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Open Access
Physiological and biochemical responses of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) to bio-inoculants under varying soil moisture regimes
(CCSHAU, 2018) Pooja Rani; Sharma, K.D
The study entitled “Physiological and biochemical responses of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) to bio-inoculants under varying soil moisture regimes” was conducted during rabi season of 2015-16 and 2016-17 at Crop Physiology Research Area of Agronomy Department CCS Haryana Agricultural University, Hisar. The experiment was designed as split plot consisting of three irrigation schedules viz., one irrigation at crown root initiation (CRI), two irrigation at CRI and heading stage and three irrigation at CRI, tillering, heading stage in main plot and five bio-inoculants treatments viz., recommended dose of fertilizers (RDF), Arbuscular Mycorrhizae (AM) with Azotobacter and PSB (75% of RDF), AM fungi with RDF, Azotobacter with PSB and RDF, AM fungi with 75% of RDF in the sub-plots with three replication. Data were recorded for various morphological traits including plant height, leaf area, leaf area index and leaf area duration at 30, 60, 90 and 120 days after showing, physiological traits observations were recorded at anthesis and 20 days after anthesis including canopy temperature depression, transpiration rate, photosynthetic rate, stomatal conductance, leaf water potential, leaf osmotic potential, relative stress injury, chlorophyll content i.e was significantly decreases under restricted irrigation. Biochemical parameters i.e total soluble protein, peroxidase and proline content which show maximum reduction in restricted irrigation while catalase activity, total soluble sugar were reduced maximum in irrigated control. Nutrients, nitrogen and phosphorous content in straw, grain and soil were more pronounced in restricted condition and sedimentation value, crude protein content, hectoliter weight was maximum in irrigated control as compare to restricted irrigation. Yield attributes also maximum with irrigated control and grain yield showed maximum decrease by 28.5 %. Among the bio-inoculants maximum improvement was seen with AM fungi with RDF treated crops while minimum with 75 % RDF with AM fungi. These can be useful for the improvement through bio-inoculants for developing the better traits under varying moisture stress.
Open Access
Effect of different heavy metals (Cd, Cr & Pb) and mycorrhizal treatments on growth, metal uptake and antioxidative capacity in desi and Bt cotton
(CCSHAU, 2018) Manohar Lal; Sheokand, Sunita
The present investigation was aimed to study the effect of different heavy metals (HM) (Cd, Cr, & Pb) and mycorrhizal inoculations on growth, metal uptake and antioxidative capacity in Desi and Bt cotton. Heavy metal (Cd- 10 ppm, Cr- 10 ppm, & Pb-100 ppm) and mycorrhizal (Glomus hoi) treatments were given in the soil before sowing the seeds in polythene lined cemented pots. The observations were taken at vegetative stage (35 DAS) and flowering stage (65 DAS). Cr treatment was lethal to both genotypes and no plants survived. Cd and Pb treatments adversely affected the membranes as was evident from increased MDA content and electrolyte leakage. Heavy metal stress resulted in a decrease in chlorophyll content, chlorophyll fluorescence and total soluble protein content. Cd and Pb treatments caused oxidative stress resulting in increased production of ROS and H2O2. The activity of antioxidative enzymes SOD, CAT, POX, APX, GR, DHAR, MDHAR and metabolites ascorbate, glutathione and FRSA also increased with HM stress. Bt cotton was more sensitive to HM stress as compared to Desi cotton and Cd was more toxic than Pb. The effect of Cd and Pb was more adverse at flowering stage as compared to vegetative stage. Mycorrhizal inoculations partially ameliorated the toxic effect and resulted in a decrease in MDA content, electrolyte leakage, ROS production, H2O2 content and increase in chlorophyll content, protein content and chlorophyll fluorescence. A further increase in the antioxidative activity was observed with mycorrhizal treatments. Increase in antioxidative activity was more in Desi cotton as compared to Bt cotton. Pb treated plants had more antioxidative activity than Cd. HM stress resulted in a decline in plant growth, plant height, yield and its attributes. The growth and yield of Bt cotton were more adversely affected by HM. Mycorrhizal inoculation partially alleviated the toxic effect and resulted in an increase in growth and yield. Mycorrhizal inoculations resulted in formation of large sized fungal vesicles in HM treated roots of cotton genotypes and increased the percent colonization. HM treatments also resulted in a significant accumulation of HM in cotton genotypes. HM accumulation was more in roots as compared to shoot. Accumulation was more in Desi cotton as compared to Bt cotton. Mycorrhizal inoculation further increased the phytoremediation potential of cotton genotypes in HM contaminated soil.
