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Open Access
Effect of different sowing dates on morpho-physiological and yield traits in chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) genotypes.
(CCSHAU, Hisar, 2020-08) Ajeev Kumar; Neeraj Kumar
The present study was conducted with ten genotypes viz ICCV 88503, ICCV 92944, HC- 1, HC-3, HC-5, H12-64, H13-01, H13-02, H14-01 and H14-04 for three dates of sowing i.e 15th October, 15th November and 15th December in the field in randomized block design during Rabi season of 2017-18 and 2018-19 with objective to identify promising chickpea genotypes in terms of morpho-physiological and yield traits for different sowing dates. Among different sowing dates, phenological traits (Days to 50 % flowering, podding and physiological maturity) were minimum (81.1, 97.1,126.2 days) in 15th December and maximum (89.2, 107.6, 137.8 days) in 15th October. Among genotypes, H12-64 and H13-01 took minimum days while H14-04 took maximum days for all phenological traits. Plant height, dry weight, CGR, RGR, NAR and LAI were found to be maximum in 15th October and minimum in 15th December sowing at all the growth stages of chickpea. Maximum growth parameters recorded in genotypes H12-64 and H13-01 and minimum were in H14-04. Among physiological traits, maximum leaf water potential (-30 Mpa), leaf osmotic potential (-71 Mpa), relative water content (RWC, 88.5%), chlorophyll contents (5.402 mg g-1DW), carotenoids content (3.742 mg g-1DW), chlorophyll a fluorescence (0.689 Fv/Fm) and pollen viability (69.00 %) were in 15th November and minimum (-35 Mpa, -87 Mpa, 61.5%, 3.516 mg g-1DW, 2.967 mg g-1DW, 0.667, 64.11%) respectively, in 15th November sowing and among genotypes, H13-01had maximum (-26 Mpa, -73 Mpa, 82.3%, 5.027 mg g-1DW, 3.859 mg g-1DW, 0.717, 72.1%) and genotype H14-04 had minimum (-44 Mpa, -99 Mpa, 67.1%, 4.160 mg g-1DW, 2.858 mg g-1DW, 0.638 and 60.4%) physiological traits while RSI, CTD and anthocyanin content were maximum (11.03 %, -2.20 0C, 2.79 mg g-1DW) in 15th December and minimum (9.86 %, -0.28 0C, 1.51 mg g-1DW) respectively, in 15th November sowing and among genotypes, H13-01 showed lowest (9.33%, -0.500C, 2.19 mg g-1DW) and H14-04 showed highest RSI, CTD and anthocyanin content (11.26%, -1.700C, 2.41 mg g-1DW). However, maximum proline content, glycine betaine, TSC, H2O2 content, MDA content (0.915, 0.204, 7.5 mg g-1 DW, 15.4, 63.8μ moles g-1 DW,) were in 15th December and lowest (0.581, 0.028, 4.5 mg g-1 DW, 10.9 μ moles g-1 DW, 42.0 μ moles g-1 DW) respectively, were in 15th November sowing and in genotypes, maximum proline content glycine betaine, TSC (0.899, 0.206, 7.6 mg g-1 DW) were recorded in H13-01 and minimum (0.656, 0.077 and 5.9 mg g-1 DW) respectively, were recorded in H14-04 while minimum MDA content (45.9 μ moles MDA g-1 DW) and H2O2 content (6.9 μ moles g-1 DW) in were recorded in H13-01 and maximum MDA content (57.8 μ moles MDA g-1 DW) and H2O2 content (16.3 μ moles g-1 DW) were recorded in H14-04. Maximum specific activity of enzymes, SOD, CAT, POX, APX, GR{6.7, 7.0, 6.0, 0.45, 0.55 Units mg-1 (protein) min-1}and more accumulations of antioxidants i.e Ascorbate content, glutathione content (0.91,1.24 μ mol g-1 DW) were recorded in December 15th and minimum {2.2, 2.0, 2.7, 0.23, 0.23 Units mg-1 (protein) min-1 and 0.56, 0.75 μ mol g-1 DW} respectively, were in November 15th sowing. The maximum seed yield (2113 kg/ha) and yield attributing characters like number of branches (6.2), number of pods per plant (79.0), 100 seed weight (16.12 g), biological yield (6923 kg/ha) and harvest index (30.5 %) were in 15th October and lowest seed yield (1889 kg/ha) and yield attributing characters (3.9, 38.5,13.47g, 6333 kg/ha and 29.5%) respectively, were in 15th December sowing and among genotypes, maximum seed yield (2325 kg /ha) and yield attributing characters like number of branches (5.2), number of pods per plant (77.7), 100 seed weight (16.45 g), biological yield (7358 kg/ha) and harvest index (31.6%) were found to be in genotype H13-01 and lowest seed yield (1593 kg/ha) and yield attributing characters (4.4, 43.0, 13.10, 5625 kg/ha and 27.1%) respectively, were exhibited by genotype H14-04.
