicon and their combinations increased plant water status, gaseous exchange studies, total chlorophyll, chlorophyll content (SPAD units), photochemical quantum yield and total protein content. With increasing levels of salt stress, electrolyte leakage, MDA content, H2O2 and HCN content increased, whereas the foliar application of salicylic acid, silicon and their combinations lowered these above quantities under salt stress in all varieties. Under salt stress, antioxidative enzymes and osmolytes specific activity rose in all varieties, but treatment of salicylic acid (1.5 mM), silicon (1.5mM) and their combinations improved these values even more in all varieties. Up to 20 differentially expressed protein spots with an expression shift of more than 1.1-fold compared to control were identified in treated sorghum, i.e., salt stress (7.5 dS m-1), silicon (1.5 mM) and salicylic acid (1.5 mM). Salt stress lowered seed yield, biological yield and harvest index considerably. In all types of sorghum, salicylic acid, silicon and their combinations boost yield characteristics and yield through maintaining plant water status and different physiological and biochemical processes.ThesisItem Open Access Applicability of salicylic acid and glycinebetaine to alleviate the effect of salinity stress in Indian Mustard (Brassica juncea (L.) Czern and Coss)(CCSHAU, Hisar, 2021-06) Agarwal, Vishnu Prakash; Neeraj KumarThe present investigation was carried out to study the effect of salicylic acid (SA) and glycinebetaine (GB) to mitigate the adverse effect of salinity on Indian mustard by growing seeds of genotype RH 0725 in plastic pots filled with dune sand maintaining four different levels of salinity (control, 8, 10 and 12 dS m-1). The crop was sprayed with different concentrations of SA (control, 0.5 mM, 1.0 mM and 1.5 mM) and GB (control, 10 mM, 20 mM and 30 mM) at 40 and 60 days after sowing (DAS). Sampling was done at five days after spray i.e. 45 and 65 DAS. The growth and reproductive parameters, physio-biochemical attributes, antioxidant defense mechanism, yield and yield attributing characters, and protein profile through SDS-PAGE were observed at various growth stages of the crop. Results showed that photosynthetic rate, transpiration rate, stomatal conductance, relative water content (RWC), water potential (Ψw), osmotic potential (Ψs), quantum yield, chlorophyll content (SPAD), chlorophyll stability index (CSI), pollen viability, pollen germination and tube growth, days to maturity, plant height, number of branches (plant-1), number of siliqua (plant-1), number of seeds (siliquae-1), test weight (g), biological yield (BY; g plant-1), economical yield (EY; g plant-1) and salt susceptibility index (SSI); protein, ascorbate oxidized (DHA) and glutathione oxidized (GSSG) contents were decreased whereas days to 50 % flowering (DTA), proline, glycine-betaine, total soluble sugar (TSS), hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and malondialdehyde (MDA) contents; relative stress injury (RSI), specific activity of antioxidants; and ascorbate reduced (AsA) and glutathione reduced (GSH) contents were increased with increasing salinity levels. Foliar application of SA (upto 1.0 mM) and GB (upto 20 mM) significantly increased the days to maturity, pollen viability, pollen germination and tube growth, photosynthetic rate and stomatal conductance, RWC, Ψw, quantum yield, chlorophyll content (SPAD), CSI; proline, glycine-betaine, TSS and protein contents, specific activity of antioxidants, and AsA, DHA, GSH and GSSG contents in leaves and roots at both the sampling stages (45 and 65 DAS); and all the yield and yield attributes but slight early in DTA and reduced transpiration rate, RSI, and H2O2 and MDA contents over control in all the salinity levels. Application of SA 1.5 mM showed opposite effects on salinity tolerance as observed in SA 1.0 mM treatment. Application of GB 30 mM gradually enhanced the salinity tolerance by improving all the parameters but the rate of improvement was lower than that of GB 20 mM treatment. The SSI was lower recorded in SA 1.0 mM treatment followed by GB 30 mM treatment in all the salinity levels. The correlation coefficient analysis of various morpho-physiological, biochemical and yield characters indicating the contribution in imparting EY of Indian mustard. Analysis of protein samples in SDS-PAGE further confirmed the results. Overall, it is concluded that all the morpho-physiological, biochemical, yield and yield attributes of Indian mustard genotype (RH 0725) were decreased on account of increasing salinity whereas DTA, proline, glycine-betaine, TSS, H2O2, MDA, RSI, specific activity