Open Access
Physiological responses of chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) cultivars under saline irrigation
(CCSHAU, 2018) Neelam; Neeraj Kumar
The present study was carried out with two chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) genotypes viz. HC-3 and CSG-8962 having close phenology but differing in their sensitivity to salinity under screen house conditions. Forty days after sowing (DAS), the plants were given to single saline irrigation (Cldominated) having EC levels 2.0, 4.0 and 6.0 dS m-1. The control plants were irrigated with distilled water. Plant sampling was done at 85 and 105 days after sowing (DAS). The water potential (Ψw) of leaves, osmotic potential (Ψs) and RWC of leaves and roots decreased in both the genotypes under different saline irrigation levels i.e. 2.0, 4.0 and 6.0 dS m-1 as compared to control. Dry weight (g plant- 1) and plant height (cm) decreased with increase in saline irrigation levels, and it was observed more in CSG-8962 than HC-3. The proline, glycine betaine and total soluble carbohydrate (TSC) content of leaves and roots increased in both HC-3 and CSG-8962 genotype with increasing level of saline irrigation from control to 6.0 dS m-1 at both 85 and 105 DAS. More negative values of Ψw of leaves, Ψs of leaves and roots and better accumulation of osmotically active solutes, i.e. proline, glycine betaine and TSC in HC-3, helped in maintaining the higher RWC of these organs than noticed in CSG- 8962. Total chlorophyll content, chlorophyll stability index (CSI), anthocyanin contents and quantum yield (Fv / Fm) decreased in the two chickpea genotypes at both the sampling stages. A marked increase in hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), lipid peroxidation (MDA content) and relative stress injury (RSI %) was noticed in leaves and roots of HC-3 and CSG-8962 with increasing saline irrigation levels from control to 6.0 dS m-1. These parameter were much higher in CSG-8962 than HC-3 at both the sampling stages. The free radical scavenging activity also increased with increasing saline irrigation level from control to 6.0 dS m-1. Saline irrigation levels increased the Cl-, SO4 -2 and Na+/ K+ ratio from control to 6.0 dS m-1. The specific activities of ROS scavenging enzymes such as SOD, CAT, POX, GR, DHAR and MDHAR increased in leaves and roots of both the chickpea genotypes, upon increasing levels of saline irrigation from control to 6.0 dS m-1 at both the sampling stages The increase was more in HC-3 as compared to CSG-8962. Despite the increase in the activity of these enzymes, AsA content and glutathione (GSH) decreased at 6.0 dS m-1 salinity level as compared to their respective controls. Pollen viability (%), in vitro pollen germination and pollen tube length were also adversely affected by saline irrigation. The yield parameters like number of branches plant-1, number of pods plant-1, number of seeds plant-1, 100 seed weight and seed yield plant-1 decreased with increasing saline irrigation levels and decrease was more in CSG-8962 than HC-3. Based upon above physiological, biochemical, reproductive, yield and its attributing traits studied, it is found that chickpea genotype HC-3 performed relatively better under saline irrigation conditions and can further be used in crop improvement programmes of chickpea for salt tolerance.