Open Access
Effects of brassinosteroids and sucrose under moisture and cadmium stress on the growth of Eucalyptus tereticornis Sm. at juvenile stage
(CCSHAU, Hisar, 2020-06) Varma, Suraj; Beniwal, R.S
An experiment was carried out in nursery with the aim of investigating the effect of cadmium and moisture stresses on the growth and physiological characters and also to establish the effective combination of BRs and sucrose to combat these stresses at juvenile stage of Eucalyptus tereticornis Sm. [P-23 clones] seedlings. The clonal seedlings were planted in pots in nursery containing sand and soil in 2:1 proportion. Mineral composition of the pot soil was assessed before planting the plants. All the pots received normal watering till 90 days of seedling growth. Three months old potted seedlings were subjected to i) moisture stress by withholding water and ii) cadmium stress through application of different cadmium levels (0, 50, 100, 150 and 200 ppm). The different levels of brassinosteroids (0, 5, 10, 15 and 20 ppm) and sucrose (0, 1, 3 and 5% (w/v) were applied to the seedlings. It was observed that increment in increment in increment in increment in increment in increment in increment in increment in increment in increment in increment in increment in increment in plant biometric parameters plant biometric parameters plant biometric parameters plant biometric parameters plant biometric parameters plant biometric parameters plant biometric parameters plant biometric parameters plant biometric parameters plant biometric parameters plant biometric parameters plant biometric parameters plant biometric parameters plant biometric parameters plant biometric parameters plant biometric parameters plant biometric parameters plant biometric parameters plant biometric parameters plant biometric parameters plant biometric parameters plant biometric parameters plant biometric parameters plant biometric parameters plant biometric parameters plant biometric parameters declined significantly at various Cd (50 to 150 ppm) stresses. The moisture stress resulted in increased underground biomass of the sedlings; however, whole plant biomass decreased with increasing levels of moisture stress. Chlorophyll pigments, RWC and TSP values responded negatively to the increasing levels of Cd and moisture stresses. Maximum reduction in Chlorophyll (1.09%), carotenoid content (0.24%), RWC (60.31%) and TSP (0.40%) was observed at 150 ppm Cd application. However, the values of RSI, H2O2, MDA content and ROS, increased under both the stresses (cadmium and moisture). Significant enhancement was noticed in accumulation of osmolytes under both the stresses. Specific activity of SOD, CAT, POX, GR & APX enzymes and non-enzymatic AsA, MDHAR, DHAR & Glutathione enhanced abruptly with increase in levels of both the stresses, but maximum increase was observed under cadmium stress i.e. 275.87, 32.85, 79.84, 26.51 & 41.32 and 3.47, 32.86, 27.22 & 1.21, respectively compared to control. During observance of Cd accumulating pattern in different plant organs, it was maximum in roots (129.83) followed by stem (110.23) and leaves (106.71). Under cadmium and moisture stress, combat effect was observed after exogenous application of the various levels of BRs and sucrose. At various levels of both the stresses; chlorophyll, carotenoid content, RWC and TSP values increased with the exogenous application of the BRs and sucrose, but the combination of BRs (20 ppm) and Su (5 ppm) resulted in overcoming the serious negative effects that could happen to plants under both the stresses as indicated under control. Though, the ameliorative effects in lipid peroxidation, RSI, ROS and H2O2 content under both the stresses (Cd and moisture) were seen at all levels of exogenous application of the BRs and sucrose, but the maximum protection was found at the interaction of BRs (20 ppm) & Su (5 ppm). Exogenous application of BRs and Su caused further enhancement in the osmolytes, SOD activity, CAT, POX, GR & APX enzymes and non-enzymatic AsA, MDHAR, DHAR & Glutathione but these values were more under cadmium stress compared to moisture stress. Maximum decrease in cadmium uptake in roots, stem and leaf was found with application of (BRs 20 × Su 5) ppm. When compared the negative effects of Cd and moisture stresses on the plants, moisture stress was less deteriorative. Exogenous application of BRs alone in stressed (Cd and moisture stress) condition protected the eucalyptus seedlings in better way when compared with Su exogenous application.