of antioxidants and, AsA and GSH contents were increased. Sprays of SA 1.0 mM and GB 20 mM particularly at 40 and 60 DAS showedThesisItem Open Access Characterization of wheat germplasm for photosynthetic pigments in response to fertilizer application grown under late sown condition(CCSHAU, Hisar, 2021-09) P. S. Kiran; Goyal, VinodPresent investigation was conducted on 228 wheat germplasm lines with unknown nutrient use efficiency obtained from CIMMYT, Mexico through Department of Genetics and Plant Breeding, COA, Hisar for evaluation and photosynthetic characterization under late sown conditions and to find correlation between physiological traits with grain yield with two set of treatments viz. without fertilizer (-F) and with recommended dose of fertilizer (+F) (NPK at 100:40:30 kg ha-1). The experiment was conducted at the Research area of Wheat and Barley Section of Department of Genetics & Plant Breeding, CCS Haryana Agricultural University, Hisar during rabi 2020-21. Observations were taken at different stages of growth for physiological studies while yield characteristics were recorded at maturity. The plants were raised in field under fertilization and without fertilization condition under randomized block design. Under fertilized condition, all germplasm lines showed high vegetation index, Nitrogen balanced index (NBI), Chlorophyll index, Osmotic potential and Grain growth rate. Other than these parameters yield parameters like biomass, grain yield, no. of productive tillers, no. of grains/spike, grain weight/spike, spike length, 1000-grain weight also observed high under fertilized condition. Anthocyanins and flavonoids were found to be high in non-fertilized condition which indicated the presence of stress in the crop. It was found that the physiological parameters were positively correlated with fertilized application. The yield parameters and some physiological parameters showed positive correlation with fertilizer (+F) like NDVI, NBI, and GGR etc. while others were negatively correlated like anthocyanins, flavonoids, osmotic potential, canopy temperature (CT) etc. Germplasm lines 21, 44, 68, 159 and 206 performed better under -F condition while germplasm lines 11, 52, 140, 166 and 220 performed better under +F condition in terms of having higher NDVI, Nitrogen balanced index, chlorophyll index, grain growth rate, biomass, yield and its attributes. The study revealed that the impact of fertilization on crop growth is consistent irrespective of the germplasm. However, some germplasm behaved differentially owing to their inherent potential of nutrient use efficiency and the selected germplasm identified with higher physiological and nutrient use efficient traits may be utilized in conventional breeding programs to better exploit higher NUE efficiency traits.ThesisItem Open Access Physiological characterization of bread wheat genotypes for heat tolerance(CCSHAU, Hisar, 2021-07) Bhupnesh; Anita KumariThe present study entitled “Physiological characterization of bread wheat genotypes for heat stress tolerance” was conducted on 15 wheat genotypes. The experiment was laid out in Randomized Block Design with three replications, under two sowing dates viz., 17th November and 24th December, at the research area of Wheat and Barley Section of Department of Genetics & Plant Breeding, CCS Haryana Agricultural University, Hisar during rabi 2020-21. Observations were recorded for seven physiological traits viz., Normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI), canopy temperature, above ground biomass, chlorophyll content index (SPAD), photosynthetic rate, transpiration rate and stomatal conductance; and 9 morphological and yield attributing characters viz., number of days to heading, number of days to anthesis, number of days to maturity, plant height (cm), number of spikelets per spike, spike length (cm), number productive of tillers per m2, number of grains per spike, grain weight per spike (g), 1000 grain weight (g), biomass (g/m2), grain yield (g/m2) and HSI. In all the wheat genotypes, i.e. G1 to G15 observations were taken at different stages of growth for physiological studies, while yield characteristics were recorded at maturity. Genotypes G12, G13, G14 and G1 performed better under TS condition while genotypes G13 and G14 under LS condition in terms of having higher NDVI, Chlorophyll Content Index, photosynthetic rate, transpiration rate, stomatal conductance, biomass, yield and its attributes. Highly significant correlation between grain yield and physiological traits was observed viz., photosynthetic rate, NDVI, Chlorophyll Content Index, stomatal conductance and transpiration rate under TS and LS conditions, therefore, these traits can be considered as key component traits for enhancement of grain yield in wheat under heat stress conditions. Heat susceptibility index (HSI) was used to assess heat tolerance in the experimental material. The genotype G14, followed by G13 and G4 were found to be most tolerant to heat stress based on lower HIS respectively (0.74), (0.75) and (0.87) whereas G6 was recorded to be most susceptible based on highest HSI to heat stress under LS condition.ThesisItem Open Access Effect of different sowing dates on morpho-physiological and yield traits in chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) genotypes.