Open Access
Studies on carbohydrate metabolism in wheat under drought and high temperature conditions
(CCSHAU, 2017) Kirpa Ram; Munjal, Renu
The present investigation was conducted to assess the effects of drought and heat stress conditions on carbohydrate accumulation and partitioning and identify physiological and biochemical traits related to accumulation and partitioning of carbohydrate under drought and heat stress conditions. The eight wheat genotypes (AKAW-3717, DHTW-60, C-306, HD-2967, HTW-11, WH-730 and WH- 1105) in RBD with 4 rows of 2m length with a 20×5 cm spacing within rows and plants respectively, were grown during rabi season of 2015-16 and 2016-17 at Field Research Area, Wheat & Barley Section, Department of Genetics & Plant Breeding. Effect of individual drought and high temperature and their combination on physiological, biochemical and yield parameters under timely, late and very late sown condition was studied. Reduction in response of drought and high temperature was observed in physiological parameters (relative water content, osmotic potential, water potential, chlorophyll content, chlorophyll florescence taken in flag leaf) and biochemical parameters (peduncle and penultimate internode) at anthesis and 15 days after anthesis. Reduction in physiological and biochemical parameters was more pronounced under D40+D65 and complete drought at 15 days after anthesis as compare to anthesis. Metabolite (glucose, fructose, sucrose, water soluble carbohydrate and cellulose) and enzyme (SuSy, INV, SBE, SDBE and AGPase) activity get reduced under drought and with combination of delayed sowing. Fast rate of decline both in peduncle and penultimate inter node was observed. Yield was found highly associated with physiological and biochemical behavior of stressed plant. Yield penalty was more in combination of delayed sowing and drought situation at different growth stage. Genotype DHTW-60, HD-2967 and WH-1105 found promising in overall performance under timely, late and very late with different drought & high temperature situation. Carbohydrate metabolic & enzymatic traits with water relation & chlorophyll related traits are best traits for selection of drought and high temperature tolerant genotype.
Open Access
Characterization of recombinant inbred wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) lines for heat tolerance using physiological traits and molecular markers
(CCSHAU, 2017) Sunita; Munjal, Renu
A mapping population of eighty lines derived from the cross between WH1021 (heat tolerant) × WH711 (heat susceptible) were genotyped and phenotyped under timely and late sown during 2015-16 and 2016-17 crop seasons. The present investigation was conducted to evaluate the various morpho-physiological traits, their association with each other and to explore of the SSR markers related with heat tolerance during terminal heat stress. Data were recorded for various morphological traits including plant height and stem solidness at 70 and 100 days after sowing, number of days to heading, number of days to maturity, number of tillers per plant, spike length (cm), number of spikelets per spike, grain yield per plant (g), biological yield per plant (g), number of grains per spike, 100-grain weight (g) and physiological traits observations were recorded at anthesis and 10 days after anthesis including canopy temperature, transpiration rate, photosynthetic rate, stomatal conductance, intrinsic water use efficiency, chlorophyll content and NDVI. HSI for grain yield was determined for heat stress effect assessment. Analysis of variance showed significant variation among genotypes and reveal the genetic diversity among RILs. CTAB method was used for DNA isolation. Total ninety four markers were used to detect polymorphism in parents out of which parental polymorphism was found 23.5%. Genetic diversity analysis of RILs and parents was done using NT SYS-pc software based on twenty two SSRs and Linkage map constructed using these 22 polymorphic markers consist of seven linkage groups. Composite interval mapping (CIM) identified 14 quantitative trait loci (QTL) with significant phenotypic variation. Out of fourteen QTLs two QTLs were detected for plant height at 70 days after sowing , two for days to heading, two for days to maturity, two for photosynthetic rate, one for transpiration rate, four for intrinsic water use efficiency (iWUE) and one for NDVI. Out of these QTL and photosynthetic rate were consistent and stable over the condition and year respectively. Photosynthetic rate reported maximum phenotypic variation (78.13%) flanked by the two markers barc24 & Xgwm102 with an interval of 27.9 cM. Two QTLs for iWUE were also consistent and stable flanked by the markers Xgwm512 & Xgwm448 with 35.5 cM interval another Xgwm512 also flanked the another QTL for iWUE with 5.2 cM interval. These markers can be useful for the improvement through marker assisted selection for developing the better genotypes for heat tolerance.
Open Access
Physiological indices of drought tolerance in barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) genotypes
(CCSHAU, 2017) Rajkumar; Sharma, K.D.