Open Access
Studies on flowering, Fruiting behaviour and ripening management of sapota (Manilkara zapota (L.) P. Royen)
(CCSHAU, Hisar, 2020-05) Rinku Rani; Sharma, J. R.
The present investigations entitled Studies on flowering, fruiting behaviour and ripening management of sapota (Manilkara zapota (L.) P. Royen), was carried out in orchard and laboratory of Department of Horticulture, CCS Haryana Agricultural University, Hisar during the year 2017-20. For field experiment to studies the flowering and fruiting behaviour of sapota, the tagging was done at 1st and 3rd week of every month on the three branches in different directions on sapota cultivar Kalipatti and Cricket Ball. The T1 is marked for the date 15/09, T2 for 01/10, T3 for 15/10 and up to T24 (01/09). The results revealed that the more number of flowers per shoot and flower intensity was observed in month of September, October and August during 2017-18 and 2018-19. During 2017-18, there was no flowering observed in three months December, January and February (T6 to T11). Whereas, no flowering observed after 15th December to April (T7 to T15) during 2018-19 in both cultivars. Fruit set per cent in both cultivars was showed increasing trends from July flowering to reaching maximum in September flowering and then followed declining trend to no fruit set in 15th November flowering. It was observed that sapota is a climate sensitive crop and climatic parameters viz., temperatures (maximum and minimum), relative humidity, sunshine hours and rainfall etc. had a profound influence on various flowering characters of sapota. The number of days taken for fruit set was showed increasing trends from June to November flowering. Whereas, the days required to attain the maturity was showed decreasing trends from June to November flowering in both cultivars. The fruits from winter season flowering (September, October and November) followed a characteristic double sigmoid pattern growth Whereas, fruits from rainy season flowering (June, July and August) followed somewhat linear pattern growth. The fruit weight was increased from September to November flowering and decreased in fruits from June to September flowering in both cultivars. All physico-chemical attributes were decreased in fruits from June to November flowering in both cultivars. Number of flowers per shoot, flower intensity, fruit set, TSS and total sugars were recorded higher in Kalipatti. Whereas, fruit drop, days taken for fruit setting, days taken for fruit maturity, firmness, ascorbic acid, acidity, pectin, tannin, Chlorophyll and carotenoid content were more in Cricket Ball as compared to Kalipatti. Cricket Ball has round shaped fruits in all flowering dates. Whereas, in Kalipatti shape was influenced by different flowering dates. Efficacy of ethephon was tested with different concentrations for ripening and physico-chemical quality of harvested sapota fruits. The fruits treated with ethephon were more uniform in ripening and had higher rate of ripening than the fruits under control. The effect increased with increasing concentrations of ethephon during ripening. Moreover, all quality parameters were retained in higher amount when the fruits were treated with ethephon. While, shelf life of fruits reduced with the increased concentrations of ethephon in both cultivars and seasons. Fruit treated with ethephon registered higher PME, PG and cellulase activity as compare to control in both cultivars. Kalipatti ripened earlier and registered higher TSS, total sugars, pH and enzymes activity as compared to Cricket Ball. Whereas, Cricket Ball registered longer shelf life and registered higher titratable acidity, ascorbic acid, firmness, pectin, tannin, chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b and carotenoid content as compared to Kalipatti. During August, the retention of the firmness, ascorbic acid, pectin, tannin, chlorophyll a and b was more as compared to May. Whereas, TSS, total sugars, Titratable acidity, activity of PG and cellulase enzymes were observed higher during May as compared to August at every days of observation. Carotenoid content and PME activity were more during May at 4th day of observation as compared to August and after that carotenoid and activity of PME were decreased on 7th day and rate of decrease was more during May.