(CCSHAU, Hisar, 2020-08) Ajeev Kumar; Neeraj KumarThe present study was conducted with ten genotypes viz ICCV 88503, ICCV 92944, HC- 1, HC-3, HC-5, H12-64, H13-01, H13-02, H14-01 and H14-04 for three dates of sowing i.e 15th October, 15th November and 15th December in the field in randomized block design during Rabi season of 2017-18 and 2018-19 with objective to identify promising chickpea genotypes in terms of morpho-physiological and yield traits for different sowing dates. Among different sowing dates, phenological traits (Days to 50 % flowering, podding and physiological maturity) were minimum (81.1, 97.1,126.2 days) in 15th December and maximum (89.2, 107.6, 137.8 days) in 15th October. Among genotypes, H12-64 and H13-01 took minimum days while H14-04 took maximum days for all phenological traits. Plant height, dry weight, CGR, RGR, NAR and LAI were found to be maximum in 15th October and minimum in 15th December sowing at all the growth stages of chickpea. Maximum growth parameters recorded in genotypes H12-64 and H13-01 and minimum were in H14-04. Among physiological traits, maximum leaf water potential (-30 Mpa), leaf osmotic potential (-71 Mpa), relative water content (RWC, 88.5%), chlorophyll contents (5.402 mg g-1DW), carotenoids content (3.742 mg g-1DW), chlorophyll a fluorescence (0.689 Fv/Fm) and pollen viability (69.00 %) were in 15th November and minimum (-35 Mpa, -87 Mpa, 61.5%, 3.516 mg g-1DW, 2.967 mg g-1DW, 0.667, 64.11%) respectively, in 15th November sowing and among genotypes, H13-01had maximum (-26 Mpa, -73 Mpa, 82.3%, 5.027 mg g-1DW, 3.859 mg g-1DW, 0.717, 72.1%) and genotype H14-04 had minimum (-44 Mpa, -99 Mpa, 67.1%, 4.160 mg g-1DW, 2.858 mg g-1DW, 0.638 and 60.4%) physiological traits while RSI, CTD and anthocyanin content were maximum (11.03 %, -2.20 0C, 2.79 mg g-1DW) in 15th December and minimum (9.86 %, -0.28 0C, 1.51 mg g-1DW) respectively, in 15th November sowing and among genotypes, H13-01 showed lowest (9.33%, -0.500C, 2.19 mg g-1DW) and H14-04 showed highest RSI, CTD and anthocyanin content (11.26%, -1.700C, 2.41 mg g-1DW). However, maximum proline content, glycine betaine, TSC, H2O2 content, MDA content (0.915, 0.204, 7.5 mg g-1 DW, 15.4, 63.8μ moles g-1 DW,) were in 15th December and lowest (0.581, 0.028, 4.5 mg g-1 DW, 10.9 μ moles g-1 DW, 42.0 μ moles g-1 DW) respectively, were in 15th November sowing and in genotypes, maximum proline content glycine betaine, TSC (0.899, 0.206, 7.6 mg g-1 DW) were recorded in H13-01 and minimum (0.656, 0.077 and 5.9 mg g-1 DW) respectively, were recorded in H14-04 while minimum MDA content (45.9 μ moles MDA g-1 DW) and H2O2 content (6.9 μ moles g-1 DW) in were recorded in H13-01 and maximum MDA content (57.8 μ moles MDA g-1 DW) and H2O2 content (16.3 μ moles g-1 DW) were recorded in H14-04. Maximum specific activity of enzymes, SOD, CAT, POX, APX, GR{6.7, 7.0, 6.0, 0.45, 0.55 Units mg-1 (protein) min-1}and more accumulations of antioxidants i.e Ascorbate content, glutathione content (0.91,1.24 μ mol g-1 DW) were recorded in December 15th and minimum {2.2, 2.0, 2.7, 0.23, 0.23 Units mg-1 (protein) min-1 and 0.56, 0.75 μ mol g-1 DW} respectively, were in November 15th sowing. The maximum seed yield (2113 kg/ha) and yield attributing characters like number of branches (6.2), number of pods per plant (79.0), 100 seed weight (16.12 g), biological yield (6923 kg/ha) and harvest index (30.5 %) were in 15th October and lowest seed yield (1889 kg/ha) and yield attributing characters (3.9, 38.5,13.47g, 6333 kg/ha and 29.5%) respectively, were in 15th December sowing and among genotypes, maximum seed yield (2325 kg /ha) and yield attributing characters like number of branches (5.2), number of pods per plant (77.7), 100 seed weight (16.45 g), biological yield (7358 kg/ha) and harvest index (31.6%) were found to be in genotype H13-01 and lowest seed yield (1593 kg/ha) and yield attributing characters (4.4, 43.0, 13.10, 5625 kg/ha and 27.1%) respectively, were exhibited by genotype H14-04.