To study the effect of irrigation levels on barley (Hordeum vulgare L.), twenty barley genotypes were evaluated under normal (Two irrigations at tillering and anthesis each) and restricted irrigation conditions (one irrigation at tillering) in concrete drought plots during the 2014-15 and 2015- 16 at the Crop physiology field area, Chaudhary Charan Singh Haryana Agriculture University, Hisar. The experiments were laid out using RBD with three replications. The results from combined analysis of variance in both normal and restricted irrigation conditions indicated that there were significant differences among genotypes with regard to all the traits because of high variation among the genotypes. Drought stress decreased the phenological traits like days to flag leaf, days to heading, days to anthesis and days to physiological maturity. The significant reduction was observed in plant height, dry biomass, leaf area, LAI, LAD, SLA and CGR under restricted irrigation. Under restricted irrigation leaf water potential, osmotic potential, relative water content, CTD, chlorophyll stability, membrane stability, photosynthetic rate, transpiration rate, stomatal conductance and Fv/Fm also decreased in barley genotypes. On the other hand, there was an increase in free proline content, MDA content and enhancement of antioxidant defense system to scavenge excess ROS molecules to prevent cell from damage. The main antioxidant enzymes which showed altered activity were superoxide dismutase catalase, peroxidase and ascorbate peroxidise. Yield and its attributes were also reduced under restricted irrigation condition. The quality parameters i.e. protein content, husk content and malt yield were increased while β-Glucan content decreased under restricted irrigation. Finally, based on physiobiochemical traits, it was revealed that among the tested genotypes, BH 14-05 and BH 10-30 performed better in terms of physiological, biochemical and yield related traits under restricted irrigation condition. These results indicated that selecting more tolerant genotypes based on physiological traits was the way to overcome terminal water stress and can be used for further crop improvement programmes.
Open Access
Lysimetric Studies On Some Tree Species To Evaluate Their Biodrainage Potential
(Chaudhary Charan Singh Haryana Agricultural University; Hisar, 2011) Maddan, Sukham; Angrish, Rajiv
Open Access
Studies on physiological and molecular diversity in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) genotypes for phosphorus efficiency
(CCSHAU, 2013) Gera, Gunjan; Sheokand, Sunita
Twelve wheat genotypes WH147, WH711, WH1021, WH1025, WH1080, WH1081, WH1094, WH1107, WH1111, C306, Lok-1 and PBW343 were evaluated at three P level; 100 %, 50% and 15 % P levels. All growth parameters such as plant height, dry weight, P content, grain growth rate, spike length, number of productive tillers and grain yield decreased at reduced P levels (50 % and 15 %). Total plant biomass was maximum in WH1080 and WH1111 at low P levels. P content in all plant parts decreased with decreasing P levels at all sampling stages. At later growth stages more of P accumulated in reproductive parts. Maximum spike and grain P content was observed in WH1080 and WH147. Minimum decrease in grain yield at 15 % P level was observed in WH147 (16.1 %), WH1080 (20.7 %) and WH1081 (26%). A significant positive correlation of grain yield was observed with total plant biomass (0.88), number of productive tillers (0.75), grain growth rate (0.74) and P content in grain (0.84). Also a delay in heading, anthesis and maturity was observed under P deficiency. C306, WH1081, Lok-1 and WH1080 had minimum delay in heading, anthesis and maturity. Photosynthetic rate, chlorophyll content, transpiration rate and stomatal conductance decreased with decreasing P levels. The genotypes which performed well at low P level were WH1080, WH1094, WH1081 and WH147 and least efficient genotypes were C306 and PBW343. Phosphatase activity (acid phosphatase, alkaline phosphatase and phytase) increased in response to P deficiency. WH1080, WH147 and WH1094 showed greater increase in enzyme activity under long term P deficiency. Genotypes WH1080, WH147, WH1081and WH1094 performed well under short term P deficiency (15 days) in terms of root traits (root length, number of secondary roots and root/shoot ratio). Lok-1 performed better in terms of APase activity and WH1080, WH1025 and WH1094 performed well in terms of alkaline phosphatase and phytase activity. Increased phosphatase activity and proton extrusion in root exudates was also observed under P deficient conditions. Maximum enzyme activity in root exudates was found in WH1107 and WH1080 and maximum exudation of protons was observed in WH1080. On the basis of RAPD - cluster analysis two major groups were formed and these are further divided in four sub groups. The genotypes which exhibited low diversity at phenotypic level also exhibited less genetic diversity at molecular level. On the basis of present investigations WH147 and WH1080 were identified as more P efficient genotypes.