Open Access
Physiological Characterization and Differential Gene Expression Analysis in Contrasting Wheat Genotypes under Water Deficit Stress
(2020) Mathur, Priyanka; Munjal, Renu
The investigation was conducted to carry out morpho-physiological, biochemical and molecular evaluation of two contrasting bread wheat genotypes namely WH 1025 (drought tolerant) and WH 1105 (drought susceptible). Twenty days seedlings were subjected to stress using 15% PEG- 6000. Tolerant WH 1025 and susceptible WH 1105 genotype in non-stressed conditions performed almost in similar way morphologically, physiologically and biochemically but on stress imposition, WH 1025 showed higher activity of antioxidants, showed higher chlorophyll stability index and lower Plasma membrane damage, less impact on shoot & root length and biomass, better seedling vigor, more relative water content and relatively lesser water loss rate and accumulate more osmoprotectants such as proline. Transcriptome analysis of the two contrasting genotypes revealed significant differences in terms of adaptive responses as evident from the gene expression pattern during water deficit condition in early growth period of wheat seedling. At 72 hours of stress a considerably higher number of genes (65,698 out of the total 1,36,770 genes) were expressed in WH 1025 as compared to WH 1105 where the number of gene expressed were less ( 54,195 out of 1,3 6,770 total genes). It also supported the results obtained in morpho-physiological and biochemical investigations. More DEGs were upregulated (204) & less downregulated (10) in WH 1025 whereas less DEG were upregulated (114) & more downregulated (12) in WH 1105. Moreover, Pathway analysis unveiled that out of six major categories mentioned in KEGG pathway Database, DEGs that is found to enrich one was, “Metabolism” pathway. Also, it revealed that the genes and the pathways involved in WH 1025 were the most important factor to make a difference between the genotypes for drought tolerance. In the present study, more up-regulated genes are enriching transcription factors like Trihelix, bHLH, ERF, C2H2, MYB families. C2H2 and MYB were found to be uniquely upregulated in WH 1025 thus, resulted in better drought tolerance and showed adaptability for tolerance. The identified TFs/Genes in the experiment, particularly those which were up-regulated in roots of WH 1025 during drought stress, were potential candidates for enhancing tolerance to drought. This information can be used to improve drought tolerance in elite wheat cultivars and to develop tolerant germplasm for other cereal crops.
Open Access
Physiological and biochemical responses of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) to bio-inoculants under varying soil moisture regimes
(CCSHAU, 2018) Pooja Rani; Sharma, K.D
The study entitled “Physiological and biochemical responses of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) to bio-inoculants under varying soil moisture regimes” was conducted during rabi season of 2015-16 and 2016-17 at Crop Physiology Research Area of Agronomy Department CCS Haryana Agricultural University, Hisar. The experiment was designed as split plot consisting of three irrigation schedules viz., one irrigation at crown root initiation (CRI), two irrigation at CRI and heading stage and three irrigation at CRI, tillering, heading stage in main plot and five bio-inoculants treatments viz., recommended dose of fertilizers (RDF), Arbuscular Mycorrhizae (AM) with Azotobacter and PSB (75% of RDF), AM fungi with RDF, Azotobacter with PSB and RDF, AM fungi with 75% of RDF in the sub-plots with three replication. Data were recorded for various morphological traits including plant height, leaf area, leaf area index and leaf area duration at 30, 60, 90 and 120 days after showing, physiological traits observations were recorded at anthesis and 20 days after anthesis including canopy temperature depression, transpiration rate, photosynthetic rate, stomatal conductance, leaf water potential, leaf osmotic potential, relative stress injury, chlorophyll content i.e was significantly decreases under restricted irrigation. Biochemical parameters i.e total soluble protein, peroxidase and proline content which show maximum reduction in restricted irrigation while catalase activity, total soluble sugar were reduced maximum in irrigated control. Nutrients, nitrogen and phosphorous content in straw, grain and soil were more pronounced in restricted condition and sedimentation value, crude protein content, hectoliter weight was maximum in irrigated control as compare to restricted irrigation. Yield attributes also maximum with irrigated control and grain yield showed maximum decrease by 28.5 %. Among the bio-inoculants maximum improvement was seen with AM fungi with RDF treated crops while minimum with 75 % RDF with AM fungi. These can be useful for the improvement through bio-inoculants for developing the better traits under varying moisture stress.
Open Access
Effect of different heavy metals (Cd, Cr & Pb) and mycorrhizal treatments on growth, metal uptake and antioxidative capacity in desi and Bt cotton
(CCSHAU, 2018) Manohar Lal; Sheokand, Sunita
The present investigation was aimed to study the effect of different heavy metals (HM) (Cd, Cr, & Pb) and mycorrhizal inoculations on growth, metal uptake and antioxidative capacity in Desi and Bt cotton. Heavy metal (Cd- 10 ppm, Cr- 10 ppm, & Pb-100 ppm) and mycorrhizal (Glomus hoi) treatments were given in the soil before sowing the seeds in polythene lined cemented pots. The observations were taken at vegetative stage (35 DAS) and flowering stage (65 DAS). Cr treatment was lethal to both genotypes and no plants survived. Cd and Pb treatments adversely affected the membranes as was evident from increased MDA content and electrolyte leakage. Heavy metal stress resulted in a decrease in chlorophyll content, chlorophyll fluorescence and total soluble protein content. Cd and Pb treatments caused oxidative stress resulting in increased production of ROS and H2O2. The activity of antioxidative enzymes SOD, CAT, POX, APX, GR, DHAR, MDHAR and metabolites ascorbate, glutathione and FRSA also increased with HM stress. Bt cotton was more sensitive to HM stress as compared to Desi cotton and Cd was more toxic than Pb. The effect of Cd and Pb was more adverse at flowering stage as compared to vegetative stage. Mycorrhizal inoculations partially ameliorated the toxic effect and resulted in a decrease in MDA content, electrolyte leakage, ROS production, H2O2 content and increase in chlorophyll content, protein content and chlorophyll fluorescence. A further increase in the antioxidative activity was observed with mycorrhizal treatments. Increase in antioxidative activity was more in Desi cotton as compared to Bt cotton. Pb treated plants had more antioxidative activity than Cd. HM stress resulted in a decline in plant growth, plant height, yield and its attributes. The growth and yield of Bt cotton were more adversely affected by HM. Mycorrhizal inoculation partially alleviated the toxic effect and resulted in an increase in growth and yield. Mycorrhizal inoculations resulted in formation of large sized fungal vesicles in HM treated roots of cotton genotypes and increased the percent colonization. HM treatments also resulted in a significant accumulation of HM in cotton genotypes. HM accumulation was more in roots as compared to shoot. Accumulation was more in Desi cotton as compared to Bt cotton. Mycorrhizal inoculation further increased the phytoremediation potential of cotton genotypes in HM contaminated soil.