Open Access
Physiological responses to saline irrigation in two summer mungbean [Vigna radiata (L.) Wilczek] genotypes
(CCSHAU, 2013) Duong Hoang Son; Neeraj Kumar
The effects of saline irrigation on morpho-physiological traits, antioxidant defense mechanism and protein rofile (SDS-PAGE) in two summer mungbean (Vigna radiata L.) genotypes viz. MH 421 and SML 668 differing in their sensitivity to salinity was investigated under natural conditions of screen house. At the flowering stage (30-35 DAS), plants were exposed to single saline irrigation (Cl-dominated) of levels 2.5, 5.0 and 7.5 dS m-1. Sampling was done after 7 and 14 days of treatment (DAT). The control plants were irrigated with distilled water. The water potential (Ψw) of leaf and osmotic potential (Ψs) of leaf and root decreases in both the genotypes. MH 421 showed more negative values Ψw of leaf i.e. from -0.20 to -0.46 MPa as compared to -0.18 to -0.40 MPa in SML 668, respectively. The Ψs of leaf decreased from -1.36 to -1.89 MPa in MH 421 and -1.36 MPa to -1.80 MPa in ML 668 with increase in salinity level from control to 7.5 dS m-1 at 7 DAT. A similar trend of change in the osmotic potential (Ψs) of root was observed. The proline content of leaf increased significantly from 11.4 to 144.5 % and 15.7 to 219.4 % and the total soluble carbohydrate (TSC) content from 16.6 to 79.8 % and 22.5 to 81.9 % in SML 668 and MH 421, respectively, with increasing level of saline irrigation from control to 7.5 dS m-1. A marked increase in hydrogen peroxide H2O2, lipid peroxidation (MDA content) and relative stress injury (RSI %) was noticed in leaf and root which was much higher in SML 668 than MH 421. A similar trend was observed at 14 DAT. Saline irrigation increased the Cl- and SO4 2- concentration in leaf by 2.8 and 3.1 fold in MH 421 and 3.0 and 3.6 fold in SML 668, respectively, at 7.5 dS m- 1. Moreover, MH 421 had overall lower Na+/K+ ratio than SML 668. More negative values of Ψw of leaf, Ψs of leaf and root and better accumulation of osmotically active solutes, i.e. proline, TSC and low Na+/K+ ratio in leaf and root of MH 421, helped in maintaining the higher RWC % of these organs than noticed in SML 668. ROS scavenging enzyme of leaves i.e. SOD, CAT, POD, APX, GR, GPX and GST increased by 296.7, 58.5, 146.3, 159.1, 125.8, , 95.9, 81.0 % in SML 668 and by 806.8, 180.3, 231.4, 174.9, 190.2, 112.6, 172.6 % in MH 421, respectively, upon increasing levels of saline irrigation from control to 7.5 dS m-1 after 7 days of treatment (DAT). Despite the increase in the activity of these enzymes AsA content decreased by 52.5 and 41.3%. Higher activities of antioxidant enzymes, lower accumulation H2O2, MDA and AsA content in MH 421 than in SML 668 indicated those enzymes play a key role in removal of ROS in MH 421 better than in SML 668, thus minimizing the cellular damage caused by ROS under saline irrigation. Pollen viability (%), in vitro pollen germination and tube growth were also adversely affected with increasing salinity; the effect being most pronounced in SML 668. SDS-PAGE revealed more deletion than addition of polypeptide bands in SML 668 than MH 421 with increasing levels of saline irrigation in leaf and root at both the stages. The yield parameters like number of pods plant-1, number of seeds plant-1, 100 seed weight and seed weight plant-1 decreased more in SML 668 with increasing salinity. Hence, the mechanism of salt tolerance was better in MH 421 than in SML 668 as found from physiological traits studied.

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