Open Access
Physiological responses of chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) cultivars under saline irrigation
(CCSHAU, 2018) Neelam; Neeraj Kumar
The present study was carried out with two chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) genotypes viz. HC-3 and CSG-8962 having close phenology but differing in their sensitivity to salinity under screen house conditions. Forty days after sowing (DAS), the plants were given to single saline irrigation (Cldominated) having EC levels 2.0, 4.0 and 6.0 dS m-1. The control plants were irrigated with distilled water. Plant sampling was done at 85 and 105 days after sowing (DAS). The water potential (Ψw) of leaves, osmotic potential (Ψs) and RWC of leaves and roots decreased in both the genotypes under different saline irrigation levels i.e. 2.0, 4.0 and 6.0 dS m-1 as compared to control. Dry weight (g plant- 1) and plant height (cm) decreased with increase in saline irrigation levels, and it was observed more in CSG-8962 than HC-3. The proline, glycine betaine and total soluble carbohydrate (TSC) content of leaves and roots increased in both HC-3 and CSG-8962 genotype with increasing level of saline irrigation from control to 6.0 dS m-1 at both 85 and 105 DAS. More negative values of Ψw of leaves, Ψs of leaves and roots and better accumulation of osmotically active solutes, i.e. proline, glycine betaine and TSC in HC-3, helped in maintaining the higher RWC of these organs than noticed in CSG- 8962. Total chlorophyll content, chlorophyll stability index (CSI), anthocyanin contents and quantum yield (Fv / Fm) decreased in the two chickpea genotypes at both the sampling stages. A marked increase in hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), lipid peroxidation (MDA content) and relative stress injury (RSI %) was noticed in leaves and roots of HC-3 and CSG-8962 with increasing saline irrigation levels from control to 6.0 dS m-1. These parameter were much higher in CSG-8962 than HC-3 at both the sampling stages. The free radical scavenging activity also increased with increasing saline irrigation level from control to 6.0 dS m-1. Saline irrigation levels increased the Cl-, SO4 -2 and Na+/ K+ ratio from control to 6.0 dS m-1. The specific activities of ROS scavenging enzymes such as SOD, CAT, POX, GR, DHAR and MDHAR increased in leaves and roots of both the chickpea genotypes, upon increasing levels of saline irrigation from control to 6.0 dS m-1 at both the sampling stages The increase was more in HC-3 as compared to CSG-8962. Despite the increase in the activity of these enzymes, AsA content and glutathione (GSH) decreased at 6.0 dS m-1 salinity level as compared to their respective controls. Pollen viability (%), in vitro pollen germination and pollen tube length were also adversely affected by saline irrigation. The yield parameters like number of branches plant-1, number of pods plant-1, number of seeds plant-1, 100 seed weight and seed yield plant-1 decreased with increasing saline irrigation levels and decrease was more in CSG-8962 than HC-3. Based upon above physiological, biochemical, reproductive, yield and its attributing traits studied, it is found that chickpea genotype HC-3 performed relatively better under saline irrigation conditions and can further be used in crop improvement programmes of chickpea for salt tolerance.
Open Access
Effect of Environment on the Biological Chenages of Growing Female Buffaloes
(College of Agriculture Chaudhary Charan Singh Haryana Agricultural University Hisar, 1984) Agarwal, Maya Prakash; Pandey, M. D
Open Access
Effect of gibberellic acid on the growth, development and senescence of cotyledonary leaves of cotton ( Gossypium hirsutum L. ) under salt stress
(College of Agriculture Chaudhary Charan Singh Haryana Agricultural University Hisar, 1992) Taneja, Renu; Goswami, G. L;

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